Cobalt and Zinc Compounds Bearing 1,10-Phenanthroline-5,6-dione or 1,3,5-Triaza-7-phosphaadamantane Derivatives - Synthesis, Characterization, Cytotoxicity, and Cell Selectivity Studies

The compounds [mPTA][CoCl4] (1, mPTA = N-methyl-1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane cation), [CoCl(H2O)(DION)(2)][BF4] (2, DION = 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione), [Zn(DION)(2)]Cl-2 (3) and [ZnCl(O-PTA=O)(DION)][BF4] (4) were synthesized by reaction of CoCl2 with [mPTA]I or DION and ZnCl2 with DION or 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane-7-oxide (PTA=O) and DION, respectively. All complexes are water soluble and have been characterized by IR, far-IR, H-1, C-13 and P-31{H-1} NMR spectroscopy, ESI-MS, elemental analyses and single-crystal X-ray diffraction structural analysis (for 1). They were screened against the human tumour cell lines HCT116, HepG2 and MCF7. Complexes 2 and 3 exhibit the highest in vitro cytotoxicity and show lower cytotoxic activities in normal human fibroblast cell line than in HCT116 tumour cell line, which demonstrates their slight specificity for this type of tumour cell.

Prevalência da soropositividade do anti-HCV em pacientes dialisados

Estudo transversal para verificar a prevalência de anticorpos contra hepatite em pacientes dialisados e fatores associados. Foi realizada revisão de prontuários de todos os pacientes dialisados (n=1.261) de Porto Alegre, RS, de agosto a dezembro de 2003. Os testes estatísticos aplicados foram o qui-quadrado e o teste de tendência linear. A medida de efeito foi a razão de prevalências. A análise de regressão logística múltipla foi realizada por regressão de Cox. A prevalência de anticorpos contra hepatite foi 29,1%, com prevalência maior entre pacientes atendidos em hemodiálise onde não havia separação dos soropositivos e existia reutilização do dialisador. Essa associação permaneceu mesmo após controle para fatores de confusão. Pacientes que receberam transfusão sangüínea tiveram acréscimo linear na prevalência de anticorpos. O tempo de diálise mostrou associação do tipo dose-resposta com os anticorpos contra hepatite.

Synthesis of new Fe(II) and Ru(II) eta(5)-monocyclopentadienyl compounds showing significant second order NLO properties

A series of new ruthenium(II) complexes of the general formula [Ru(eta(5)-C5H5)(PP)(L)][PF6] (PP = DPPE or 2PPh(3), L = 4-butoxybenzonitrile or N-(3-cyanophenyl)formamide) and the binuclear iron(II) complex [Fe(eta(5)-C5H5)(PP)(mu-L)(PP)(eta(5)-C5H5)Fe][PF6](2) (L = (E)-2-(3-(4-nitrophenyl)allylidene)malononitrile, that has been also newly synthesized) have been prepared and studied to evaluate their potential in the second harmonic generation property. All the new compounds were fully characterized by NMR, IR and UV-Vis spectroscopies and their electrochemistry behaviour was studied by cyclic voltammetry. Quadratic hyperpolarizabilities (beta) of three of the complexes have been determined by hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) measurements at fundamental wavelength of 1500 nm and the calculated static beta(0) values are found to fall in the range 65-212 x 10(-30) esu. Compound presenting beta(0) = 212 x 10(-30) esu has revealed to be 1.2 times more efficient than urea standard in the second harmonic generation (SHG) property, measured in the solid state by Kurtz powder technique, using a Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm). (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Tendências da epidemia de Aids no Brasil após a terapia anti-retroviral

OBJETIVO: A terapia anti-retroviral disponível no Brasil a partir de 1996, modificou o curso da epidemia de Aids, alterando sua evolução e tendências. Nesse sentido, o estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a epidemia da Aids no Brasil, nos seus aspectos epidemiológicos. MÉTODOS: Estudo realizado a partir de bases de dados do Ministério da Saúde que caracterizavam a evolução temporal da Aids nas macrorregiões brasileiras, de 1990 a 2003. Foram utilizados modelos de regressão exponencial, ajustados à série temporal de 1990 a 1996 e estimados valores esperados para toda a série. RESULTADOS: O percentual de internações não se modificou no tempo, mas ocorreu diminuição de hospitalizações entre os usuários de terapia anti-retrovial. Houve um incremento de 2,7 vezes no número de indivíduos em uso da terapia, de 1997 a 2003. Incidência e mortalidade apresentaram crescimentos uniformes até 1995, em todas as regiões. A partir de 1996, verificou-se uma redução progressiva da mortalidade, embora a incidência continue crescendo. Em todas as regiões, exceto a Norte, as incidências esperadas foram maiores do que as observadas nos últimos anos, embora as diferenças somente tenham atingido níveis de significância estatística nas regiões Sudeste e Centro-Oeste. CONCLUSÕES: As mudanças observadas no perfil de morbi-mortalidade da epidemia de Aids no Brasil poderiam ser explicadas pelo amplo acesso a terapia anti-retroviral. Tal fato representou um impacto importante sobre a mortalidade por HIV/Aids, porém, outros fatores devem ser considerados, como idade da epidemia, medidas de prevenção, conhecimento sobre HIV/Aids e anos de escolaridade.

Tendência da transmissão vertical de Aids após terapia anti-retroviral no Brasil

OBJETIVO: O crescimento de casos de Aids entre mulheres teve como conseqüência o aumento da transmissão vertical da infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência adquirida. Medidas de controle dessa modalidade de transmissão foram implementadas a partir de 1996. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a tendência temporal da transmissão vertical de Aids em crianças brasileiras. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídas no estudo crianças nascidas entre 1990 e 2001 no Brasil. Utilizou-se o banco de casos notificados como Aids em menores de 13 anos, no período de 1990 a 2004. Modelos de regressão exponencial, ajustados à série temporal, forneceram as taxas de variação anual e os valores observados e esperados para todo o período. RESULTADOS: Observou-se tendência significativamente crescente para os casos com ano de nascimento no período anterior à introdução da terapia anti-retroviral, com taxa de crescimento em torno de 12% (t<0,003) ao ano, e com diferenciais entre os Estados entre 5,9% e 31%. A análise dos casos observados e esperados, para cada uma das macrorregiões, mostrou uma redução dos casos para as crianças nascidas a partir de 1997, atingindo cifras consistentemente menores a cada ano. O número de casos notificados para crianças nascidas em 2001 representou menos de 90% dos casos esperados. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados obtidos sugerem uma resposta favorável à implementação das políticas de intervenção na prevenção da transmissão vertical do HIV, no Brasil, como ocorreu em outras partes do mundo.

Sustentabilidade da política de acesso a medicamentos anti-retrovirais no Brasil

OBJETIVO: Os gastos com a aquisição de anti-retrovirais no Brasil têm suscitado debates sobre a sustentabilidade da política de acesso universal a medicamentos para Aids, a despeito de seus evidentes benefícios. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar, no período de 1998 a 2005, a evolução dos gastos do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil com a aquisição de anti-retrovirais e seus determinantes, assim como a sustentabilidade desta política a médio prazo (2006-2008). MÉTODOS: O estudo da evolução dos gastos com anti-retrovirais compreendeu a análise de seus preços, do dispêndio ano a ano, do número de pacientes que utilizam a medicação, do gasto médio por paciente e das estratégias para a redução de preços adotadas no período. No tocante à análise de sustentabilidade da política de acesso a anti-retrovirais foram estimadas as despesas com a aquisição de medicamentos no período de 2006 e 2008 e a participação desses gastos no Produto Interno Bruto e nas despesas federais com saúde. Os dados foram coletados do Ministério da Saúde, do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística e do Ministério do Planejamento. RESULTADOS: As despesas com anti-retrovirais aumentaram 66% em 2005, interrompendo a tendência de redução observada no período 2000-2004. Os principais fatores associados a esse aumento foram o enfraquecimento da indústria nacional de genéricos e os resultados insatisfatórios dos processos de negociação com empresas farmacêuticas. CONCLUSÕES: A política de acesso universal no Brasil não é sustentável com as atuais taxas de crescimento do Produto Interno Bruto, sem que o País comprometa investimentos em outras áreas.

Caracterização de antioxidantes com potencial interesse industrial

Mestrado em Engenharia Química

Voltammetric immunosensor for the diagnosis of celiac disease based on the quantification of anti-gliadin antibodies

Antibodies against gliadin are used to detect celiac disease (CD) in patients. An electrochemical immunosensor for the voltammetric detection of human anti-gliadin antibodies (AGA) IgA and AGA IgG in real serum samples is proposed. The transducer surface consists of screen-printed carbon electrodes modified with a carbon nanotube/gold nanoparticle hybrid system, which provides a very useful surface for the amplification of the immunological interactions. The immunosensing strategy is based on the immobilization of gliadin, the antigen for the autoantibodies of interest, onto the nanostructured surface. The antigen–antibody interaction is recorded using alkaline phosphatase labeled anti-human antibodies and a mixture of 3-indoxyl phosphate with silver ions (3-IP/Ag+) was used as the substrate. The analytical signal is based on the anodic redissolution of the enzymatically generated silver by cyclic voltammetry. The electrochemical behavior of this immunosensor was carefully evaluated assessing aspects as sensitivity, non-specific binding and matrix effects, and repeatability and reproducibility. The results were supported with a commercial ELISA test.

Teas, dietary supplements and fruit juices: a comparative study regarding antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds

Nowadays, new emerging products claiming antioxidant properties are becoming more frequent. However, information about this topic in their labels is usually scarce. In this paper, we analyzed total phenolics, total flavonoids and ascorbic acid contents, as well as DPPH scavenging activity of several commercial samples, namely green tea and other herbal infusions, dietary supplements, and fruit juices, available in the Portuguese market. In general, beverages containing green tea and hibiscus showed higher phenolics contents (including flavonoids) and antioxidant activity than those without these ingredients. A borututu infusion presented the lowest concentrations of bioactive compounds and scavenging activity, due to the low recommended amount of plant to prepare the beverage. Some juices without antioxidant claims in the label presented similar values to those with it.

Eventos adversos relacionados à profilaxia anti-retroviral em acidentes ocupacionais

O objetivo do estudo foi descrever os eventos adversos clínicos e laboratoriais secundários ao uso dos agentes anti-retrovirais em indivíduos submetidos à quimioprofilaxia. Foram avaliados 37 funcionários de um hospital universitário submetidos à quimioprofilaxia com quatro esquemas de medicação anti-retroviral após exposição ocupacional a fluidos de pacientes contaminados com infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana. Trinta e dois (86,5%) desenvolveram eventos adversos clínicos ou laboratoriais. A profilaxia teve que ser suspensa em dois profissionais (5,4%) em virtude das reações ocorridas. Os eventos adversos relacionados à quimioprofilaxia para infecção por HIV em funcionários de saúde, vítimas de acidente ocupacional foram freqüentes. Porém, raramente foi necessário retirar a medicação anti-retroviral.

Espresso coffee residues: a valuable source of unextracted compounds

Espresso spent coffee grounds were chemically characterized to predict their potential, as a source of bioactive compounds, by comparison with the ones from the soluble coffee industry. Sampling included a total of 50 samples from 14 trademarks, collected in several coffee shops and prepared with distinct coffee machines. A high compositional variability was verified, particularly with regard to such water-soluble components as caffeine, total chlorogenic acids (CGA), and minerals, supported by strong positive correlations with total soluble solids retained. This is a direct consequence of the reduced extraction efficiency during espresso coffee preparation, leaving a significant pool of bioactivity retained in the extracted grounds. Besides the lipid (12.5%) and nitrogen (2.3%) contents, similar to those of industrial coffee residues, the CGA content (478.9 mg/100 g), for its antioxidant capacity, and its caffeine content (452.6 mg/100 g), due to its extensive use in the food and pharmaceutical industries, justify the selective assembly of this residue for subsequent use.

Optimization and validation of organochlorine compounds in adipose tissue by SPE-gas chromatography

Scientific evidence has shown an association between organochlorine compounds (OCC) exposure and human health hazards. Concerning this, OCC detection in human adipose samples has to be considered a public health priority. This study evaluated the efficacy of various solid-phase extraction (SPE) and cleanup methods for OCC determination in human adipose tissue. Octadecylsilyl endcapped (C18-E), benzenesulfonic acid modified silica cation exchanger (SA), poly (styrene-divinylbenzene (EN) and EN/RP18 SPE sorbents were evaluated. The relative sample cleanup provided by these SPE columns was evaluated using gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC–ECD). The C18-E columns with strong homogenization were found to provide the most effective cleanup, removing the greatest amount of interfering substance, and simultaneously ensuring good analyte recoveries higher than 70%. Recoveries>70% with standard deviations (SD)<15% were obtained for all compounds under the selected conditions. Method detection limits were in the 0.003–0.009 mg/kg range. The positive samples were confirmed by gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The highest percentage found of the OCC in real samples corresponded to HCB, o,p′-DDT and methoxychlor, which were detected in 80 and 95% of samples analyzed respectively. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Interlaboratory validation of an environmental monitoring method for trace analysis of endocrine disrupting compounds

Environmental pollution continues to be an emerging study field, as there are thousands of anthropogenic compounds mixed in the environment whose possible mechanisms of toxicity and physiological outcomes are of great concern. Developing methods to access and prioritize the screening of these compounds at trace levels in order to support regulatory efforts is, therefore, very important. A methodology based on solid phase extraction followed by derivatization and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was developed for the assessment of four endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in water matrices: bisphenol A, estrone, 17b-estradiol and 17a-ethinylestradiol. The study was performed, simultaneously, by two different laboratories in order to evaluate the robustness of the method and to increase the quality control over its application in routine analysis. Validation was done according to the International Conference on Harmonisation recommendations and other international guidelines with specifications for the GC-MS methodology. Matrix-induced chromatographic response enhancement was avoided by using matrix-standard calibration solutions and heteroscedasticity has been overtaken by a weighted least squares linear regression model application. Consistent evaluation of key analytical parameters such as extraction efficiency, sensitivity, specificity, linearity, limits of detection and quantification, precision, accuracy and robustness was done in accordance with standards established for acceptance. Finally, the application of the optimized method in the assessment of the selected analytes in environmental samples suggested that it is an expedite methodology for routine analysis of EDC residues in water matrices.

Evaluation of coumarins effect in saccharomyces cerevisiae

Coumarin and derivates (coumarins) are phenolic compounds widely distributed in the plant kingdom, as for example in tonka beam and cassia cinnamon. These compounds are involved in various processes such as the defense against phytopathogens, the response to abiotic stress and the regulation of oxidative stress. Coumarins can be produced synthetically and are broadly used as additives in the food, perfumes and cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry due th their vast array of biological activities, including anticoagulant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial.

Influence of ventilation type in volatile organic compounds exposure: poultry case

Agricultural workers especially poultry farmers are at increased risk of occupational respiratory diseases. Epidemiological studies showed increased prevalence of respiratory symptoms and adverse changes in pulmonary function parameters in poultry workers. In poultry production volatile organic compounds (VOCs) presence can be due to some compounds produced by molds that are volatile and are released directly into the air. These are known as microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs). Because these compounds often have strong and/or unpleasant odors, they can be the source of odors associated with molds. MVOC's are products of the microorganisms primary and secondary metabolism and are composed of low molecular weight alcohols, aldehydes, amines, ketones, terpenes, aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons, and sulfur-based compounds, all of which are variations of carbon-based molecules.