Ühis- ning erijooni Soome ja Eesti Kaitseliitude puhkpillimuusikas aastatel 1925-1934.

This study focuses on the similarities and differences between the Estonian Defence League and the Finnish Civil Guard brass bands during the period 1925-1934. By 1934 this paramilitary volunteer state defence organisation had reached stability in its development, such that social, cultural and patriotic education of the people - with the help of brass band music among other means- had acquired a significant role, in addition to prioritised military and sports activities. The study begins with introductory paragraphs I and II, which describes the founding of the organisations, their participation in the Wars of Independence and their subsequent peace time activities as well as their representation in the media at the time. The thesis also briefly introduces military music in Finland and Estonia, as well as describes the influence of military music on the Defence League brass bands. The period under review includes the global economic crisis, which undoubtedly concerned the Defence League/Civil Guard and the Lapua and War of Independence movements, which greatly affected the apolitical principles of the organisations. The main emphasis of the thesis is the Defence League/Civil Guard brass band`s musical activities in two counties - Etelä-Pohjanmaa and Pärnumaa, while also including a general overview of the Estonian Defence League brass bands´ activities. One of the most important benefits of the thesis is its introduction of the brass band repertoire in use at the time, which was played by both professional and as well as amateur orchestras the latter of which also included the brass bands of the Defence League/Civil Guard and the Fire Services. Brass band music held a secondary, yet significant position in the Defence League/Civil Guard, where the orchestra as a musical grouping was obliged to perform not only at inner-organisational and national celebrations but also at any event requiring brass band music, such as song festivals, singing days, and other local cultural events. The professional preparation of the band conductors at the beginning of the period under review was not well specialised, but the training of the Defence League/Civil Defence brass band conductors was carried out regularly in both republic according to the opportunities and dedicated training programmes available. The musicians of the Defence League/Civil Defence brass bands were at the same time members of the military organisations as well as amateur musicians, which placed upon them extra demands - they were under close public supervision in all situations. Based on the principle of chronology it appeared that both Finnish and Estonian respective organisations´ brass bands used the gradually improving economic situation for purchasing musical instruments, obtaining repertoire and training musicians/conductors. Despite the fact that brass band music in the Defence League/Civil Guard was considered an amateur activity and a hobby, the more far-reaching objective of the organisation was to resemble the Defence Forces´ orchestras as closely as possible in all aspects. The Defence League/Civil Guard brass band music definitely had a significant influence on forming, developing and enriching music life in both republics. The reviewed nine-year period introduced the musical activities of the Defence League/Civil Guard against the background of the everyday life of the organisation and the need for brass band music and its continuity in the voluntary state defence institutions of both republics.

Proofs, Paradoxes, and Probabilities : The Logical Turn of Philosophy in Finland

This monograph describes the emergence of independent research on logic in Finland. The emphasis is placed on three well-known students of Eino Kaila: Georg Henrik von Wright (1916-2003), Erik Stenius (1911-1990), and Oiva Ketonen (1913-2000), and their research between the early 1930s and the early 1950s. The early academic work of these scholars laid the foundations for today's strong tradition in logic in Finland and also became internationally recognized. However, due attention has not been given to these works later, nor have they been comprehensively presented together. Each chapter of the book focuses on the life and work of one of Kaila's aforementioned students, with a fourth chapter discussing works on logic by authors who would later become known within other disciplines. Through an extensive use of correspondence and other archived material, some insight has been gained into the persons behind the academic personae. Unique and unpublished biographical material has been available for this task. The chapter on Oiva Ketonen focuses primarily on his work on what is today known as proof theory, especially on his proof theoretical system with invertible rules that permits a terminating root-first proof search. The independency of the parallel postulate is proved as an example of the strength of root-first proof search. Ketonen was to our knowledge Gerhard Gentzen's (the 'father' of proof theory) only student. Correspondence and a hitherto unavailable autobiographic manuscript, in addition to an unpublished article on the relationship between logic and epistemology, is presented. The chapter on Erik Stenius discusses his work on paradoxes and set theory, more specifically on how a rigid theory of definitions is employed to avoid these paradoxes. A presentation by Paul Bernays on Stenius' attempt at a proof of the consistency of arithmetic is reconstructed based on Bernays' lecture notes. Stenius correspondence with Paul Bernays, Evert Beth, and Georg Kreisel is discussed. The chapter on Georg Henrik von Wright presents his early work on probability and epistemology, along with his later work on modal logic that made him internationally famous. Correspondence from various archives (especially with Kaila and Charlie Dunbar Broad) further discusses his academic achievements and his experiences during the challenging circumstances of the 1940s.

The German Military Entrepreneur Ernst von Mansfeld and His Conduct of Asymmetrical Warfare in the Thirty Years War

The dissertation examines aspects of asymmetrical warfare in the war-making of the German military entrepreneur Ernst von Mansfeld during his involvement in the Thirty Years War. Due to the nature of the inquiry, which combines history with military-political theory, the methodological approach of the dissertation is interdisciplinary. The theoretical framework used is that of asymmetrical warfare. The primary sources used in the dissertation are mostly political pamphlets and newsletters. Other sources include letters, documents, and contemporaneous chronicles. The secondary sources are divided into two categories, literature on the history of the Thirty Years War and textbooks covering the theory of asymmetrical warfare. The first category includes biographical works on Ernst von Mansfeld, as well as general histories of the Thirty Years War and seventeenth-century warfare. The second category combines military theory and political science. The structure of the dissertation consists of eight lead chapters, including an introduction and conclusion. The introduction covers the theoretical approach and aims of the dissertation, and provides a brief overlook of the sources and previous research on Ernst von Mansfeld and asymmetrical warfare in the Thirty Years War. The second chapter covers aspects of Mansfeld s asymmetrical warfare from the perspective of operational art. The third chapter investigates the illegal and immoral aspects of Mansfeld s war-making. The fourth chapter compares the differing methods by which Mansfeld and his enemies raised and financed their armies. The fifth chapter investigates Mansfeld s involvement in indirect warfare. The sixth chapter presents Mansfeld as an object and an agent of image and information war. The seventh chapter looks into the counter-reactions, which Mansfeld s asymmetrical warfare provoked from his enemies. The eighth chapter offers a conclusion of the findings. The dissertation argues that asymmetrical warfare presented itself in all the aforementioned areas of Mansfeld s conduct during the Thirty Years War. The operational asymmetry arose from the freedom of movement that Mansfeld enjoyed, while his enemies were constrained by the limits of positional warfare. As a non-state operator Mansfeld was also free to flout the rules of seventeenth-century warfare, which his enemies could not do with equal ease. The raising and financing of military forces was another source of asymmetry, because the nature of early seventeenth-century warfare favoured private military entrepreneurs rather than embryonic fiscal-military states. The dissertation also argues that other powers fought their own asymmetrical and indirect wars against the Habsburgs through Mansfeld s agency. Image and information were asymmetrical weapons, which were both aimed against Mansfeld and utilized by him. Finally, Mansfeld s asymmetrical threat forced the Habsburgs to adapt to his methods, which ultimately lead to the formation of a subcontracted Imperial Army under the management and leadership of Albrecht von Wallenstein. Therefore Mansfeld s asymmetrical warfare ultimately paved way for the kind of state-monopolized, organised, and symmetrical warfare that has prevailed from 1648 onwards. The conclusion is that Mansfeld s conduct in the Thirty Years War matched the criteria for asymmetrical warfare. While traditional historiography treated Mansfeld as an anomaly in the age of European state formation, his asymmetrical warfare has begun to bear resemblance to the contemporary conflicts, where nation states no longer hold the monopoly of violence.

"Die Barbaren werden von Russen gespielt" : Etniset hahmot Wladimir Kaminerin kertomuskokoelmissa "Russendisko" ja "Mein deutsches Dschungelbuch"

Pro gradu -tutkielmassani tarkastelen hahmojen etnisyyttä Wladimir Kaminerin kahdessa kertomuskokoelmassa. Kaminerin, saksalaistuneen venäjänjuutalaisen, esikoisteos Russendisko kuvaa kertojan kotiutumista itäiseen Berliiniin sekä värikästä arkea monikulttuurisessa pääkaupungissa. Mein deutsches Dschungelbuchissa Kaminer matkustaa ympäri Saksaa esittämässä tekstejään ja kirjoittaa havainnoistaan kirjaa. Vitsikkään tyylin lisäksi kokoelmien kertomuksia yhdistävänä tekijänä toimii autobiografisia piirteitä omaava kertojahahmo, yleensä nimettyjä etnisyyksiä edustavien ja ohueksi jäävien sivuhenkilöiden tullessa ja mennessä. Näistä piirteistä nousevat tutkielmani kaksi näkökulmaa etnisyyteen: tutkin, miten etnisyys suhteutuu ensinnäkin kertojahahmoon ja toiseksi eri ihmisryhmien stereotyyppiseen esittämiseen. Tutkielmani lähtökohtana on käsitys etnisyydestä – kuulumisesta johonkin kansaan tai heimoon – luonnollisen sijasta kulttuurisesti konstruoituna ilmiönä. Kertojahahmon etnisyyden tutkimisessa hyödynnän hybridin käsitettä, jolla viitataan selvärajaisten etnisyyksien sijaan niiden sekoittumiseen. Kertojahahmon juutalaisuus paljastuu useiden diskurssien jännitteiseksi risteyspaikaksi: kertojahahmo vastustaa pyrkimyksiä kiinnittää itseään uskonnollisesti ja kulttuurisesti rajattuun etniseen kompleksiin, mutta yhdistyy kaupunkielämästä inspiraationsa löytävänä individualistisena intellektuellina urbaanin juutalaiskirjallisuuden traditioon. Kertojahahmon etnisyyden ulottuvuuksista korostuu teksteissä selkeimmin venäläisyys, joka osoittautuu tietoisen performatiiviseksi ja saksalaisille suunnatuksi. Kielellisesti assimiloituneen mutta venäläisenä esiintyvän kertojahahmon asema useampien etnisyyksien kartoittamattomassa välitilassa avaa mahdollisuuden pinttyneiden etnisten vastakkainasetteluiden kritiikille. Kertojahahmo sijoittaa itsensä intertekstuaaliseen tilaan tavalla, joka kyseenalaistaa korkeakulttuuristen kaanonien lisäksi ajatuksen puhtaista kansallisista kirjallisuuksista. Relevantiksi kehykseksi Kaminerin tekstien tulkinnassa osoittautuukin transeurooppalainen pikareski-genre, jonka veijarisankareita naiivin ulkopuolisuutensa satiirin palvelukseen valjastava kertojahahmo läheisesti muistuttaa. Kertojahahmon hybridi etnisyys on yhteydessä myös siihen, miten tekstien oletetaan esittävän ja edustavan erilaisia ihmisryhmiä: se mahdollistaa hankalienkin teemojen häpeilemättömän käsittelyn. Etnisiä stereotypioita – etnistä ryhmää koskevia pinttyneitä representaatioita, joihin ihmiset turvautuvat pyrkiessään selittämään tai hallitsemaan toisia – tarkastelen imagologian ja kriittisen kulttuurintutkimuksen välinein. Etniset stereotypiat ovatkin keskeisiä Kaminerin rakentaessa lukuisia sivuhenkilöitään, jotka pelkistyvät useimmiten litteiksi, jopa karikatyyrinomaisiksi etnisyyksiensä edustajiksi. Kaminerin tekstit kiertyvät kuitenkin myös samaisten etnisten stereotypioiden satiiriksi. Yhtäältä ironian kohteena on stereotyypittelyn prosessi, jossa toisen määrittely essentialistisin termein ja yleistyksien kautta johtaa absurdeihinkin virhetulkintoihin. Toisaalta kertojahahmon toteava kuvailutapa paljastaa etnisten stereotypioiden haitalliset yhteiskunnalliset vaikutukset. Kaminerin satiirin terä kohdistuu kantasaksalaisiin, jotka näkevät muut etnisyydet pitkälti omia tarpeitaan, pelkojaan ja fantasioitaan palvelevien stereotypioiden kautta. Tutkielmani kuitenkin osoittaa, että maahanmuuttajataustaiset henkilöhahmot kykenevät myös tuotteistamaan etnisiä stereotypioita – toki ahtaissa, yhteiskunnallisten valtarakenteiden määrittämissä rajoissa. Olennaista on etnisiin stereotypioihin sisältyvä kaksiteräisyys: sama ennakko-oletusten kimppu saatetaan yhteydestä riippuen esittää ja tulkita joko negatiiviseksi tai positiiviseksi. Kaminerin tekstit tarjoavat huumorin kautta luvallisen kanavan käsitellä ja purkaa etnisyyden akseleilla liikkuvia odotuksia, pelkoja ja aggressioita, jotka ovat pitkään olleet lähes tabuja saksalaisessa yhteiskunnassa. Samalla Kaminerin tekstit puhuvat sellaisen maailman puolesta, jossa etnisyys pikemminkin mahdollistaisi kuin sitoisi inhimillistä vuorovaikutusta.

Snapthrough instability of a stochastic a von Mises truss

A von Mises truss with stochastically varying material properties is investigated for snapthrough instability. The variability of the snap-through load is calculated analytically as a function of the material property variability represented as a stochastic process. The bounds are established which are independent of the knowledge of the complete description of correlation structure which is seldom possible using the experimental data. Two processes are considered to represent the material property variability and the results are presented graphically. Ein von Mises Fachwerk mit stochastisch verteilten Materialeigenschaften wird bezüglich der Durchschlagsinstabilität untersucht. Die Spannbreite der Durchschlagslast wird analytisch als Funktion der Spannbreite der Materialeigenschaften berechnet, die stochastisch verteilt angenommen werden. Eine explizite Gesamtbeschreibung der Struktur ist bei Benutzung experimenteller Daten selten möglich. Deshalb werden Grenzen für die Durchschlagskraft entwickelt, die von der Kenntnis dieser Gesamtbeschreibung unabhängig sind. Zwei Grenzfälle werden betrachtet, um die Spannbreite der Materialeigenschaften darzustellen. Die Ergebnisse werden grafisch dargestellt.

A discrete state perspective of manipulator workspaces Vorstellungen von diskreten zuständen von manipulator-arbeitsräumen

The finite resolution of joint drives or sensors imparts a discrete nature to the joints of a manipulator. Because of this an arbitrary point in the workspace cannot be reached without error even in ideal mechanical environment. This paper investigates the effect of this discrete nature of the joints on the accuracy of performance of a manipulator and develops a method to select the joint states to reach a point with least error. It is shown that the configuration leading to least error cannot, in general, be found from configuration space, especially when there is large variation in the link lengths or joint resolutions or both. The anomaly becomes severe when the gross motion of the end-effector approaches the local resolution of the workspace. The paper also shows how to distinguish two workspaces which may be identical so far as the boundary points are concerned, taking the joint resolutions into account. Finally, the concepts have been extended to define continuous space global and local performance indices for general multi degree of freedom manipulators.

Vector summed sine wave tailored waveforms for dipolar excitation of ions in Paul trap mass spectrometers

A simple method to generate time domain tailored waveforms for excitation of ion axial amplitude in Paul trap mass spectrometers is described. The method is based on vector summation of sine waves followed by time domain sampling to obtain the discrete time domain data. A smoothing technique based on the time domain Kaiser window is then applied to the data so as to minimize the frequency domain Gibb's oscillations. The dynamic range of the time domain signal is controlled by phase modulation and time extension of the time domain waveform. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Structure-function hierarchies and von Karman-Howarth relations for turbulence in magnetohydrodynamical equations

We generalize the method of A. M. Polyakov, Phys. Rev. E 52, 6183 (1995)] for obtaining structure-function relations in turbulence in the stochastically forced Burgers equation, to develop structure-function hierarchies for turbulence in three models for magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). These are the Burgers analogs of MHD in one dimension Eur. Phys. J.B 9, 725 (1999)], and in three dimensions (3DMHD and 3D Hall MHD). Our study provides a convenient and unified scheme for the development of structure-function hierarchies for turbulence in a variety of coupled hydrodynamical equations. For turbulence in the three sets of MHD equations mentioned above, we obtain exact relations for third-order structure functions and their derivatives; these expressions are the analogs of the von Karman-Howarth relations for fluid turbulence. We compare our work with earlier studies of such relations in 3DMHD and 3D Hall MHD.

Phylogeography unplugged: comparative surveys in the genomic era

In March 2012, the authors met at the National Evolutionary Synthesis Center (NESCent) in Durham, North Carolina, USA, to discuss approaches and cooperative ventures in Indo-Pacific phylogeography. The group emerged with a series of findings: (1) Marine population structure is complex, but single locus mtDNA studies continue to provide powerful first assessment of phylogeographic patterns. (2) These patterns gain greater significance/power when resolved in a diversity of taxa. New analytical tools are emerging to address these analyses with multi-taxon approaches. (3) Genome-wide analyses are warranted if selection is indicated by surveys of standard markers. Such indicators can include discordance between genetic loci, or between genetic loci and morphology. Phylogeographic information provides a valuable context for studies of selection and adaptation. (4) Phylogeographic inferences are greatly enhanced by an understanding of the biology and ecology of study organisms. (5) Thorough, range-wide sampling of taxa is the foundation for robust phylogeographic inference. (6) Congruent geographic and taxonomic sampling by the Indo-Pacific community of scientists would facilitate better comparative analyses. The group concluded that at this stage of technology and software development, judicious rather than wholesale application of genomics appears to be the most robust course for marine phylogeographic studies. Therefore, our group intends to affirm the value of traditional (''unplugged'') approaches, such as those based on mtDNA sequencing and microsatellites, along with essential field studies, in an era with increasing emphasis on genomic approaches.

A Lagrangian for von Karman Equations of Large Deflection Problem of Thin Circular Plate

By the semi-inverse method proposed by He, a Lagrangian is established for the large deflection problem of thin circular plate. Ritz method is used to obtain an approximate analytical solution of the problem. First order approximate solution is obtained, which is similar to those in open literature. By Mathematica a more accurate solution can be deduced.

La leyenda artúrica en la literatura alemana : el Parzival de Wolfram von Eschenbach

Integran este número de la revista ponencias presentadas en Studia Hispanica Medievalia VIII: Actas de las IX Jornadas Internacionales de Literatura Española Medieval, 2008, y de Homenaje al Quinto Centenario de Amadis de Gaula.

Belleza de Cristo : hitos para una estética cristológica en la obra de Olegario González de Cardedal

Resumen: El autor presenta los hitos que se encuentran en la obra de Olegario González de Cardedal para configurar lo que llamamos una “estética cristológica” la cual, a partir de las bases fundamentales sentadas en el siglo XX por H. U. von Balthasar, consiste en una reconfiguración del lenguaje teológico con el que nos referimos al misterio de Cristo con una perspectiva estética. No se trata de amoldar la cristología a la estética filosófica (esto sería un esteticismo vacío), sino que la estética queda configurada por la cristología (estética cristológica). Desde esta perspectiva, González de Cardedal propone un nuevo camino, en forma programática, para decir, pensar y oír el siempre nuevo y siempre antiguo misterio de Cristo en el siglo XXI. Camino fascinante y atrayente como lo es el mismo Cristo por el fulgor de su Belleza.

La vigencia de las ideas de Ludwig von Mises, para la interpretación de los problemas de Latinoamérica, en la actualidad

Resumen: En los últimos 20 años, los problemas de las economías emergentes de Latinoamérica se han ido, en muchos casos acentuando, y en todos los casos, polarizando. Una serie de países han adoptado enfoques de políticas públicas que muchos identifican con lo que se conoce como “El Foro de Sao Paulo”. El estatismo, el desequilibrio del sector externo, el incremento del gasto fiscal y la pérdida de libertades se han visto asociados a toda esta problemática. Importa particularmente a los cultores de la “Escuela Austriaca de Economía” rescatar lo que podían decir al respecto, algunos de sus pensadores fundamentales.

El XXXII Congreso Eucarístico Internacional en memoria de los 80 años de su celebración (1934- 2014)

Resumen: El Congreso Eucarístico Internacional de 1934 marcó un antes y un después en la Iglesia argentina. Al celebrar sus ochenta años es importante recordar algunas de las consideraciones canónicas que se tuvieron en cuenta para su realización, así como las consecuencias pastorales que tuvo en la Iglesia argentina.