Comment on the plasmon model for image-potential-induced surface states

Calculations of the binding energy of bound positron states in metal surfaces, with explicit inclusion of plasmon dispersion and single-particle effects, are presented. The binding energy is greatly reduced with respect to the undispersed case.

Semiclassical image potential at a solid surface

A surface dielectric function of a semi-infinite plane-bounded metal is defined in the spirit of the plasmon-pole dielectric function of the bulk. It is modeled in such a way that the surface-plasmon dispersion relation is recovered for small momentum transfer. This function is employed to compute the image potential at all distances outside the surface. Interaction with bulk modes is neglected for simplicity and clarity. The interaction of a massive point charge with a metal surface is also considered in the context of a boson model for surface-plasmon excitation. We present a new definition of the image potential for this case.

Monte Carlo simulation of interface alloying

An Ising-like model, with interactions ranging up to next-nearest-neighbor pairs, is used to simulate the process of interface alloying. Interactions are chosen to stabilize an intermediate "antiferromagnetic" ordered structure. The dynamics proceeds exclusively by atom-vacancy exchanges. In order to characterize the process, the time evolution of the width of the intermediate ordered region and the diffusion length is studied. Both lengths are found to follow a power-law evolution with exponents depending on the characteristic features of the model.

Modeling premartensitic effects in Ni2MnGa: A mean-field and Monte Carlo simulation study

ic first-order transition line ending in a critical point. This critical point is responsible for the existence of large premartensitic fluctuations which manifest as broad peaks in the specific heat, not always associated with a true phase transition. The main conclusion is that premartensitic effects result from the interplay between the softness of the anomalous phonon driving the modulation and the magnetoelastic coupling. In particular, the premartensitic transition occurs when such coupling is strong enough to freeze the involved mode phonon. The implication of the results in relation to the available experimental data is discussed.

Voir le monde à travers les lunettes du métacontraste : un modèle mathématique inspiré de la psychologie sociale

Résumé La théorie de l'autocatégorisation est une théorie de psychologie sociale qui porte sur la relation entre l'individu et le groupe. Elle explique le comportement de groupe par la conception de soi et des autres en tant que membres de catégories sociales, et par l'attribution aux individus des caractéristiques prototypiques de ces catégories. Il s'agit donc d'une théorie de l'individu qui est censée expliquer des phénomènes collectifs. Les situations dans lesquelles un grand nombre d'individus interagissent de manière non triviale génèrent typiquement des comportements collectifs complexes qui sont difficiles à prévoir sur la base des comportements individuels. La simulation informatique de tels systèmes est un moyen fiable d'explorer de manière systématique la dynamique du comportement collectif en fonction des spécifications individuelles. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons un modèle formel d'une partie de la théorie de l'autocatégorisation appelée principe du métacontraste. À partir de la distribution d'un ensemble d'individus sur une ou plusieurs dimensions comparatives, le modèle génère les catégories et les prototypes associés. Nous montrons que le modèle se comporte de manière cohérente par rapport à la théorie et est capable de répliquer des données expérimentales concernant divers phénomènes de groupe, dont par exemple la polarisation. De plus, il permet de décrire systématiquement les prédictions de la théorie dont il dérive, notamment dans des situations nouvelles. Au niveau collectif, plusieurs dynamiques peuvent être observées, dont la convergence vers le consensus, vers une fragmentation ou vers l'émergence d'attitudes extrêmes. Nous étudions également l'effet du réseau social sur la dynamique et montrons qu'à l'exception de la vitesse de convergence, qui augmente lorsque les distances moyennes du réseau diminuent, les types de convergences dépendent peu du réseau choisi. Nous constatons d'autre part que les individus qui se situent à la frontière des groupes (dans le réseau social ou spatialement) ont une influence déterminante sur l'issue de la dynamique. Le modèle peut par ailleurs être utilisé comme un algorithme de classification automatique. Il identifie des prototypes autour desquels sont construits des groupes. Les prototypes sont positionnés de sorte à accentuer les caractéristiques typiques des groupes, et ne sont pas forcément centraux. Enfin, si l'on considère l'ensemble des pixels d'une image comme des individus dans un espace de couleur tridimensionnel, le modèle fournit un filtre qui permet d'atténuer du bruit, d'aider à la détection d'objets et de simuler des biais de perception comme l'induction chromatique. Abstract Self-categorization theory is a social psychology theory dealing with the relation between the individual and the group. It explains group behaviour through self- and others' conception as members of social categories, and through the attribution of the proto-typical categories' characteristics to the individuals. Hence, it is a theory of the individual that intends to explain collective phenomena. Situations involving a large number of non-trivially interacting individuals typically generate complex collective behaviours, which are difficult to anticipate on the basis of individual behaviour. Computer simulation of such systems is a reliable way of systematically exploring the dynamics of the collective behaviour depending on individual specifications. In this thesis, we present a formal model of a part of self-categorization theory named metacontrast principle. Given the distribution of a set of individuals on one or several comparison dimensions, the model generates categories and their associated prototypes. We show that the model behaves coherently with respect to the theory and is able to replicate experimental data concerning various group phenomena, for example polarization. Moreover, it allows to systematically describe the predictions of the theory from which it is derived, specially in unencountered situations. At the collective level, several dynamics can be observed, among which convergence towards consensus, towards frag-mentation or towards the emergence of extreme attitudes. We also study the effect of the social network on the dynamics and show that, except for the convergence speed which raises as the mean distances on the network decrease, the observed convergence types do not depend much on the chosen network. We further note that individuals located at the border of the groups (whether in the social network or spatially) have a decisive influence on the dynamics' issue. In addition, the model can be used as an automatic classification algorithm. It identifies prototypes around which groups are built. Prototypes are positioned such as to accentuate groups' typical characteristics and are not necessarily central. Finally, if we consider the set of pixels of an image as individuals in a three-dimensional color space, the model provides a filter that allows to lessen noise, to help detecting objects and to simulate perception biases such as chromatic induction.

Voir le monde comme une image : le schème de l'image mimétique dans la philosophie de Platon (Cratyle, Sophiste, Timée)

Résumé de la thèse Le travail de thèse «VOIR LE MONDE COMME UNE IMAGE. Le schème de l'image mimétique dans la philosophie de Platon (Cratyle, Sophiste, Timée) » d'Alexandre NEVSKY étudie la conception philosophique de l'image chez Platon. En posant la question : qu'est-ce que l'image pour Platon? l'étude se propose, dans un premier temps, d'analyser la manière précise dont l'idée de l'image fonctionne dans l'articulation logique de l'enquête platonicienne, en se basant avant tout sur trois dialogues majeurs où cette idée est explicitement thématisée par Platon lui-même, à savoir le Cratyle, le Sophiste et le Timée. Par une analyse détaillée de ces textes, Alexandre Nevsky essaie de démontrer que l'idée de l'image fonctionne comme un schème euristique dont la logique interne détermine les moments clés dans le déroulement de chaque dialogue examiné, et constitue ainsi une véritable méthode d'investigation philosophique pour Platon. En suivant cette stratégie platonicienne, l'auteur nous montre quel rôle le schème de l'image joue selon Platon d'abord dans la constitution du langage (le Cratyle), puis, dans celle du discours (le Sophiste) et, enfin, dans celle du monde (le Timée). Une telle approche lui permet de revoir l'interprétation traditionnelle de certains passages clés, célèbres pour leurs difficultés, en mettant en évidence la façon dont la nouvelle perspective platonicienne, introduite grâce au schème de l'image, permet de formuler une solution philosophique originale du problème initial. On y trouve ainsi rediscutés, pour ne citer que quelques exemples, la théorie curieuse de l'imitation phonétique et le problème de la justesse propre du nom-image, la définition philosophique de la notion d'image et la distinction platonicienne entre limage-ressemblance et l'image-apparence, la logique paradoxale de l'introduction d'un troisième genre dans la structure ontologique de l'être et la question du sens exact à donner au «discours vraisemblable » de Platon sur la naissance de l'univers. Dans un deuxième temps, cette étude tente de dégager, derrière la méthode heuristique basée sur le schème de l'image, une véritable conception de l'image mimétique chez Platon. L'une des idées principales de la thèse est ici de montrer que cette conception présente une solution philosophique de Platon au problème de l'apparence archaïque. Car, face à la question sophistique : comment une chose - que ce soit le discours ou le monde - peut-elle être une apparence, quelque chose qui n'existe pas? Platon apporte une réponse tout à fait originale elle le peut en tant qu'image. Or, l'image n'est pas une simple apparence illusoire, elle est le reflet d'une autre réalité, indépendante et véritable, que l'on doit supposer, selon Platon, même quand sa nature exacte nous échappe encore. La conception platonicienne de l'image apparaît ainsi comme un pendant indispensable de la théorie des Formes intelligibles et aussi comme son étape préalable au niveau de laquelle l'âme du philosophe, dans son ascension vers la vérité, se retrouve dans un espace intermédiaire, déjà au-delà des illusions du monde phénoménal, mais encore en-deçà des engagements métaphysiques de la théorie des Formes.

Stimulated-echo acquisition mode (STEAM) MRI for black-blood delayed hyperenhanced myocardial imaging.

PURPOSE: To develop a breathhold method for black-blood viability imaging of the heart that may facilitate identifying the endocardial border. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three stimulated-echo acquisition mode (STEAM) images were obtained almost simultaneously during the same acquisition using three different demodulation values. Two of the three images were used to construct a black-blood image of the heart. The third image was a T(1)-weighted viability image that enabled detection of hyperintense infarcted myocardium after contrast agent administration. The three STEAM images were combined into one composite black-blood viability image of the heart. The composite STEAM images were compared to conventional inversion-recovery (IR) delayed hyperenhanced (DHE) images in nine human subjects studied on a 3T MRI scanner. RESULTS: STEAM images showed black-blood characteristics and a significant improvement in the blood-infarct signal-difference to noise ratio (SDNR) when compared to the IR-DHE images (34 +/- 4.1 vs. 10 +/- 2.9, mean +/- standard deviation (SD), P < 0.002). There was sufficient myocardium-infarct SDNR in the STEAM images to accurately delineate infarcted regions. The extracted infarcts demonstrated good agreement with the IR-DHE images. CONCLUSION: The STEAM black-blood property allows for better delineation of the blood-infarct border, which would enhance the fast and accurate measurement of infarct size.

Application of Visualization and Simulation Program to Improve Work Zone Safety and Mobility, January 2010

A previous study sponsored by the Smart Work Zone Deployment Initiative, “Feasibility of Visualization and Simulation Applications to Improve Work Zone Safety and Mobility,” demonstrated the feasibility of combining readily available, inexpensive software programs, such as SketchUp and Google Earth, with standard two-dimensional civil engineering design programs, such as MicroStation, to create animations of construction work zones. The animations reflect changes in work zone configurations as the project progresses, representing an opportunity to visually present complex information to drivers, construction workers, agency personnel, and the general public. The purpose of this study is to continue the work from the previous study to determine the added value and resource demands created by including more complex data, specifically traffic volume, movement, and vehicle type. This report describes the changes that were made to the simulation, including incorporating additional data and converting the simulation from a desktop application to a web application.

Ultra-High Field (7 Tesla) MRI for Gamma Knife Surgery Targeting of the Ventro-Intermediate Nucleus: A Pilot in Vivo Study

Aim: Gamma Knife surgery (GKS) is a non-invasive neurosurgical stereotactic procedure, increasingly used as an alternative to open functional procedures. This includes the targeting of the ventro-intermediate (Vim) nucleus of the thalamus for tremor. We currently perform an indirect targeting, using the "quadrilatere of Guyot," as the Vim nucleus is not visible on current 3 Tesla (T) MRI acquisitions. The primary objective of the current study was to enhance anatomic imaging for Vim GKS using high-field (7 T) MRI, with the aim of refining the visualization and precision of anatomical targeting. Method: Five young healthy subjects (mean age 23 years) were scanned both on 3 and 7 T MRI in Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM). Classical T1-weighted MPRAGE, T2 CISS sequences (replacing former ventriculography) and diffusion tensor imaging were acquired at 3T. We obtained high-resolution susceptibility weighted images (SWI) at 7T for the visualization of thalamic subparts. SWI was further integrated for the first time into Leksell Gamma Plan® (LGP) software and co-registered with the 3T images. A simulation of targeting of the Vim was done using the "quadrilatere of Guyot" methodology on the 3T images. Furthermore, a correlation with the position of the found target on SWI was performed. The atlas of Morel et al. was used to confirm the findings on a detailed computer analysis outside LGP. Also, 3T and 7T MRI of one patient undergoing GKS Vim thalamotomy, were obtained before and 2 years after the procedure, and studied similarly. Results: The use of SWI provided a superior resolution and improved image contrast within the central gray matter. This allowed visualization and direct delineation of groups of thalamic nuclei in vivo, including the Vim. The position of the target, as assessed with the "quadrilatere of Guyot" method on 3 T, perfectly matched with the supposed one of the Vim on the SWI. Furthermore, a 3-dimensional model of the Vim target area was created on the basis of 3T and 7T images. Conclusion: This is the first report of the integration of SWI high-field MRI into the LGP in healthy subjects and in one patient treated GKS Vim thalamotomy. This approach aims at the improvement of targeting validation and further direct targeting of the Vim in tremor. The anatomical correlation between the direct visualization on 7T and the current targeting methods on 3T seems to show a very good anatomical matching.

Correction of through-plane deformation artifacts in stimulated echo acquisition mode cardiac imaging.

Attempts to use a stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) in cardiac imaging are impeded by imaging artifacts that result in signal attenuation and nulling of the cardiac tissue. In this work, we present a method to reduce this artifact by acquiring two sets of stimulated echo images with two different demodulations. The resulting two images are combined to recover the signal loss and weighted to compensate for possible deformation-dependent intensity variation. Numerical simulations were used to validate the theory. Also, the proposed correction method was applied to in vivo imaging of normal volunteers (n = 6) and animal models with induced infarction (n = 3). The results show the ability of the method to recover the lost myocardial signal and generate artifact-free black-blood cardiac images.

Use of the swat model for hydro-sedimentologic simulation in a small rural watershed

Mathematical models have great potential to support land use planning, with the goal of improving water and land quality. Before using a model, however, the model must demonstrate that it can correctly simulate the hydrological and erosive processes of a given site. The SWAT model (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) was developed in the United States to evaluate the effects of conservation agriculture on hydrological processes and water quality at the watershed scale. This model was initially proposed for use without calibration, which would eliminate the need for measured hydro-sedimentologic data. In this study, the SWAT model was evaluated in a small rural watershed (1.19 km²) located on the basalt slopes of the state of Rio Grande do Sul in southern Brazil, where farmers have been using cover crops associated with minimum tillage to control soil erosion. Values simulated by the model were compared with measured hydro-sedimentological data. Results for surface and total runoff on a daily basis were considered unsatisfactory (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient - NSE < 0.5). However simulation results on monthly and annual scales were significantly better. With regard to the erosion process, the simulated sediment yields for all years of the study were unsatisfactory in comparison with the observed values on a daily and monthly basis (NSE values < -6), and overestimated the annual sediment yield by more than 100 %.

Sex differences in urinary levels of several biological indicators of exposure: a simulation study using a compartmental based toxicokinetic model

Toxicokinetic modeling is a useful tool to describe or predict the behavior of a chemical agent in the human or animal organism. A general model based on four compartments was developed in a previous study in order to quantify the effect of human variability on a wide range of biological exposure indicators. The aim of this study was to adapt this existing general toxicokinetic model to three organic solvents, which were methyl ethyl ketone, 1-methoxy-2-propanol and 1,1,1,-trichloroethane, and to take into account sex differences. We assessed in a previous human volunteer study the impact of sex on different biomarkers of exposure corresponding to the three organic solvents mentioned above. Results from that study suggested that not only physiological differences between men and women but also differences due to sex hormones levels could influence the toxicokinetics of the solvents. In fact the use of hormonal contraceptive had an effect on the urinary levels of several biomarkers, suggesting that exogenous sex hormones could influence CYP2E1 enzyme activity. These experimental data were used to calibrate the toxicokinetic models developed in this study. Our results showed that it was possible to use an existing general toxicokinetic model for other compounds. In fact, most of the simulation results showed good agreement with the experimental data obtained for the studied solvents, with a percentage of model predictions that lies within the 95% confidence interval varying from 44.4 to 90%. Results pointed out that for same exposure conditions, men and women can show important differences in urinary levels of biological indicators of exposure. Moreover, when running the models by simulating industrial working conditions, these differences could even be more pronounced. In conclusion, a general and simple toxicokinetic model, adapted for three well known organic solvents, allowed us to show that metabolic parameters can have an important impact on the urinary levels of the corresponding biomarkers. These observations give evidence of an interindividual variablity, an aspect that should have its place in the approaches for setting limits of occupational exposure.