Relações étnico-raciais no cotidiano escolar: o mesmo e o outro da afrodiáspor

Para efeito dessa pesquisa, nos concentramos nas experiências vivenciadas na Escola Municipal Mauro Sérgio da Cunha, uma escola situada na periferia de Angra dos Reis (RJ), no bairro Campo Belo. Tomamos aqui a experiência como uma possibilidade de produção de conhecimentos e sentidos sobre a escola e os meninos e meninas que transitam em seu cotidiano, tendo, portanto, uma dimensão formativa. Isso implica que é preciso disposição para ouvir o outro sem a pretensão de transforma-lo em algo diferente. A escolha dessa escola evidencia a impossibilidade de distanciamento da pesquisadora. Sendo moradora do município e do bairro em questão e reivindicando as identidades de professora, mulher, negra e oriunda das classes populares, foi preciso, em alguns momentos, adotar a primeira pessoa do singular, já que não há possibilidade de excluir as implicações pessoais das opções realizadas. As alterações no uso dos pronomes, ora no singular, ora no plural, são tomadas não como falta de rigor, mas como uma expressão da complexidade da pesquisa. Desse modo, propomos discutir nessa dissertação de Mestrado, em diálogo com o cotidiano escolar, se as práticas dos sujeitos que circulam no cotidiano da escola podem se constituir como possibilidades curriculares promotoras de uma educação para a diferença. Nesse contexto, pressupomos que as práticas são constituintes e constituídas à partir de identidades coletivas da afrodiáspora. Ou seja, entre as práticas e as identidades não há uma relação unilateral, tratando-se de um processo de circularidade constante e dinâmica. Logo, as práticas são constituídas pelos processos identitários, ao mesmo tempo em que os modificam incessantemente, sobretudo nos territórios onde crianças e adolescentes tecem suas redes de conhecimentos, estando as mesmas marcadas por estigmas, discriminações e opressões. Consequentemente, como já citado, a questão racial atravessa esse texto, assim como o racismo permeia as relações sociais no Brasil. Em um primeiro movimento, buscamos explicitar o entendimento sobre as opções metodológicas voltadas para a produção de pesquisas com os cotidianos. Estabelecemos, posteriormente, um segundo movimento de discussão voltada para conceitos imprescindíveis, entre eles: colonialismo, diáspora, e raça atravessando a produção de imagens de corpos negros. No terceiro trabalhamos as possibilidades de produção de currículos voltados para a questão da diferença e da identidade a partir das interrogações surgidas das possibilidades de usos de imagens

Tão longe, tão perto: pretos e pardos e o enigma racial brasileiro

Até meados da década de 1970 buscou-se decifrar o lugar social ocupado pelo pardo na sociedade brasileira. Contudo, os estudos mais recentes se caracterizaram, com algumas exceções, pelo silenciamento em torno das especificidades desse grupo. Pretos e pardos têm sido agrupados em uma mesma categoria para fins de análise de desigualdades e discriminação racial. No entanto, se os pardos estão extremamente próximos dos pretos no que toca os seus índices socioeconômicos, chances de mobilidade social e vitimização pela discriminação, eles estão muito distantes dos pretos em sua percepção do preconceito e da discriminação de que são vítimas. Para esse grupo, o nexo entre a cor e a discriminação não parece nem um pouco evidente. A presente tese retoma os pardos como tema de reflexão e investiga as razões pelas quais eles parecem ser discriminados em intensidade próxima à dos pretos, mas não reportam a discriminação no mesmo grau. A partir da produção de análises originais de dados quantitativos e surveys sobre racismo, encontro respaldo para algumas explicações não mutuamente excludentes para esse fenômeno: (1) o binarismo das linguagens racista e antirracista no Brasil, que exclui os pardos do debate público, (2) os problemas metodológicos dos surveys sobre discriminação racial, (3) a presença ideário da morenidade na identidade e autoimagem dos brasileiros pardos, (4) as peculiaridades da sociabilidade entre pretos, pardos e brancos, (5) o caráter ambivalente dos estereótipos que incidem sobre os pardos e, finalmente, (6) uma porosidade maior das elites brancas em relação a esses indivíduos. A partir da elaboração de um modelo alternativo de mensuração da percepção da discriminação, baseado na Escala de Discriminação Cotidiana, demonstro que pretos e pardos de classes mais baixas têm percepções mais parecidas de atitudes discriminatórias, enquanto aqueles que atingem as classes médias e elites passam a divergir: os pretos passam a reportar mais intensamente a discriminação, enquanto os pardos praticamente cessam de senti-la. Sustento que o racismo ambivalente brasileiro funciona de modo a barrar a mobilidade social tanto de pretos como de pardos, mas que os estereótipos e atitudes a que ele está relacionado penalizam mais severamente os pretos que ascendem socialmente do que os pardos.

Poverty in the fisheries, inductors, causes and intervention

The study is prompted by the poverty that persisted among the fishing communities of lake victoria at time of considerable cash inflow into the fisheries development of fish processing industry. There has been need for understanding of the poverty and what strategies would be most appreciate for it's reduction.This study has attempted to respond to the needby identifying the nature and distribution of the poverty within the fisheries lake victoria,Uganda, the factor responsible for itand the options for poverty reduction intervention. The study examined the global and regional perspectives of poverty and wealth distribution, noting that wide disparities existed between the developed and the developing world and also between the developing countries themselves. A historical review of development policies and strategies revealed that while successive strategies were able to contribute to growth, their achievement towards poverty alleviation were less than satisfactory, hence the need for continually developing new strategies. A background to Uganda’s society and economy is provided, examining the demographic, political, environmental and economic conditions of the country. Uganda’s development strategies are reviewed, highlighting the role of the Poverty Eradication Action Plan, Uganda’s main strategy for implementing the policy of poverty reduction and wealth distribution. At the agricultural sector level, the Plan for the Modernisation of Agriculture has been formulated, followed by the National Fisheries Policy, aimed at providing a policy framework for the management and development of the fisheries. An appropriate definition of poverty was formulated, considered relevant to the situation of Lake Victoria. The dimensions of poverty included inadequate basic necessities, low education and health achievements, a sense of insecurity and exposure to risk. The research methodology was enhanced by the examination of the Lélé Model of the Poverty–Environmental Degradation problem, the World Bank Model of Poverty Causation and the subsequent Lake Victoria Model developed in this study. It has provided a plan for the research, the consideration of criteria and a data collection plan. The data collection instruments included secondary data search, key informant interviews and a sample survey based on a structured questionnaire. The study identified all the four dimensions of poverty in the fisheries, provided poverty profiles with respect to the different activities, groups of people and regions in the fisheries, based on consumption poverty. Among the people identified to be in poverty were the fishing labourers, fishers of Oreochromis niloticus and those operating with non-powered boats. In the post-harvest fisheries, large proportions of processors involved in salting and sun-drying, market stall and bicycle traders were in the poverty category. The ethnic groups most affected included the Samia, Basoga and Bakenye while the Districts of Jinja, Bugiri and Busia had the highest proportions of fishers in the poverty category. With respect to the other dimensions of poverty, the study showed that educational achievement was low within the fishing communities. The health status was poor, due mainly to the prevalence of malaria, diarrhoea, bilharzia and HIV/AIDS. There was a sense of insecurity within certain sections of the fishing community, due to leadership weaknesses within the local as well as the Government institutions. Some community members operated in a state of risk because they were vulnerable to episodes of income, health and education. The causes of poverty in fisheries included weaknesses within the institutional and social environment, limitations in the technology available to the poor, resource degradation and unfavourable economic factors. The recommendations of the study for poverty reduction included strengthening of policies, developing links, improving capacities and increasing resources, to be applied at the levels of Central Government, Local Government and of the community. In view of the achievements of the methodology used on this study, involving reference to the models, it is recommended that future research should build upon this model approach, as it will continue to produce results, especially when attempting to forecast changes relating to interventions.

The ADH1B Arg47His polymorphism in East Asian populations and expansion of rice domestication in history

Background: The emergence of agriculture about 10,000 years ago marks a dramatic change in human evolutionary history. The diet shift in agriculture societies might have a great impact on the genetic makeup of Neolithic human populations. The regionally restricted enrichment of the class I alcohol dehydrogenase sequence polymorphism (ADH1BArg47His) in southern China and the adjacent areas suggests Darwinian positive selection on this genetic locus during Neolithic time though the driving force is yet to be disclosed. Results: We studied a total of 38 populations (2,275 individuals) including Han Chinese, Tibetan and other ethnic populations across China. The geographic distribution of the ADH1B*47His allele in these populations indicates a clear east-to-west cline, and it is dominant in south-eastern populations but rare in Tibetan populations. The molecular dating suggests that the emergence of the ADH1B*47His allele occurred about 10,000 similar to 7,000 years ago. Conclusion: We present genetic evidence of selection on the ADH1BArg47His polymorphism caused by the emergence and expansion of rice domestication in East Asia. The geographic distribution of the ADH1B*47His allele in East Asia is consistent with the unearthed culture relic sites of rice domestication in China. The estimated origin time of ADH1B*47His allele in those populations coincides with the time of origin and expansion of Neolithic agriculture in southern China.

Gene admixture in the Silk Road region of China: Evidence from mtDNA and melanocortin 1 receptor polymorphism

Mitochondrial DNA control region segment I sequences and melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene polymorphism were examined in ethnic populations in the silk road region of China. Both the frequencies of the MC1R variants and the results of mtDNA data in this region presented intermediate values between those of Europe and East and Southeast Asia, which suggested extensive gene admixture in this area and was in general agreement with previous studies. Phylogenetic analysis of the ethnic populations in the Silk Road region that based on mtDNA data didn't show expected cluster pattern according to their ethnogenesis. We suspect that a high migration rate in female among these closely related populations and other three demographic events might account for it.

Evolutionary history of the mtDNA 9-bp deletion in Chinese populations and its relevance to the peopling of east and southeast Asia

In total, 1218 Chinese from twelve ethnic groups and nine Han geographic groups were screened for the mtDNA 9-bp deletion motif. The frequency of the 9-bp deletion in all samples was 14.7% but ranged from 0% to 32% in the various ethnic groups. Three individuals had a triplication of the 9-bp segment. Phylogenetic and demographic analyses of the mtDNA hypervariable segment 1 (HVS1) sequences suggest that the 9-bp deletion occurred more than once in China. The majority of the Chinese deletion:haplotypes (about 90%) have a common origin as a mutational event following an initial expansion of modem humans in eastern Asia. Other deletion haplotypes and the three haplotypes with a 9-bp triplication may have arisen independently in the Chinese, presumably by replication error. HVS1 haplotype analysis suggests two possible migration routes of the 9-bp deletion in east and southeast Asia. Both migrations originated in China with one route leading to the Pacific Islands via Taiwan, the other to southeast Asia and possibly the Nicobar Islands. Along both routes of peopling, a decrease in HVS1 diversity of the mtDNA haplotypes is observed. The "Polynesian motif (16217T/C, 16247A/G, and 16261C/T)" and the 16140T/C, 16266C/A, or C/G polymorphisms appear specific to each migration route.

Length polymorphism of thymidylate synthase regulatory region in Chinese populations and evolution of the novel alleles

The tandemly repeated 28-bp sequence in the 5'-terminal regulatory, region of human thymidylate synthase (TSER), which has been reported to be polymorphic in different populations, was surveyed in 668 Chinese from 9 Han groups, 8 ethnic populations, and 3

Effects of human activities on migratory waterbirds at Lashihai Lake, China

Surveys on migratory waterbirds and their habitats at Lashihai Lake, China, were conducted from October 1999 to April 2000. Five fixed points, representing different degrees of habitat disturbance and quality, were selected around the lake. We used counts (n = 30) to compare diversity and abundance of waterbirds at each point and evaluate the effects of habitat disturbance. The distribution of waterbirds was affected by disturbance, with snore than one-third of the total species and nearly half of the total individuals occurring at the least disturbed point. Species richness was weakly and abundance was strongly correlated to habitat disturbance, but not to habitat quality. Habitat destruction and use of canoes were prominent at the lake. Naxi ethnic fishermen (n = 37) were interviewed. They caught 570 waterbirds between October 1999 and March 2000 in fishing nets. An estimation of the total number of waterbirds been trapped on the lake is 6164. Diving species were most susceptible. Conservation measures that should implement immediately include the cessation of habitat destruction, better plan for the development of tourism, a reduction in the number of canoes and zoning of the non-fishing area. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

High prevalence of HIV-1 and hepatitis C virus coinfection among injection drug users in the southeastern region of Yunnan, China

The southeastern region of Yunnan province is a key site for drug trafficking and HIV-1 infection spread from the west of Yunnan and Laos to southeastern China. To investigate the prevalence of HIV-1 infection and hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection among injection drug users (IDUs) in southeastern Yunnan, three cohorts of 285 addicts, including 242 IDUs and 43 oral drug users, living in the cities of Gejiu and Kaiyuan and the county of Yanshan were studied. HIV-1 and HCV infections were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and/or polymerase chain reaction. Data on the age, sex, risk behavior, drug use history, employment, ethnic background, and marriage status were obtained by interview. The overall prevalence of HIV-1 infection was 71.9%. The rate of HCV coinfection among 138 HIV-1-infected IDUs was 99.3%. Most HIV-infected IDUs were 20 to 35 years old (86.7%) and were ethnic Han (75.9%), suggesting that the epidemic in Yunnan is no longer confined to non-Han ethnic minorities, HIV prevalence in female IDUs (81.2%) was significantly higher than in male IDUs (68.2%) (p <.05). The prevalence of HIV infection reached 68.4% after 1 year of injection drug use. Needle/syringe sharing is the major high risk factor for the spread of HIV-1 and HCV infections. Large-scale educational campaigns are urgently needed to reduce the spread of HIV and HCV infection in these regions.

X Window核心系统的民文支持

Linux系统对少数民族文字的支持需要建立在国际化机制基础上,本文在总结现有Linux国际化框架层次结构基础上,分析了X核心系统国际化的一些关键问题,并以增加藏文支持的实践为例,系统说明了增加民族文字支持所需对X核心系统进行的改动,对在相关项目中的实施情况和效果进行了评估,最后结合其他民族文字系统的研究,对这些工作的局限性进行了深入分析,并提出了今后的工作方向.

A型行为核心特征与血管紧张素转换酶基因型相关性研究

In order to study the role of inherited factors and Type A Behavior Pattern (TABP) in the development of CHD, the present study chose the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene as the target gene, and investigated the associations of TABP, the polymorphism of ACE gene with susceptibility to development of CHD in the healthy population and CHD patients from Northern China. 1. Correlation Analysis Between TABP and serum level of ACE in Chinese healthy individuals TABP and serum of ACE were determined in 137 Chinese healthy individuals. The results showed that there was a significant correlation between the scores of CH in TABP invertory and the serum level of ACE. 2 The distribution charicteristics of ACE gene polymorphism frequencies and association with serum level of ACE in Chinese healthy individuals population The polymorphism of ACE gene and serum of ACE were determined in 137 Chinese healthy individuals. The results showed that: the ethnic differences in I/D polymorphism of ACE gene are obvious; deletion polymorphism of the ACE gene is associated with serum ACE level. 3. The relationship between insertion/deletion polymorphism of ACE gene and CHD in a Chinese population I/D polymorphism in intron 16 of the ACE gene was determined by polymerase chain reaction(PCR) in a study of 109 patients with CHD. The results showed: The frequencies of DD genotype(0.39) and D allele(0.63) were higher among the CHD group than among the control subjects(0.12 and 0.42 respectively, P < 0.01). Furthermore, MI and multivessel disease was more strongly associated with (P < 0.01). It is indicated that D allele and DD gentype of ACE might be an important risk factor for CHD, especially for MI or multivessel disease in Chinese population. 4. Correlation Analysis Between Type A Behavior Pattern and the Polymorphism of ACE Gene The polymorphism of ACE gene and type A behavior pattern (TABP) survey were determined in 291 Chinese healthy individuals. The result showed that the higher frequency of rare D allele of an insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene was found in type A behavior individuals compared with type B behavior individuals in 291 healthy individuals; there was a significant correlation between the scores of CH in TABP invertory and DD genotype of the ACE gene. It is suggested that the behavioral attributes of competitiveness, achievement striving, hostility, being irritated easily and impatience may be associated with heredity. 5. Correlation Analysis Between Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Gene Polymorphism, Type A Behavior Pattern and Coronary Heart Disease in Chinese The polymorphism of ACE gene and type A behavior pattern (TABP) survey were determined in 109 patients with CHD. The results showed the development of coronary heart disease(CHD) is influenced mainly by the behavioral attributes of competitiveness, achievement striving, hostility, being irritated easily and impatience; the deletion polymorphism of ACE gene may be play a important role in the process of it. 6. Correlation Analysis Between Type A Behavior Pattern Core Components and the Polymorphism of ACE Gene The polymorphism of ACE gene and type A behavior pattern (TABP) survey were determined in1306 Chinese healthy individuals. The results showed that there was a significant correlation between the scores of CH in TABP invertory and DD genotype of the ACE gene. Furthermore, the behavioral attributes of hostility, being irritated easily and impatience may be associated with heredity. At the end of this research, in terms of theory, the research approaches of TABP and the factors influenced the relationship between TABP and CHD were explored and discussed. Furthermore, several new opinions were put forward.

Evaluation of resources to support production of high quality health information for patients and the public. Final report for NHS Research Outputs Programme

Durbin, J., Urquhart, C. & Yeoman, A. (2003). Evaluation of resources to support production of high quality health information for patients and the public. Final report for NHS Research Outputs Programme. Aberystwyth: Department of Information Studies, University of Wales Aberystwyth. Sponsorship: Department of Health

Rural information needs. Final report for Mid Wales Library and Information Partnership

Thomas, R., Crossan, S., Urquhart, C. & Hines, B. (2008). Rural information needs. Final report for Mid Wales Library and Information Partnership. Aberystwyth: Department of Information Studies, Aberystwyth University Sponsorship: Mid Wales Library and Information Partnership

Obraz stosunków językowych polsko-niemieckich w historii języka polskiego. Księga sądu wójtowskiego m. Opola z lat 1698-1721 jako językowy wyraz kontaktów międzyetnicznych

Wydział Filologii Polskiej i Klasycznej: Instytut Filologii Polskiej