Descriptive study of HTLV infection in a population of pregnant women from the state of Pará, Northern Brazil

INTRODUCTION: In Brazil, studies have shown that HTLV seroprevalence among pregnant women varies from 0 to 1.8%. However, this seroprevalence was unknown in the State of Pará, Brazil. The present study describes, for the first time, the HTLV seroprevalence among pregnant women from the State of Pará, Northern Brazil. METHODS: 13,382 pregnant women were submitted to HTLV screening during prenatal care, and those with non-seronegative results to anti-HTLV were submitted to Western blot (WB) test to confirm and separate HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 carriers. RESULTS: HTLV seroprevalence in the population of pregnant women was 0.3%, and HTLV-1 was identified in 95.3% of patients. The demographic profile of HTLV carriers was as follows: women with age between 20 and 40 years old (78.4%); residing in the metropolitan region of Belém, Pará (67.6%); and with educational level of high school (56.8%). Other variables related to infection were as follows: beginning of sexual intercourse between the age of 12 and 18 years old (64.9%) and have being breastfed for more than 6 months (51.4%). Most of the women studied had at least two previous pregnancies (35.1%) and no abortion (70.3%). Coinfections (syphilis and HIV) were found in 10.8% (4/37) of these pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS: Seroprevalence of HTLV infection in pregnant women assisted in basic health units from the State of Pará, Northern Brazil, was 0.3% similar to those described in other Brazilian studies. The variables related to infection were important indicators in identifying pregnant women with a higher tendency to HTLV seropositivity, being a strategy for disease control and prevention, avoiding vertical transmission.

Hepatitis C and cutaneous alterations

While most of those infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) are asymptomatic or only develop liver manifestations, a significant percentage evolves with autoimmune and lymphoproliferative disorders, resulting in a clinical condition called HCV syndrome. This work involving case studies of six patients with hepatitis C and varied skin manifestation aimed to report skin lesions occurring with HCV infection and its treatment. Skin manifestations in hepatitis C have been based on epidemiological studies. This justifies the need for studies that correlate HCV infection and its treatment with skin manifestations.

As tecnologias de informação e comunicação no sistema educativo da União Europeia e Estados Unidos da América

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo comprovar que a Globalização é um importante pilar da revolução tecnológica, que aposta em novas tecnologias com as quais cidadãos das sociedades do século XXI têm de conviver, os Estados vão ter de preparar políticas educativas tendentes a seguir este fenómeno. As Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC) na educação vieram para ficar, têm vindo a invadir todos os setores da vida contemporânea, nomeadamente na produção e no uso de meios digitais, na participação em redes sociais de forma a criar e a partilhar conhecimentos e, pelo facto de com este meio se poder ligar ao mundo em qualquer hora a qualquer momento. Com o desenvolvimento deste trabalho pretendo analisar os objetivos e necessidades educativas nos dois grandes atores, a União Europeia e os Estados Unidos da América, de forma a apurar a influência das entidades competentes neste setor e tentar responder a questões de forma a melhor entender esta mudança no sistema educativo. No fundo, será perceber o potencial das TIC no sistema educativo através do impacto que teve e tem, assim como a promoção por excelência e qualidade no sentido de aferir se as gerações futuras estão preparadas para o fenómeno da Globalização.

Aureobasidium pullulans infection in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Saprophytic fungi are being increasingly recognized as etiologic agents of mycoses in immunosuppressed patients. We report a case of subcutaneous infiltration by Aureobasidium pullulans, likely due to traumatic inoculation, in a neutropenic patient during chemotherapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The patient was treated with amphotericin B deoxycholate but was subsequently switched to itraconazole, which improved the lesion. This case highlights the importance of considering unusual fungal infections in critically ill patients such as those who are immunosuppressed due to chemotherapy. Diagnostic techniques and effective antifungal therapy have improved the prognosis of these cases.

Desenvolvimento de um sistema de diagnóstico de falhas em motores elétricos de indução

Os motores trifásicos de indução são os mais utilizados na indústria a nível mundial essencialmente devido à sua versatilidade, fiabilidade e baixo custo. Apesar da alta fiabilidade destes motores, o decorrer do tempo acaba por inevitavelmente levar a um desgaste que se poderá tornar excessivo quando negligenciado, levando assim o motor à situação de avaria. De forma a contornar este problema que resulta em gastos energéticos e prejuízos financeiros para as empresas, consequentes da paragem dos seus sistemas produtivos, as empresas recorrem à prática da manutenção preditiva. Através de uma monitorização contínua dos parâmetros de funcionamento, são realizados sucessivos diagnósticos não invasivos aos sistemas produtivos, nomeadamente motores, prevenindo deste modo o surgimento de falhas e avarias, identificando a origem do problema. A presente dissertação foi elaborada no âmbito da realização de um estágio numa empresa do setor eletromecânico. A referida empresa comercializa equipamentos industriais, dentro dos quais motores elétricos, entre outros componentes de acionamentos eletromecânicos, prestando serviços de manutenção dos mesmos. Este trabalho visou uma reformulação de um projeto de uma bancada para realização de testes de capacidade dos motores. A bancada de ensaio, além de reformulada, ganhou novas funcionalidades. Foi desenvolvido um sistema de análise e diagnóstico de falhas mecânicas em motores elétricos, através da inclusão de sensores adaptados para monitorização dos parâmetros de funcionamento. A escolha das técnicas utilizadas teve por base uma análise dos modos de falha dos elementos do motor. Para facilitar o trabalho do operador, foi incluída uma consola com botões de navegação e um mostrador em LCD para visualização do menu. Foram também comparados dois sistemas diferentes para simulação de carga, ou seja, de teste à capacidade dos motores. No âmbito desta dissertação está a ser preparado um artigo e uma apresentação para o 13º CNM (Congresso Nacional de Manutenção da APMI).

Estudo experimental de um sistema BIPV/T-PCM

A União Europeia tem dado cada vez mais enfoque à eficiência energética nos edifícios e à sua capacidade de produção de energia, tendo lançado a directiva “Energy Performance of Buildings Directive” com o intuito de que até 31 de Dezembro de 2018 todos os edifícios novos sejam “nZEB-nearly Zero Energy Building”, o que significa que devem por um lado diminuir o seu consumo energético, aumentando a sua eficiência, e por outro lado produzir localmente e através de fontes de energias renováveis toda, ou quase toda, a energia de que necessitam. A presente tese está integrada no Projecto “Frame – Prefabricated systems (modules) for low-energy buildings: design, prototyping and testing” (Ref: PTDC/AURAQI-AQI/117782/2010) que está a ser desenvolvido na Unidade de Eficiência Energética do Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia (LNEG). Neste trabalho é desenvolvido e analisado um sistema BIPV/T-PCM (Building Integrated Photovoltaic Thermal – Phase Change Materials) que engloba todo um novo conceito de captação, armazenamento e gestão da energia solar em fachadas. Este sistema é composto por um módulo fotovoltaico, uma bateria de PCM (Materiais de Mudança de Fase) e todo um sistema de fluxo de ar que permite a gestão da energia colectada e armazenada. Foi também desenvolvido teoricamente um código de gestão energética para a manipulação do sistema. O sistema em estudo apoia-se em três objectivos principais: aquecer no inverno; arrefecer no verão; e aumentar a eficiência do PV arrefecendo-o. Na sequência do trabalho realizado verificou-se que o conceito do sistema em estudo alcança alguns dos objectivos propostos, tendo ainda potencial para se continuar o seu desenvolvimento. O sistema em estudo é um sistema inovador, e como tal está a ser registada uma patente com base no conceito desenvolvido.

Controlo de encurvadura de elementos de contraventamento com ligas com memória de forma

Com este estudo pretende-se que seja possível um avanço promissor no controlo da encurvadura (passivo e ativo), bem como o desenvolvimento inicial de um sistema de contraventamento com base no conceito de tensegridade, com encurvadura controlada, em estruturas ao nível macroscópico, com recurso às propriedades singulares das Ligas com memória de forma (LMF). A problemática inicial parte da análise da instabilidade de uma peça esbelta simples solicitada à compressão – coluna de Euler. A necessidade de controlar (ativa e passivamente) a encurvadura desta coluna leva ao desenvolvimento de sistemas de controlo com recurso às LMF. A aplicação das ligas é potenciada por desviadores, com duas configurações, dispostos a meia altura da coluna, perpendiculares ao eixo de menor inercia da coluna. Os modelos são ensaiados experimentalmente, tendo também sido desenvolvidos modelos numéricos, possibilitando uma completa análise do comportamento do sistema de controlo e da sua influência na resposta da coluna. No estudo foram utilizadas as ligas com o melhor perfil de adaptabilidade à engenharia Civil, NiTi – liga de memória de forma composta por Níquel e Titânio - que integraram um sistema de controlo de encurvadura. Fazem também parte desta dissertação desenvolvimentos paralelos ao estudo principal atrás referido. O âmbito destes estudos paralelos é centralizado na modelação das LMF enquanto elementos de controlo estrutural utilizando software de cálculo estrutural de elementos finitos. Destes desenvolvimentos resulta, para além do elemento de contraventamento dotado de LMF com base na tensegridade, a definição de um modelo constitutivo de LMF num software comercial de elementos finitos (SAP2000), com ampla divulgação no cálculo de estruturas de Engenharia Civil.

Myocarditis associated with Plasmodium vivax malaria: a case report

Malaria remains a major public health problem in Brazil where Plasmodium vivax is the predominant species, responsible for 82% of registered cases in 2013. Though benign, P. vivax infection may sometimes evolve with complications and a fatal outcome. Here, we report a severe case of P. vivax malaria in a 35-year-old Brazilian man from a malaria endemic area, who presented with reversible myocarditis.

Opportunistic infections among individuals with HIV-1/AIDS in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era at a Quaternary Level Care Teaching Hospital

INTRODUCTION : In this study, clinical-laboratory and epidemiological characteristics are described for a group of 700 individuals with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)/AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) in the ART (antiretroviral therapy) era at a teaching hospital that provides a quaternary level of care, with an emphasis on opportunistic infections (OIs), co-infections and immune profile. METHODS : A retrospective cross-sectional study of AIDS cases was conducted from 1998 to 2008 by reviewing medical records from the Base Hospital/FUNFARME (Fundação Faculdade Regional de Medicina), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. RESULTS: The individuals were 14 to 75 years of age, and 458 were males. Heterosexuals accounted for 31.1% of all patients. Eighty-three percent were on ART, and 33.8% of those presented difficulties with treatment adherence. OIs were analyzed from medical records, and Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia was the most prevalent, regardless of the LTCD4+ (TCD4+ Lymphocytes) levels. Individuals whose viral loads were ≥10,000 showed a 90% greater chance of neurotoxoplasmosis. For P. jiroveci pneumonia, neurotoxoplasmosis, esophageal candidiasis, pulmonary tuberculosis and neurocryptococcosis, the chances of infection were higher among patients with LTCD4+ levels below 200 cells/mm3. HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV/hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infections were significantly associated with death. CONCLUSIONS : OIs remain frequent in the ART era even in populations where the access to medical care is considered satisfactory.

Synthesis of precursors of the rare 3-O-methylmannose polysaccharides present in Nontuberculous Mycobacteria

3-O-methylmannose polysaccharides (MMPs) are cytoplasmic carbohydrates synthesized by mycobacteria, which play important intracellular roles, such as for example in metabolism regulation. An important way to confirm if the inhibition of the synthesis of these polysaccharides will critically affect the survival of mycobacteria is the study of the biosynthetic pathways from these molecules on these microorganisms. The purpose of this work is the efficient synthesis of three saccharides, which are rare cellular precursors from the biosynthesis of the mycobacterial polysaccharides, allowing its study. In order to obtain these molecules, a chemical strategy to connect two precursors was used. This process is called chemical glycosylation and its importance will be highlighted as an important alternative to enzymatic glycosylation. The first objective was the synthesis of the disaccharides Methyl (3-O-methyl-α-D-mannopyranosyl)-(1→4)-3-O-methyl-α-D-mannopyranoside and (3-O-Methyl-α-D-mannopyra- nosyl)-(1→4)-3-O-methyl-(α/β)-D-mannopyranose. The mannose precursors were prepared before the glycosylation reaction. The same mannosyl donor was used in the preparation of both molecules and its efficient synthesis was achieved using a 8 step synthetic route from D-mannose. A different mannosyl acceptor was used in the synthesis of each disaccharide and their syntheses were also efficient, the first one a 4 step synthetic route from α-methyl-D-mannose and the second one as an intermediate from the synthesis of the mannosyl donor. The stereoselective preparation of these disaccharides was performed successfully. The second and last objective of the proposed work was the synthesis of the tetrasaccharide methyl (3-O-methyl-α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→4)-3-O-methyl-α-D-mannopyra- nosyl-(1→4)-3-O-methyl-α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→4)-3-O-methyl-α-D-mannopyranoside. The disaccharide acceptor and donor to be linked through a stereoselective glycosidic reaction had to be first synthesized. Several synthetic strategies were studied. Neither the precursors nor the tetrasaccharide were synthesized, but a final promising synthetic route for its preparation has been proposed.

Nanocomposite polymer beads for cell detection

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) may induce metastases when detached from the primary tumor. The numbers of these cells in blood offers a valuable prognostic indication. Magnetoresistive sensing is an attractive option for CTC counting. In this technique, cells are labeled with nancomposite polymer beads that provide the magnetic signal. Bead properties such as size and magnetic content must be optimized in order to be used as a detection tool in a magnetoresistive platform. Another important component of the platform is the magnet required for proper sensing. Both components are addressed in this work. Nanocomposite polymer beads were produced by nano-emulsion and membrane emulsification. Formulations of the oil phase comprising a mixture of aromatic monomers and iron oxide were employed. The effect of emulsifier (surfactant) concentration on bead size was studied. Formulations of polydimethilsiloxane (PDMS) with different viscosities were also prepared with nano-emulsion method resulting in colloidal beads. Polycaprolactone (PCL) beads were also synthetized by the membrane emulsification method. The beads were characterized by different techiques such as dynamic light scattering (DLS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additionally, the magnet dimensions of the platform designed to detect CTCs were optimized through a COMSOL multiphysics simulation.

Basic sanitation, socioeconomic conditions, and degree of risk for the presence and maintenance of malaria in a low-transmission area in the Brazilian Amazon

ABSTRACTINTRODUCTION:This study aimed to evaluate basic sanitation and socioeconomic indicators, reported cases of malaria, and risk of contracting malaria in the Ananindeua municipality, State of Pará.METHODS:Data on basic sanitation and socioeconomic dimensions were taken from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics [ Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE)] 2010 census. Epidemiological malaria information was taken from the Epidemiological Malaria Surveillance Information System [ Sistema de Informação de Vigilância Epidemiológica de Malária (SIVEP/Malaria)], between 2003 and 2013 of the Ministry of Health and from the SIVEP/Malaria forms of the municipality's Endemic Diseases Unit for 2,013 cases.RESULTS:Our data do not confirm the correlation among indicators of basic sanitation, socioeconomic conditions, and water supply with malaria cases. Of the 1,557 cases evaluated, most were caused by Plasmodium vivax , with rare cases of Plasmodium falciparum and mixed infections. There were 756 notifications in 2003. The number of reported cases was sharply reduced between 2006 and 2012, but a 142-case outbreak occurred in 2013. Ananindeua municipality's Annual Parasite Index indicated low risk in 2003 and no risk in other years, and the 2,013 cases were predominantly male individuals aged ≥40 years.CONCLUSIONS:Our data confirm the non-endemicity of malaria in the Ananindeua municipality, as the Annual Parasite Indices described for the years 2004-2013 classify it as a risk-free area. However, the 2013 outbreak indicates the need to strengthen prevention, surveillance, and control activities to reduce the risk of new outbreaks and consequent economic and social impacts on the population.

Avaliação de riscos ocupacionais num projeto de construção de interesse social em Cabo Verde

Esta dissertação teve como objetivo a realização de uma análise e avaliação de riscos, no setor da construção, durante a execução da obra de construção civil Casa para todos BV3 em Boa Vista, Cabo Verde, bem como deixar à empresa de acolhimento, CFS construções S.A., um plano de ação de melhorias para implementação em obras futuras. Fez-se um acompanhamento no local de trabalho com observação direta durante quatro meses, para identificar os riscos a que se encontram expostos os trabalhadores desta obra. Utilizou-se o método Job Safety Analysis, que abrangeu as diferentes atividades envolvidas na obra de construção civil estudada o que permitiu definir cada atividade e dividir as mesmas em tarefas para uma análise e avaliação mais profunda/detalhada. Foram encontradas oito atividades principais. As tarefas identificadas como mais problemáticas foram os trabalhos com ferramentas de mão e a manipulação de objetos. De entre os riscos mais elevados, destaca-se o «constrangimento fisico», o qual geralmente dá origem a lesões no sistema músculo-esquelético. Sugeriram-se várias recomendações de melhoria com prioridade para o risco mencionado.

Secondary transmission of cryptosporidiosis associated with well water consumption: two case studies

Abstract: Cryptosporidiosis is a very prominent disease in the field of public health, and usually causes diarrhea. We describe two immunocompetent patients who presented with chronic diarrhea that was ultimately found to be caused by continuous exposure to well water contaminated with the microbial cysts (oocysts) of the Cryptosporidium spp parasite. We describe the patients' histories and possible explanations for their prolonged symptoms.

O sigilo bancário e a fraude fiscal

Tax evasion and fraud threaten the economic and social objectives of modern tax systems, precluding the state funding for the satisfaction of collective needs and the fair distribution of wealth, being a violation of basic principles and values of our society. In tax law, to give tax administration the necessary powers to supervise and control the information provided by taxpayers and combat tax evasion and fraud, over the last years the grounds for a derogation of bank secrecy without judicial authorization have been extended, which raises some constitutional compatibility issues. Similarly, this tendency of making this legal regime more flexible and increasing automatic exchange of information has been followed by the European Union and the international community. Banking secrecy, as a professional secrecy, is an instrument to protect the right to privacy but also appears as an anti-abuse and repressive mechanism of evasive and fraudulent behaviors. Because of the conflict of interests will always be necessary to make a practical agreement between them, ensuring the legality and the due guarantees of the taxpayers but also an effective way to combat tax evasion and fraud. Bank secrecy cannot be one method to, behind the right to privacy, taxpayers practice illegal activities. But the practice of these irregular conducts also does not justify a total annihilation of the right to banking secrecy, uncovering all documents and bank information’s. Although considering the legislative changes, the administrative derogation of bank secrecy will always be what the tax administration does of it.