Pasado y futuro en la construcción de una “historia de Brasil” en el siglo XVIII (Estudios)

A partir de la conjugación entre historia de la historiografía e historia de la colonización portuguesa en América, este artículo propone el uso de las categorías pasado y futuro desarrolladas por Reinhart Koselleck como herramientas para la comprensión de los significados de construcción de una Historia de Brasil en el siglo XVIII. En esta perspectiva, el trabajo recurre a los soportes formales de las narrativas sobre el pasado colonial portugués, de matriz setecentista y seiscentista, así como a otras fuentes relacionadas. En este sentido, el artículo reevalúa las formas narrativas que, en los años posteriores a la independencia brasileña, forjaron un relato histórico unificador del pasado nacional.

Grandes enfermedades que asolaron a Quito y Guayaquil durante el siglo XVIII y el rol de la iglesia frente a este problema

El presente trabajo se orienta a establecer cuales fueron las enfermedades y las epidemias que afectaron a la población de las ciudades más importantes de la Audiencia de Quito durante el siglo XVIII: Quito y Guayaquil. A partir de ello, y de forma transversal al estudio, se pretende conocer de qué forma participó la Iglesia frente a los problemas de salud que aquejaron a la población urbana colonial. Esta investigación partió de la hipótesis de que enfermedades como la viruela, el sarampión y la fiebre amarilla no fueron las únicas que afectaron a la población de ambas ciudades durante el siglo XVIII, sino que hubo otras que, por sus características, pudieron tomar alcances epidemiológicos graves. Se efectúa una mirada hacia la práctica de los médicos y curanderos, la misma que se encontraba en manos de pocas personas que habían recibido sus títulos del protomedicato de Lima, así como de médicos que habían sido reconocidos como tales por ser los que ejercían purgas y sangrías y recetaban en las ciudades durante muchos años.

Conflictos en torno a la compra y venta de esclavos en el Nuevo Reino de Granada, siglo XVIII (Estudios)

El presente trabajo se centra en el análisis de los conflictos que giraron en torno a las operaciones de compra de esclavos en el nororiente neogranadino durante el siglo XVIII. Legalizaciones aplazadas, ventas desautorizadas, pagos pendientes, esclavos hipotecados y confusiones sobre el estado real del esclavo comercializado fueron situaciones que desataron enconadas disputas y pleitos judiciales que terminaron algunas veces con la declaratoria de redhibitoria, es decir, la anulación del contrato de venta y la devolución del esclavo. En vista de estos antecedentes, y con un ánimo preventivo, los negociantes se aseguraron de fijar en las escrituras de compraventa ciertas garantías o aclaraciones para no verse involucrados en tales litigios.

Resistencia india, conciliación y estrategia militar en Quixos durante la primera mitad del siglo XVIII (Estudios)

During the 18th Century, the northeast of the Amazonian region, especially the jurisdiction of Quixos, was one of the most ignored regions of South America. Its dominions, dependents in part to the Real Audiencia of Quito, did not enjoy sufficient attention from the monarchial administration; therefore, the territorial domination and its natives did not take shape in absolute terms given the difficulties of indigenous resistance against strategies to slowly subordinate and eventually dismantle the Spanish politics of border territories.

The Natural History of Slapton Ley Nature Reserve XVIII: nitrogen and phosphorus losses from the catchment - an export coefficient modelling approach

Nitrogen and phosphorus losses from the catchment of Slapton Ley, a small coastal lake in SW England, were calculated using an adaptation of a model developed by Jorgensen (1980). A detailed survey of the catchment revealed that its land use is dominated by both permanent and temporary grassland (respectively 38 and 32% of its total area), and that the remainder is made up of the cultivation of cereals and field vegetables, and market gardening. Livestock numbers in the catchment constitute ca. 6600 head of cattle, 10,000 sheep, 590 pigs, 1700 poultry and 58 horses. The permanent human population of the area is ca. 2000, served by two small gravity-fed sewage treatment works (STWs). Inputs to, and losses from, farmland in the catchment were computed using Jorgensen’s model, and coefficients derived from the data of Cooke (1976), Gostick (1982), Rast and Lee (1983) and Vollenweider (1968). Allowing for outputs from STWs, the total annual external load of N and P upon Slapton Ley is 160 t (35 kg ha-1) a-1 N, and 4.8 t (1.05 kg ha-1) a-1 P. Accordingly to Vollenweider (1968, 1975), such loadings exceed OECD permissible level by a factor of ca. 50 in the case of N, and ca. 5 in that of P. In order to reduce nutrient loads, attention would need to be paid to both STW and agricultural sources.

História da música ocidental: uma breve trajetória desde o século XVIII até os dias atuais - Vol. 2

Volume 2. O item não apresenta o texto completo, para aquisição do livro na íntegra você poderá acessar a Editora da UFSCar por meio do link: www.editora.ufscar.br

A moral e o pecado público no Arquipélago da Madeira, na segunda metade do século XVIII

Universidade da Madeira

As princesas marroquinas: contribuição para o estudo das relações diplomática lusomarroquinas no último quartel do século XVIII

O presente estudo insere-se na tentativa de revelação de um episódio casual na história das relações diplomáticas entre Portugal e Marrocos nos finais do século XVIII. Ocorrido entre abril e agosto de 1793, os portugueses veem-se, repentinamente, a braços com uma situação diplomática sensível e que urge a tomada de decisões clara e sem margem de erro. O objectivo primordial é o de conhecer todos os factos e as suas consequências, tentando demonstrar como também os incidentes podem gerar benefícios. O contacto entre as culturas, efetuado através da comunicação oral e escrita, permite-nos verificar o esforço de cada uma das partes na preservação e manutenção da própria identidade numa inócua tentativa de impedimento ao contágio cultural. É essa identidade que pretendemos evidenciar.

A reestruturação sócio-religiosa em Sergipe, no final do século XVIII

The issues surrounding the religious have been given greater importance in scientific discussions and the media. Discussions on religion and religiosity have become widespread as a means for construction of social representations, both as individual levels, in addition, in the collectivity. This work deals with the construction of the order of Jesus, missionaries and settlers of the projects that marked the presence of the Jesuit missionaries, from colonization to the religious restructuring imposed after the expulsion of the Jesuit Order in Sergipe. Expulsion is what happened in the midst of political and administrative changes made by the Portuguese government in the mid-eighteenth century, which had representation at the Marquis of Pombal its creator. Understanding the religious and social restructuring, designed here in the practices and representations of popular and official. This restructuring has had on the religious brotherhoods, religious orders and other representations, an important symbolic presence in the spaces sociorreligiosos linked to Catholic practices in Sergipe. Representation such that officially came into the vicars pasted their legal representatives, in the maintenance of religious practices in the boroughs and cities Sergipe

Ensinar/Aprender ortografia: uma experiência na formação de professores

The studies in the education area have been defending the importance of forming autonomous teachers that they look for to understand the context in that they act, for that movement to make possible educational interventions with better conditions of the students' learning. In the extent of the teachers' formation, it has been discussed the importance of formative actions that they have as focus the analysis of the needs in the educational formation, as alternative to turn such more significant actions. Concerned with those subjects and with the school failure in the Brazilian education, especially in the children's of the public school literacy, we accomplished this work that aims at to investigate the needs of teachers' of the Fundamental Teaching of the public school formation, in the extent of their students' orthographic difficulties, building with those teachers knowledge on the process of teaching/learning spelling. The study was accomplished at a municipal school of the city of Parnamirim-RN, that offers the Fundamental Teaching I. the approach investigativa is of qualitative nature, where the case study and the research-action were used as methodologies. They participated in the research 7 teachers and 1 coordinator of the institution. For the construction of the data the following instruments were used: glimpsed semi-directing collective and individual, documental analysis, questionnaire and observation, that made possible the triangulation of the data for the content analysis. The main results pointed that the teachers' of that school initial needs were addressed not only to the teaching of the spelling, but also to the formation type that they would receive. We verified although the formative process was favorecedor of sockets of the teachers' conscience: related to the orthographic mistakes, to the strategies used at classroom and to the planning addressed to the teaching of the spelling. Finally, we concluded that the teachers' reflection researched about their own formation needs contributed for (trans)formations of their conceptions and practices related to the teaching of the spelling, even before some found difficulties, so much in the formation as in practice pedagogic developed by the participants

Cartas oficiais norte-riograndenses dos séculos XVIII, XIX e XX : constituição e caracterização de um corpus diacrônico

The diachronic studies marked the first decades of the 20th century in Brazilian linguistics, passing by an ostracism period after the 50s. Mainly from the 90s especially with the project, created in 1997, Para a história do português brasileiro (PHPB), which has systemized, in national ambit, the programme related to the area of diachrony the historical studies retake forces and have gradually increased since then. Our work is set in the new scene of Brazilian historical linguistics and it is associated to two research programmes: i) the constitution of a diachronic corpus; ii) the diachrony of text and discourse. As regards the first programme, we made effort to constitute a diachronic corpus of official letters about Rio Grande do Norte, we called cartas oficiais norte-rio-grandenses, written in 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. The chosen for bureaucrat letters occurred for they represent a textual category very productive in historical contexts, mostly 18th and 19th centuries, in which the command of writing was the least and also because they bring, almost always explicitly, the information of where, when, for whom and from whom, as remembers Fonseca (2003). The rules for constituting the corpus were based, although not strictly, on the orientation from PHPB. In respect to the second programme, we set up on the ideas of coserian base came from the studies on discourse traditions (TD) (Koch, 1997; Kabatek, 2006) amongst which that the texts are shaped so as to follow their own tradition (Coseriu, 2007), and we turned to Diplomatics (Belloto, 2002) in order to do the characterization of this corpus by the application of concepts from Diplomatics and TD as well as by the presentation of the structures that form those official letters: their textual genres, a kind of TD, with their macrostructures; and some of their formulaic expressions (microstructures), another sort of TD. This stage of characterizing will pay attention, as far as possible, to the dynamic between tradition and innovation that happen in the actualization of those textual structures along the centuries. This work intends to contribute with the researches connected to Historical Linguistics in Rio Grande do Norte, more specifically the ones related to the constitution of diachronic corpora and to TD; and with the study of official documents, textual category about which there are almost no studies (cf. Silveira, 2007)

Construções com tópico marcado em cartas pessoais brasileiras dos séculos XVIII, XIX E XX

This dissertation is a research on the marked topic construction (CT) in Brazilian personal letters from eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The goal of our research is to verify if CT are present in the writing of Brazilians born in the centuries in question. Our research focus is based on the assumptions of generative theory (CHOMSKY 1981; 1986), which states that grammar is internalized in the mind / brain of the writers, with the emphasis on studies of grammatical change, as pointed texts by Paixão de Sousa (2004), Carneiro (2005); Galves, Namiuti and Paixão de Sousa (2006) and Martins (2009). Our corpus was extracted from Projeto Para a História do Português Brasileiro (PHPB) and Cartas Brasileiras coletânea de fontes para o estudo do português. We selected forty-six correspondents who should be inserted into the two criteria set out in this research: to be Brazilian and be born in the centuries mentioned above, so that we could find legitimate topic constructions of PB. This work is based on researches by Pontes (1987), Mateus et al. (2003), Araujo (2006, 2009), Berlinck, Duarte and Oliveira (2009), which actively support us in the study of this linguistic phenomenon in Portuguese. The results show that the marked topic construction in our corpus appear on the writing of Brazilians since the second half of the eighteenth century, while the typical constructions in Brazilian Portuguese locative topic, subject topic and copy topic - are already reflected in the I-language of the writers born in the second half of the nineteenth century and the first of the twentieth century