Construção e validação do instrumento de investigação do conhecimento de gestantes sobre sua saúde bucal e a do seu bebê: perspectiva do cuidado em saúde

INTRODUCTION: Humanized and quality prenatal and post-partum care is critical to maternal and newborn health, as well as oral health care. Currently, the National Oral Health Policy is aiming at expanding dental care for pregnant women. Thus, the promotion of oral health and attention to prenatal care policies should be integrated; however, there is still limited participation of pregnant women. Thus, it is necessary to verify the knowledge of pregnant women related to oral health, seeking to estimate the quality of dental care provided during prenatal care, being essential for the Family Health strategy to organize personnel, plan costs and to ensure the quality standard of care. OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a research instrument on the knowledge of pregnant women about their oral health and of their baby. METHOD: This is a construction and validation study with 93 pregnant women in Family Health Units and specialized private clinics in Obstetrics, in the city of Natal / RN. It was authorized by the Onofre Lopes University Hospital Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN) under the registration number 421.163/13. The construction of the instrument followed steps so that it was valid, reliable and sensitive: creation and reduction of the items (drafting of the instrument), content validity and testing of the instrument, and hypotheses validation. Once constructed, the instrument was evaluated by experts who suggested modifications. There was consultation with the target population about the new version of the created instrument, which had the instrument validation verified by internal consistency through intra and inter-calibration and test-retest. Next, the hypotheses were validated. A database was built in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 22.0. After creating the hypotheses, an association was found for validating the criteria between each of the specific issues for each established criteria, considering a 5% significance level. Data analysis was carried out by describing the absolute and relative frequencies of the variables pertaining to issues relating to their pregnancy knowledge about their oral health and their baby. The Kappa coefficient was used for the calibration process (Inter and Intra-examiner calibration) and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to analyze instrument reproducibility (test-retest). In addition, the chi-square test was used to cross the dependent variable with the (dichotomized) independent variables. RESULTS: The intra and inter agreement analysis presented a Kappa coefficient between 0.400 and 1.000. Internal consistency through the analysis showed that 90% of the instrument's questions showed great reliability in the answers (Cronbach α ˃ 0.7). In the investigation of the relationship between the dependent variable (knowledge about oral health) and the independent variables (trimester of pregnancy, education, income and multiparous), it was found that none of these independent variables were significantly associated. All hypotheses had their Ho confirmed. CONCLUSION: The constructed instrument was validated, considering that it showed to be sensitive with good reliability and good accuracy, and therefore can be used to assess pregnant women’s knowledge about their oral health and the oral health of their baby.

Construção e validação do instrumento de investigação do conhecimento de gestantes sobre sua saúde bucal e a do seu bebê: perspectiva do cuidado em saúde

INTRODUCTION: Humanized and quality prenatal and post-partum care is critical to maternal and newborn health, as well as oral health care. Currently, the National Oral Health Policy is aiming at expanding dental care for pregnant women. Thus, the promotion of oral health and attention to prenatal care policies should be integrated; however, there is still limited participation of pregnant women. Thus, it is necessary to verify the knowledge of pregnant women related to oral health, seeking to estimate the quality of dental care provided during prenatal care, being essential for the Family Health strategy to organize personnel, plan costs and to ensure the quality standard of care. OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a research instrument on the knowledge of pregnant women about their oral health and of their baby. METHOD: This is a construction and validation study with 93 pregnant women in Family Health Units and specialized private clinics in Obstetrics, in the city of Natal / RN. It was authorized by the Onofre Lopes University Hospital Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN) under the registration number 421.163/13. The construction of the instrument followed steps so that it was valid, reliable and sensitive: creation and reduction of the items (drafting of the instrument), content validity and testing of the instrument, and hypotheses validation. Once constructed, the instrument was evaluated by experts who suggested modifications. There was consultation with the target population about the new version of the created instrument, which had the instrument validation verified by internal consistency through intra and inter-calibration and test-retest. Next, the hypotheses were validated. A database was built in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 22.0. After creating the hypotheses, an association was found for validating the criteria between each of the specific issues for each established criteria, considering a 5% significance level. Data analysis was carried out by describing the absolute and relative frequencies of the variables pertaining to issues relating to their pregnancy knowledge about their oral health and their baby. The Kappa coefficient was used for the calibration process (Inter and Intra-examiner calibration) and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to analyze instrument reproducibility (test-retest). In addition, the chi-square test was used to cross the dependent variable with the (dichotomized) independent variables. RESULTS: The intra and inter agreement analysis presented a Kappa coefficient between 0.400 and 1.000. Internal consistency through the analysis showed that 90% of the instrument's questions showed great reliability in the answers (Cronbach α ˃ 0.7). In the investigation of the relationship between the dependent variable (knowledge about oral health) and the independent variables (trimester of pregnancy, education, income and multiparous), it was found that none of these independent variables were significantly associated. All hypotheses had their Ho confirmed. CONCLUSION: The constructed instrument was validated, considering that it showed to be sensitive with good reliability and good accuracy, and therefore can be used to assess pregnant women’s knowledge about their oral health and the oral health of their baby.

Cuidado psicossocial em saúde mental: estudo em assentamentos rurais do Rio Grande do Norte

Dwellers of agrarian reform settlements have a life conditioned by poor living and work conditions, difficulties accessing health programs, social assistance and other public policies and by this exacerbating their psychosocial and environmental vulnerability, which has an impact on their mental health. This research investigates the availability of support by the health and social assistance staff, regarding the demands of common mental disorders and alcohol abuse of dwellers of nine settlements in Rio Grande do Norte. Fifty three experts from different professional categories were interviewed individually or in groups. The results indicate that the workers suffer from poor working conditions, attributes of patrimonial heritage and welfare, which still survives in Brazilian social policies and particularly at local administrations of the countryside. The staffs have little knowledge of the local conditions and of the mental health needs, which has a negative impact on the reception and offered care. The implemented health care still corresponds to the biomedical logic, characterized by ethnocentrism, technicality, biology, cure, individualism and specialization, with little participation of the dwellers and disregarding the traditional knowledge and practices of local health care and by this not achieving the expected results. The psychosocial attendance is not well coordinated, presenting problems with the follow-up and continuity of care. The psychosocial mental health care in rural context has to face the challenge of the reorganization of the health care networks, the establishment of primary health care close to the people’s everyday life, building intersectional practices considering a health multidetermination and health education connected to these specific contexts. Due to the lack of knowledge of the specifics of the life conditions of the dwellers and the fragmentation of the psychosocial health care network, these staffs do not abide and are not ready to face the mental health needs in order to interfere with these health iniquities.

Cuidado psicossocial em saúde mental: estudo em assentamentos rurais do Rio Grande do Norte

Dwellers of agrarian reform settlements have a life conditioned by poor living and work conditions, difficulties accessing health programs, social assistance and other public policies and by this exacerbating their psychosocial and environmental vulnerability, which has an impact on their mental health. This research investigates the availability of support by the health and social assistance staff, regarding the demands of common mental disorders and alcohol abuse of dwellers of nine settlements in Rio Grande do Norte. Fifty three experts from different professional categories were interviewed individually or in groups. The results indicate that the workers suffer from poor working conditions, attributes of patrimonial heritage and welfare, which still survives in Brazilian social policies and particularly at local administrations of the countryside. The staffs have little knowledge of the local conditions and of the mental health needs, which has a negative impact on the reception and offered care. The implemented health care still corresponds to the biomedical logic, characterized by ethnocentrism, technicality, biology, cure, individualism and specialization, with little participation of the dwellers and disregarding the traditional knowledge and practices of local health care and by this not achieving the expected results. The psychosocial attendance is not well coordinated, presenting problems with the follow-up and continuity of care. The psychosocial mental health care in rural context has to face the challenge of the reorganization of the health care networks, the establishment of primary health care close to the people’s everyday life, building intersectional practices considering a health multidetermination and health education connected to these specific contexts. Due to the lack of knowledge of the specifics of the life conditions of the dwellers and the fragmentation of the psychosocial health care network, these staffs do not abide and are not ready to face the mental health needs in order to interfere with these health iniquities.

Validación de dos herramientas para la evaluación de cambios en las actitudes de alumnos en situaciones frecuentes en cuidado paliativo

Objective: To determine the psychometric properties of two scales designed to examine attitudes regarding palliative care: Comfort Scale in Palliative Care (CSPC, Pereira et al.) and Tanatophobia Scale (TS, Merrill et al.)Method: Seventy-seven students who completed an online course on psychosocial aspects of palliative care offered by the Latin American Association of Palliative Care participated in the study. They also completed the scales before and after the course. Construct validity and reliability of the CSPC and the TS were assessed using a Principal Components Analysis, internal reliability coefficient and test-retest reliability. Further, comparative statistics between the pre-course and post-course results were obtained in order to determine changes in attitudes.Results: The Principal Components Analysis showed satisfactory fit to the data. 3 components were extracted: two for the CSPC and one for the TS, which explained 55.37% of the variance. Internal consistency coefficients were satisfactory in all cases and Cronbach´s Alphas were satisfactory for all the scales, particularly for the CSPC. Test-retest reliability in t1 and t2 was found to be non significant, indicating that measures were not related in time. Regarding pre-course/post-course comparisons, significant changes in comfort assisting patients (p = 0.004) and comfort assisting families (p = 0.001) following the course were identified, but changes in thanatophobia were non significant (p > 0.05).Conclusions: both scales are valid and reliable. Attitudes regarding the practice of palliative care and how they change, particularly regarding psychosocial issues, can be accurately measured using the examined scales.

A representação social do cuidado no programa saúde da família na cidade de Natal

RODRIGUES, M. P.; LIMA, K. C.; RONCALLI, A. G. A representação social do cuidado no programa saúde da família na cidade de Natal. Ciênc. Saúde Coletiva, v. 13, n. 1, p. 71-82. 2008. ISSN 1413-8123.

A representação social do cuidado no programa saúde da família na cidade de Natal

RODRIGUES, Maisa Paulino; LIMA, Kenio Costa de; RONCALLI, Angelo Giuseppe. A representaçao social do cuidado no programa saúde da familia na cidade de Natal. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, v. 13, n. 1, p. 71-82, 2008.Disponivel em: . Acesso em: 04 out. 2010.

Impacte do Cuidado no Cuidador Informal

A família continua a ser considerada a principal fonte de suporte dos idosos, sendo neste sistema que encontramos a maioria dos cuidadores informais. Cuidar é um processo complexo e exige muito tempo e dedicação, sendo que muitos cuidadores consideram-no como algo gratificante, no entanto é incontestável que também acarreta consequências negativas. Assim, o presente estudo tem como objectivo analisar o impacte pessoal, profissional e socioeconómico nos cuidadores informais de idosos que se encontram em centro de dia ou em serviço de apoio domiciliário, em instituições situadas na zona do Baixo Mondego. Para a avaliação das variáveis em estudo foram utilizados um inquérito por questionário para a caracterização sociodemográfica dos cuidadores e a versão portuguesa do MHI-5 (Mental Health Inventory) para avaliar o distress e o bem-estar psicológico dos cuidadores dos idosos. A amostra é constituída por 60 cuidadores sendo, na sua maioria mulheres (65%). Mais de metade da amostra dos cuidadores são casados (76,7%), predominantemente com idades entre os 56 e os 65 anos de idade, sendo estes, na generalidade, filhos (48,7%) e cônjuges dos idosos (21,7%). A amostra deste estudo vive na mesma casa (56,7%) ou perto do idoso de quem cuida, tendo metade uma actividade profissional (50%), sendo o número de horas diárias que dispensa na prestação de cuidados ao idoso entre 1 a 4 horas. Constatou-se que os cuidadores informais destes idosos sentem um impacte baixo a moderado principalmente nas áreas do trabalho e da saúde, no entanto, as mulheres inquiridas consideram que o maior impacte é ao nível económico pelas despesas feitas com o idoso, principalmente com os medicamentos. A maioria dos cuidadores apontam que um dos motivos pelos quais decidiram cuidar do idoso foi por amor e ternura, já o motivo que menos pesou para os cuidadores foi a possibilidade de herdar mais. Sendo os cuidadores informais um grupo importante na prestação de cuidados, é necessário reflectir sobre as políticas de cuidados existentes e políticas sociais, assim como sobre a sua informação e formação, considerando ser fundamental definir estratégias de assegurar-lhes direitos sociais associados à missão que assumem e capacitá-los para prevenirem impactes negativos e o seu agravamento eventual.

A teoria de Callista Roy, a nanda-i e o cuidado ao paciente prostatectomizado

Trata-se de um estudo descritivo de caso clínico, com abordagem qualitativa, o qual possui como objetivo estabelecer relações entre os diagnósticos de enfermagem da NANDA-I e os problemas de adaptação segundo o Modelo Teórico de Roy em um paciente prostatectomizado. A coleta de dados ocorreu em um hospital universitário localizado na cidade de Natal-RN, no mês de janeiro de 2011, por meio de um roteiro de entrevista e exame físico. Os diagnósticos que apresentaram relações entre a NANDA-I e o Modelo de Roy foram: dor, ansiedade, constipação, sono, atividade, volume de líquido e infecção. Conclui-se que grande parte dos problemas adaptativos segundo o Modelo de Roy, manifestados pelos pacientes no pós-operatório de prostatectomia, possuem semelhança com os diagnósticos da NANDA-I

Respirar por la boca: consecuencias, prevención y tratamiento. Tips inclusivos para padres sobre el cuidado y el tratamiento de niños y no tan niños

Este libro profundiza, de una manera simple y sencilla, la mirada de los padres hacia sus hijos. ¿Cómo y cuándo duermen?. ¿Cuándo y qué comen?. ¿A qué juegan?. Son algunos interrogantes que se analizan a través de la lectura, para lograr evacuar dudas y consultas habituales. Narrado desde la mirada de una madre y, a su vez, profesional en la rehabilitación respiratoria, crea una conexión inmediata con la rutina de nuestros niños al tener como hilo fundamental la respiración. Con la certeza de que "el aire es el escultor del cuerpo y el combustible del cerebro", algo tan básico como es el acto de respirar condicionará a nuestros hijos en su desarrollo físico y emocional. Es así como cobra particular protagonismo la respiración bucal. A lo largo de esta obra se reconocerán los malos hábitos que, sin querer, incorporamos en nuestra rutina, sus consecuencias y los recursos para enderezarlos y tratarlos. Al reconocer como usuales las situaciones planteadas, en especial por causa de la respiración bucal, nos sentiremos protagonistas, tornándose en una grata lectura.

Migración interna: representaciones sociales de las prácticas de cuidado de la salud en familias afrocolombianas

El propósito de esta investigación fue conocer las representaciones sociales que tienen acerca de sus prácticas de cuidado de la salud un grupo de familias afrocolombianas que migraron de la región pacifica de Colombia a la ciudad de Manizales antes de 2014. Se realizó con sustento metodológico en el enfoque histórico-hermenéutico para la comprensión de las referencias y significados que orientan los sistemas comunicacionales alrededor de las prácticas de cuidado de la salud en las familias. Se indagó por las prácticas de cuidado individual, colectivo y sanitario y las representaciones acerca de las mismas. Al respecto, los resultados dan cuenta de prácticas de cuidado centradas en la meditación y la espiritualidad como fuentes de cuidado personal y de la ingesta balanceada de alimentos, el consumo de bebedizos tradicionales como prácticas de cuidado familiar. En lo comunitario, pocas acciones colectivas se realizan para la recolección de basuras, tratamiento de aguas y celaduría. Finalmente, en las prácticas de cuidado sanitario estas familias migrantes utilizan los servicios de salud sólo ante algún síntoma extraño. Estas familias identifican cuáles son las prácticas de cuidado de la salud, pero se evidencia que las mismas no se anclan en su cotidianidad; es decir que el hecho de poseer las representaciones sociales de las prácticas de cuidado no siempre se traduce para ellas en unas prácticas efectivas. Por otra parte, y de manera particular, encontramos que si bien la mujer cuenta con unas representaciones sociales de cuidado que sí llegan a materializarse en prácticas de cuidado, estas están dirigidas al cuidado del otro y no de sí misma.