954 resultados para Analogy (Linguistics)


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Wydział Filologii Polskiej i Klasycznej: Instytut Filologii Polskiej

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English & Polish jokes based on linguistic ambiguity are constrasted. Linguistic ambiguity results from a multiplicity of semantic interpretations motivated by structural pattern. The meanings can be "translated" either by variations of the corresponding minimal strings or by specifying the type & extent of modification needed between the two interpretations. C. F. Hockett's (1972) translatability notion that a joke is linguistic if it cannot readily be translated into other languages without losing its humor is used to interpret some cross-linguistic jokes. It is claimed that additional intralinguistic criteria are needed to classify jokes. By using a syntactic representation, the humor can be explained & compared cross-linguistically. Since the mapping of semantic values onto lexical units is highly language specific, translatability is much less frequent with lexical ambiguity. Similarly, phonological jokes are not usually translatable. Pragmatic ambiguity can be translated on the basis of H. P. Grice's (1975) cooperative principle of conversation that calls for discourse interpretations. If the distinction between linguistic & nonlinguistic jokes is based on translatability, pragmatic jokes must be excluded from the classification. Because of their universality, pragmatic jokes should be included into the linguistic classification by going beyond the translatability criteria & using intralinguistic features to describe them.

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The papers collected in this book cover a range of topics in semantics and pragmatics of dialogue. All these papers were presented at SemDial 2010, the 14th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue. This 14th edition in the SemDial series, also known as PozDial, took place in Poznań (Poland) in June 2010, and was organized by the Chair of Logic and Cognitive Science (Institute of Psychology, Adam Mickiewicz University). From over 30 submissions overall, 14 were accepted as full papers for plenary presentation at the workshop, and all are included in this book. In addition, 10 were accepted as posters, and are included here as 2-4 page short papers. Finally, we also include abstracts from our keynote speakers. We hope that the ideas gathered in this book will be a valuable source of up-to-date achievements in the field, and will become a valuable inspiration for new ones. We would like to express our thanks to all those who submitted to and participated in SemDial 2010, especially the invited speakers: Dale Barr (University of Glasgow), Jonathan Ginzburg (King's College London), Jeroen Groenendijk (University of Amsterdam) and Henry Prakken (Utrecht University, The University of Groningen). Last but not least, we would like to thank everybody engaged in the workshop organization -- the chairs, the local organizing committee for their hard work in Poznań, and the programme committee members for their thorough and helpful reviews.

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Rozprawa jest próbą wypracowania kompromisu pomiędzy skrajnie morfologicznymi i uniwersalistycznymi podejściami do problematyki aspektu. Jej głównym celem jest wykazanie, jakimi środkami językowymi wyrażane są w języku duńskim i polskim perfektywność i imperfektywność. Za punkt wyjścia przyjęto ujęcie aspektu jako kategorii semantycznej, której wykładniki mogą mieć zróżnicowany charakter. Jednocześnie założono, że aspekt wyrażany jest w kontekście szerszym niż sama forma czasownika, a ostateczna wartość aspektu na poziomie zdania jest ściśle związana z rodzajem czynności (Aktionsart), do którego sytuacja opisywana w danym zdaniu należy. Zdefiniowano pojęcie konstelacji werbalnej (za Smith 1997), która składa się z podmiotu, orzeczenia oraz ewentualnie dopełnienia lub okolicznika miejsca/kierunku i stanowi minimalny kontekst, w którym rodzaje czynności mogą być wyrażane. W zaproponowanej teorii aspektu przewidziano dwie nadrzędne wartości semantyczne -perfektywność i imperfektywność, w ramach których ze względu na brak inwariantu semantycznego wyróżniono odpowiednio trzy typy znaczeń perfektywnych (terminatywne, inchoatywne i semelfaktywne) oraz dwa typy znaczeń imperfektywnych (kursywne i habitualno-generyczne). W celu ustalenia wspólnych mianowników semantycznych dla obu nadrzędnych grup na nowo zdefiniowano reichenbachowski czas zdarzenia, czas mówienia oraz czas odniesienia. Otrzymane definicje łączą perfektywność z punktowym a imperfektywność - z linearnym czasem odniesienia. Obszar badań ograniczono do środków wyrazu perfektywności i imperfektywności w duńskich i polskich prostych zdaniach oznajmujących bez negacji, odnoszących się do przeszłości. Ponadto pominięto zjawiska związane z tzw. dokonanością i niedokonanością sekundarną, w tym między innymi czasowniki wieloprefiksowe. Mimo pewnych podobieństw w wyrażaniu perfektywności i imperfektywności w obu badanych językach, różnice w charakterze wykładników znaczeń aspektualnych języka duńskiego i polskiego są znaczne. W związku z brakiem możliwości wyrażania znaczeń aspektualnych za pomocą odpowiednich afiksów w języku duńskim zachodzi duże ryzyko błędnej interpretacji wartości aspektualnej zdania. Istnieje jednak szereg konstrukcji syntaktycznych umożliwiających jednoznaczne oznaczenie perfektywności lub imperfektywności. W języku polskim znaczenia aspektualne mogą być wyrażane przede wszystkim za pomocą wykładników morfologicznych, lecz również za pomocą konstrukcji składniowych.

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Wydział Neofilologii: Instytut Filologii Angielskiej

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Praca dotyczy wybranych metod pozyskiwania, czyli ekscerpcji, informacji o charakterze leksykalnym z elektronicznych zbiorów tekstów.Jej celem jest, po pierwsze, sformułowanie nowych, oryginalnych metod, które mogą być użyteczne w pozyskiwaniu materiału do analiz leksykalnych, a następnie zbadanie ich na wybranym zbiorze tekstów.Planowano opracowanie metod niewymagających zaawansowanej znajomości programowania komputerowego, a jednocześnie umożliwiających uzyskanie wartościowych wyników, gdzie za wartościowość metody uznaje się daną wydajność ekscerpcyjną. Trzy sformułowane metody dopracowano i zoptymalizowano.Metoda ekscerpcji jednostek nowych dostarczyła ponad 1000 wyrazów nowych, niezarejestrowanych, metoda ekscerpcji kolokacji w oparciu o akronimy daje ponad 6000 jednostek, zaś metoda ekscerpcji kolokacji wykorzystująca końcówkę liczby mnogiej dała ponad 110 tysięcy wyodrębnionych jednostek.

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Wydział Biologii: Instytut Antropologii

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The aim of the present paper is to provide insight into the issue of idiom comprehension in pa- tients who are in the process of recovery from the syndrome of aphasia. Research in figurative language comprehension has seen a robust development in the recent decades. However, it has not been until quite recently that psycholinguists began to delve into the aspect of metaphorical language comprehension in brain damaged populations. It was observed that even though the ability to produce and understand language is recovered in the majority of patients with head trauma, the impairment of some aspects of comprehension may protract. The understanding of idioms, metaphors, similes and proverbs, due to their specific, non-literal character, has been evi- denced to pose a serious problem to aphasic patients, as they fail to decipher the figurative mean- ing of the utterance, and, instead, tend to process the message literally (Papagno et al. 2004). In the present study, three patients who suffered from aphasic disorder were tested for com- prehension of idioms by means of two multiple choice tasks. The obtained results corroborated the hypothesis that patients who are in the process of recovery from aphasia encounter various pitfalls in the comprehension of idiomatic language. Predominantly, they exhibit an inclination to choose the erroneous, literal paraphrases of the presented idioms over their correct, idiomatic counterparts. The present paper aims at accounting for the reasons underlying such a tendency.

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In pelota matches, bets are made between viewers through a middleman who receives 16% of the finally paid amount. In this paper a description of the way bets are made and an explanation of the existence of those markets is presented. Taking betting markets as a simplified analogy for financial markets we have searched for the explanation in a world where both sides of the market are not different in believes and preferences. Taking observations from actually made bets a preliminary analysis about the biases of those markets is presented.

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We propose an economic mechanism to reduce the incidence of malware that delivers spam. Earlier research proposed attention markets as a solution for unwanted messages, and showed they could provide more net benefit than alternatives such as filtering and taxes. Because it uses a currency system, Attention Bonds faces a challenge. Zombies, botnets, and various forms of malware might steal valuable currency instead of stealing unused CPU cycles. We resolve this problem by taking advantage of the fact that the spam-bot problem has been reduced to financial fraud. As such, the large body of existing work in that realm can be brought to bear. By drawing an analogy between sending and spending, we show how a market mechanism can detect and prevent spam malware. We prove that by using a currency (i) each instance of spam increases the probability of detecting infections, and (ii) the value of eradicating infections can justify insuring users against fraud. This approach attacks spam at the source, a virtue missing from filters that attack spam at the destination. Additionally, the exchange of currency provides signals of interest that can improve the targeting of ads. ISPs benefit from data management services and consumers benefit from the higher average value of messages they receive. We explore these and other secondary effects of attention markets, and find them to offer, on the whole, attractive economic benefits for all – including consumers, advertisers, and the ISPs.

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Log-polar image architectures, motivated by the structure of the human visual field, have long been investigated in computer vision for use in estimating motion parameters from an optical flow vector field. Practical problems with this approach have been: (i) dependence on assumed alignment of the visual and motion axes; (ii) sensitivity to occlusion form moving and stationary objects in the central visual field, where much of the numerical sensitivity is concentrated; and (iii) inaccuracy of the log-polar architecture (which is an approximation to the central 20°) for wide-field biological vision. In the present paper, we show that an algorithm based on generalization of the log-polar architecture; termed the log-dipolar sensor, provides a large improvement in performance relative to the usual log-polar sampling. Specifically, our algorithm: (i) is tolerant of large misalignmnet of the optical and motion axes; (ii) is insensitive to significant occlusion by objects of unknown motion; and (iii) represents a more correct analogy to the wide-field structure of human vision. Using the Helmholtz-Hodge decomposition to estimate the optical flow vector field on a log-dipolar sensor, we demonstrate these advantages, using synthetic optical flow maps as well as natural image sequences.

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This thesis is a study of Konrad Bayer's dramatic texts. It has evolved out of various attempts to read those texts, some filed and some more successful. It does not claim to be authoritative or complete, since the nature of Bayer's texts, as will become clear in the course of the ensuing chapters, means that they resist such an interpretation. To accept this was an important prerequisite for the writing of this thesis, but a difficult one to fulfill because for the Bayer commentator it constitutes a certain acceptance of defeat even before one begins. Chapter 1 will begin by providing some introductory information about Konrad Bayer, including details of his life and his membership of the Wiener Gruppe, a formative phase in his development as a writer. It will also consider the historical and cultural climate of 1950s Austria that provided the backdrop for Bayer's literary work. The phenomenon of the Wiener Gruppe will then be examined against the background of preceding experimental movements, for the purpose of situating Bayer's work historically and artistically. The aim of this historical and artistic survey is to prepare for the confrontation with Bayer's texts that makes up the other chapters of the thesis. Chapter 2 will constitute a close textual study of one of Bayer's dramatic texts using criteria from the field of text linguistics. Such a study will offer an entry point into Bayer's texts and will supply material which will form the basis for the interpretative investigations of the chapters that follow it. Chapter 3 will consider the influence of language and the individual. In chapter 4 the figure of the Lion of Belfort, a recurring figure in Bayer's dramatic texts, is discussed. The final chapter of this thesis will examine the recurring motifs of violence and cannibalism and will consider them in terms of the findings of preceding chapters.