Fréquence des incidentalomes lors d'un examen PET/CT effectué pour une pathologie oncologique

Contexte¦Le PET/CT au 18Fluor (FDG) fait aujourd'hui partie intégrante des moyens diagnostiques¦à disposition pour la stadification des cancers suspectés ou connus. Il n'est pas rare de¦découvrir des lésions fortuites.¦Objectifs¦Notre but était de déterminer la fréquence des lésions tumorales ou non, cliniquement¦silencieuses (incidentalomes), chez des patients consécutifs non sélectionnés examinés¦par PET/CT au FDG pour un cancer connu ou supposé au sein du bassin populationnel¦du CHUV.¦Méthode¦Nous avons rétrospectivement lu les 1226 des rapports d'examens faits d'août 2009 à¦juillet 2010 pour toute indication oncologique et relevé les lésions de découverte¦fortuite et leur localisation, avant de rechercher leur investigation et leur prise en¦charge.¦Résultats¦Nous avons retenu 309 lésions fortuites chez 260 patients (25,2% des rapports lus),¦dont 141 chez 127 patients investiguées. Ont été relevés 31 patients présentant 32¦incidentalomes (2,6%), dont 6 étaient malins, 6 pré-malins et 20 bénins, soit un taux de¦1% pour les malins et pré-malins. Les sites les plus fréquents étaient les mêmes que¦dans la littérature, à savoir la thyroïde, le poumon, la sphère colorectale (lésions prémalignes¦uniquement) et les lymphomes. Pour ces trois derniers, les lésions étaient¦moins fréquentes que ce qui est rapporté. Tous ces foyers sont à investiguer¦soigneusement, afin de différencier une nouvelle atteinte d'une métastase.¦Conclusion¦En tant que première étude suisse sur le sujet, nous obtenons 1% d'incidentalomes¦(pré)malins, soit l'équivalent de la limite inférieure de la littérature, dans des sites¦similaires. Une amélioration serait possible en augmentant l'attention portée aux lésions¦jugées peu significatives. A l'instar de nombreuses autres études, nous sommes aussi¦confrontés au problème lié à l'interprétation des foyers de captation et à la nonspécificité¦du FDG.

Portal vein embolization: what do we know?

Portal vein embolization (PVE) has been developed to increase the size of the future remnant liver (FRL) left in place after major hepatectomy, thus reducing the risk of postoperative liver insufficiency. PVE consist in embolizing preoperatively portal branches of the segments that will be resected. Indication is based on preoperative measurements of the FRL by computed tomography and its ratio with either the theoretical liver volume or by direct measurement of the functional liver volume. After PVE, the volume and function of the FRL increases in 3 to 6 weeks, permitting extensive resections in patients otherwise contraindicated for liver resection. The PVE technique is variable from one center to another; however n-butyl-cyano-acrylate provides an interesting compromise between hypertrophy rate and procedure risk.

Advances in post-mortem CT-angiography.

Performing a post-mortem multidetector CT (MDCT) scan has already become routine in some institutes of forensic medicine. To better visualize the vascular system, different techniques of post-mortem CT-angiography have been explored, which can essentially be divided into partial- and whole-body angiography techniques. Probably the most frequently applied technique today is the so-called multiphase post-mortem CT-angiography (MPMCTA) a standardized method for investigating the vessels of the head, thorax and abdomen. Different studies exist, describing its use for medicolegal investigations, and its advantages as well as its artefacts and pitfalls. With the aim to investigate the performance of PMCTA and to develop and validate techniques, an international working group was created in 2012 called the "Technical Working Group Post-mortem Angiography Methods" (TWGPAM). Beyond its primary perspective, the goals of this group include creating recommendations for the indication of the investigation and for the interpretation of the images and to distribute knowledge about PMCTA. This article provides an overview about the different approaches that have been developed and tested in recent years and an update about ongoing research in this field. It will explain the technique of MPMCTA in detail and give an outline of its indications, application, advantages and limitations.

What factors influence long-term antidepressant use in primary care? Findings from the Australian diamond cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Antidepressants are one of the most commonly prescribed drugs in primary care. The rise in use is mostly due to an increasing number of long-term users of antidepressants (LTU AD). Little is known about the factors driving increased long-term use. We examined the socio-demographic, clinical factors and health service use characteristics associated with LTU AD to extend our understanding of the factors that may be driving the increase in antidepressant use. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of 789 participants with probable depression (CES-D≥16) recruited from 30 randomly selected Australian general practices to take part in a ten-year cohort study about depression were surveyed about their antidepressant use. RESULTS: 165 (21.0%) participants reported <2 years of antidepressant use and 145 (18.4%) reported ≥2 years of antidepressant use. After adjusting for depression severity, LTU AD was associated with: single (OR 1.56, 95%CI 1.05-2.32) or recurrent episode of depression (3.44, 2.06-5.74); using SSRIs (3.85, 2.03-7.33), sedatives (2.04, 1.29-3.22), or antipsychotics (4.51, 1.67-12.17); functional limitations due to long-term illness (2.81, 1.55-5.08), poor/fair self-rated health (1.57, 1.14-2.15), inability to work (2.49, 1.37-4.53), benefits as main source of income (2.15, 1.33-3.49), GP visits longer than 20min (1.79, 1.17-2.73); rating GP visits as moderately to extremely helpful (2.71, 1.79-4.11), and more self-help practices (1.16, 1.09-1.23). LIMITATIONS: All measures were self-report. Sample may not be representative of culturally different or adolescent populations. Cross-sectional design raises possibility of "confounding by indication". CONCLUSIONS: Long-term antidepressant use is relatively common in primary care. It occurs within the context of complex mental, physical and social morbidities. Whilst most long-term use is associated with a history of recurrent depression there remains a significant opportunity for treatment re-evaluation and timely discontinuation.

Systematic assessment of items influencing Crohn's disease patient's preferences in selecting an anti-TNF agent (Choose TNF trial)

Background and Aims: The three anti-TNF agents infliximab (IFX), adalimumab (ADA) andcertolizumab pegol (CZP) have demonstrated similar efficacy in induction and maintenanceof response and remission in Crohn's disease (CD) treatment. Given the comparability ofthese drugs, patient's preferences may influence the choice of the product. However, dataon patient's preferences for choosing anti-TNF agents are lacking. We therefore aimed toassess the CD patient's appraisal to select the drug of his choice and to identify factorsguiding this decision.Methods: A prospective survey among anti-TNF-naive CD patientswas performed. Patients were provided a description of the three anti-TNF agents focusingon indication, application mode (s.c. vs. i.v.), application time intervals, setting of application(hospital vs. private practice vs. patient's home), average time to apply the medication permonth, typical side effects, and the scientific evidence of efficacy and safety available for everydrug. Patients answered a questionnaire consisting of 17 questions, covering demographic,disease-specific, and medication data.Results: Hundred patients (47f/53m, mean age 45±16years) completed the questionnaire. Disease duration was <1year in 7%, 1-5 years in 31%,and >5 years in 62% of patients. Disease location was ileal in 33%, colonic in 40%, andileocolonic in 27%. Disease phenotype was inflammatory in 68%, stenosing in 29%, andinternally fistulizing in 3% of patients. Additionally, 20% had perianal fistulizing disease.Patients were already treated with the following drugs: mesalamines 61%, budesonide 44%,prednisone 97%, thiopurines 78%, methotrexate 16%. In total, 30% had already heardabout IFX, 20% about ADA, and 11% about CZP. Thirty-six percent voted for treatmentwith ADA, 28% for CZP, and 25% for IFX, whereas 11% were undecided. The followingfactors influenced the patient's decision for choosing a specific anti-TNF drug (severalanswers possible): side effects 76%, physician's recommendation 66%, application mode54%, efficacy experience 52%, time to spend for therapy 27%, patient's recommendations21%, interactions with other medications 12%. The single most important factor for choosinga specific anti-TNF was (1 answer): side effect profile 35%, physician's recommendation22%, efficacy experience 21%, application mode 13%, patient's recommendations 5%, timespent for therapy 3%, interaction with other medications 1%.Conclusions: The majority ofpatients preferred anti-TNF syringes to infusions. The safety profile of the drugs and thephysician's recommendation are major factors influencing the patient's choice for a specificanti-TNF drug. Patient's issues about safety and lifestyle habits should be taken into accountwhen prescribing specific anti-TNF formulations.

Recommendations for raloxifene use in daily clinical practice in the Swiss setting.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Raloxifene is the first selective estrogen receptor modulator that has been approved for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women in Europe and in the US. Although raloxifene reduces the risk of invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and in postmenopausal women at high risk for invasive breast cancer, it is approved in that indication in the US but not in the EU. The aim was to characterize the clinical profiles of postmenopausal women expected to benefit most from therapy with raloxifene based on published scientific evidence to date. METHODS: Key individual patient characteristics relevant to the prescription of raloxifene in daily practice were defined by a board of Swiss experts in the fields of menopause and metabolic bone diseases and linked to published scientific evidence. Consensus was reached about translating these insights into daily practice. RESULTS: Through estrogen agonistic effects on bone, raloxifene reduces biochemical markers of bone turnover to premenopausal levels, increases bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine, proximal femur, and total body, and reduces vertebral fracture risk in women with osteopenia or osteoporosis with and without prevalent vertebral fracture. Through estrogen antagonistic effects on breast tissue, raloxifene reduces the risk of invasive estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and in postmenopausal women at high risk for invasive breast cancer. Finally, raloxifene increases the incidence of hot flushes, the risk of venous thromboembolic events, and the risk of fatal stroke in postmenopausal women at increased risk for coronary heart disease. Postmenopausal women in whom the use of raloxifene is considered can be categorized in a 2 × 2 matrix reflecting their bone status (osteopenic or osteoporotic based on their BMD T-score by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) and their breast cancer risk (low or high based on the modified Gail model). Women at high risk of breast cancer should be considered for treatment with raloxifene. CONCLUSION: Postmenopausal women between 50 and 70 years of age without climacteric symptoms with either osteopenia or osteoporosis should be evaluated with regard to their breast cancer risk and considered for treatment with raloxifene within the framework of its contraindications and precautions.

Role of hepatitis C virus genotype 3 in liver fibrosis progression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The progression of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C has long been considered to be independent from viral genotypes. However, recent studies suggest an association between Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 3 and accelerated liver disease progression. We completed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies evaluating the association between HCV genotypes and fibrosis progression. PubMed, Embase and ISI Web of Knowledge databases were searched for cohort, cross-sectional and case-control studies on treatment-naïve HCV-infected adults in which liver fibrosis progression rate (FPR) was assessed by the ratio of fibrosis stage in one single biopsy to the duration of infection (single-biopsy studies) or from the change in fibrosis stage between two biopsies (paired biopsies studies). A random effect model was used to derive FPR among different HCV genotypes. Eight single-biopsy studies (3182 patients, mean/median duration of infection ranging from 9 to 21 years) and eight paired biopsies studies (mean interval between biopsies 2-12 years) met the selection criteria. The odds ratio for the association of genotype 3 with accelerated fibrosis progression was 1.52 (95% CI 1.12-2.07, P = 0.007) in single-biopsy studies and 1.37 (95% CI 0.87-2.17, P = 0.17) in paired biopsy studies. In conclusion, viral genotype 3 was associated with faster fibrosis progression in single-biopsy studies. This observation may have important consequences on the clinical management of genotype 3-infected patients. The association was not significant in paired biopsies studies, although the latter may be limited by important indication bias, short observation time and small sample size.

Safer Constrauction and Maintenance Practices to Minimize Potential Liabiliy by Counties from Accidents, Septemeber 1979

Tort claims resulting from alleged highway defects have introduced an additional element in the planning, design, construction, and maintenance of highways. A survey of county governments in Iowa was undertaken in order to quantify the magnitude and determine the nature of this problem. This survey included the use of mailed questionnaires and personal interviews with County Engineers. Highway-related claims filed against counties in Iowa amounted to about $52,000,000 during the period 1973 through 1978. Over $30,000,000 in claims was pending at the end of 1978. Settlements of judgments were made at a cost of 12.2% of the amount claimed for those claims that had been disposed of, not including costs for handling claims, attorney fees, or court costs. There was no clear time trend in the amount of claims for the six-year period surveyed, although the anount claimed in 1978 was about double the average for the preceding five years. Problems that resulted in claims for damages from counties have generally related to alleged omissions in the use of traffic control devices or defects, often temporary, resulting from alleged inadequacies in highway maintenance. The absence of stop signs or warning signs often has been the central issue in a highway-related tort claim. Maintenance problems most frequently alleged have included inadequate shoulders, surface roughness, ice o? snow conditions, and loose gravel. The variation in the occurrence of tort claims among 85 counties in Iowa could not be related to any of the explanatory variables that were tested. Claims hppeared to have occurred randomly. However, using data from a subsample of 11 counties, a significant relationship was shown probably to exist between the amount of tort claims and the extensiveness of use of wcirning signs on the respective county road systems. Although there was no indication in any county that their use of warning signs did not conform with provisions of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (Federal Highway Administration, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1978), many more warning signs were used in some counties than would be required to satisfy this minimum requirement. Sign vandalism reportedly is a problem in all counties. The threat of vandalism and the added costs incurred thereby have tended to inhibit more extensive use of traffic control devices. It also should be noted that there is no indication from this research of a correlation between the intensiveness of sign usage and highway safety. All highway maintenance activities introduce some extraordinary hazard for motorists. Generally effective methodologies have evolved for use on county road systems for routine maintenance activities, procedures that tend to reduce the hazard to practical and reasonably acceptable levels. Blading of loose-surfaced roads is an examples such a routine maintenance activity. Alternative patterns for blading that were investigated as part of this research offered no improvements in safety when compared with the method in current use and introduced a significant additional cost that was unacceptable, given the existing limitations in resources available for county roads.

Evolution clinique et sociale des patients toxicodépendants : quelle chaîne thérapeutique ?

RESUME: Introduction: A Lausanne, les prises en charge en traitement des toxicodépendants sont très majoritairement réalisées par les médecins généralistes en pratique privée. En complémentarité, un centre public universitaire spécialisé a été créé en 1996, le Centre St. Martin (CSM). Les traitements additionnels proposés répondent à une logique de niveaux et séquences de soins. L'orientation des patients sur les structures extérieures en place se réalise dès que possible. Cependant les filières de soins empruntées par ces patients et à fortiori leur évolution suite à leur décharge du CSM restent peu connues. But de la thèse: Le but de cette enquête est de décrire et analyser les filières de soins réalisées par les patients pris en charge au CSM et caractériser les évolutions clinique et sociale qu'ils réalisent depuis leur orientation initiale vers le réseau de soins extérieur. Patients et méthode: Les caractéristiques médico-sociales d'une cohorte de 73 patients reçus consécutivement durant 6 mois (1.7.99 - 31.12.99) avec une demande et une indication de traitement de substitution à la méthadone, ont été établies. L'évolution clinique et l'observance au traitement à 36 ± 3 mois de cette cohorte ont ensuite été mesurées. Résultats: La population de patients pris en charge au CSM présente des caractéristiques médico-psycho¬sociales très précaires avec une polytoxicodépendance par voie intraveineuse pour 56.2 °A des cas. 64.4% sont par ailleurs sans formation, 49.3 % sans logement stable. Une comorbidité psychiatrique est présente dans une large majorité des cas. 62 patients (84.9 %) sur le total étudié de 73 indications consécutives à un traitement de substitution à base de méthadone, ont été retrouvés à 3 ans ± 3 mois de leur début de prise en charge au CSM. Leurs évolutions clinique et psychosociale sont satisfaisantes pour tous les paramètres étudiés et ce, quelle que soit l'option initialement choisie du cadre de soins, en institution publique ou en pratique médicale privée. Ils restent intégrés dans un réseau de soins. Les patients polyconsommateurs par voie intraveineuse d'une combinaison d'héroïne, cocaïne et/ou benzodiazépines (52.5 %), malgré leur faible motivation, parviennent à accéder à un programme structuré : la moitié d'entre eux accepte à un moment donné de leur prise en charge leur admission dans une structure résidentielle. Pour la cohorte étudiée, ces patients représentent 83.3 % des admissions dans ce type de structure. Conclusions: Un programme institutionnel spécialisé, orienté sur la construction d'une complémentarité avec le réseau médico-social en place peut réaliser une rétention et une évolution clinique, en termes de consommations illicites, de psychopathologie et d'intégration sociale, satisfaisantes des patients dans la chaîne thérapeutique. L'orientation dans le réseau médico-social extérieur, chez les médecins praticiens, n'est pas délétère. L'évolution de ces patients diffère peu à 3 ans de celle des patients accueillis et maintenus dans la structure institutionnelle. Les processus de soins sont cependant différents d'un setting à l'autre et les épisodes thérapeutiques nombreux mais peu de patients sont « perdus de vue ». La définition de séquences, modalités et niveaux de soins en fonction des profils présentés par les patients toxicodépendants devrait permettre l'optimisation de la fonctionnalité du réseau médico-social en place.

Prescription de statines en prévention primaire: quel score de risque cardiovasculaire faut-il utiliser en Suisse? [Statin prescription in primary prevention: which cardiovascular risk score should be used in Switzerland?]

La prévention primaire des maladies cardiovasculaires par les médecins s'effectue par une prise en charge individualisée des facteurs de risque. L'indication à un traitement par statines se base sur une estimation du risque de survenue d'une maladie cardiovasculaire et sur le taux de LDL-cholestérol. Trois scores de risque sont couramment utilisés: le score PROCAM, le score Framingham, et le SCORE européen. En Suisse, le Groupe Suisse Lipides et Athérosclérose (GSLA) recommande en première instance l'utilisation du score PROCAM avec une adaptation du niveau de risque pour la Suisse. Une enquête a aussi montré que c'est le score le plus utilisé en Suisse. Dans cet article, les particularités de ces scores et leurs applications pratiques en ce qui concerne la prescription de statines en prévention primaire sont discutées. Les conséquences et les bénéfices potentiels de l'application de ces scores en Suisse sont également abordés. [Abstract] Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease by physicians is achieved by management of individual risk factors. The eligibility for treatment with statins is based on both an estimate of the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and the LDL-cholesterol. Three risk scores are commonly used : the PROCAM score, the Framingham score, and the European score. In Switzerland, the Swiss Group Lipids and Atherosclerosis (GSLA) recommends to use the PROCAM score with an adjustment of the level of risk for Switzerland. A survey also showed that PROCAM is the most used in Switzerland. In this article, the differences of these scores and their practical applications regarding the prescription of statins in primary prevention are discussed. The consequences and potential benefits of applying these scores in Switzerland are also discussed.

Survival impact of lung transplantation for COPD.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the primary indication for lung transplantation (LTx), but survival benefit is still under debate. We analysed the survival impact of LTx in COPD with a new approach, using the BODE (body mass index, airway obstruction, dyspnoea, exercise capacity) index. We retrospectively reviewed 54 consecutive lung transplants performed for COPD. The pre-transplant BODE score was calculated for each patient and a predicted survival was derived from the survival functions of the original BODE index validation cohort. Predicted and observed post-transplant survival was then compared. In the subgroups with a BODE score >or=7 and <7, a majority of patients (66% and 69%, respectively) lived for longer after LTx than predicted by their individual BODE index. The median survival was significantly improved in the entire cohort and in the subgroup with a BODE score >or=7. 4 yrs after LTx a survival benefit was only apparent in patients with a pre-transplant BODE score of >or=7. In conclusion, while a majority of COPD patients had an individual survival benefit from LTx regardless of their pre-transplant BODE score, a global survival benefit was seen only in patients with more severe disease. This supports the use of the BODE index as a selection criteria for LTx candidates.

Assessment of a sheep animal model to optimize photodynamic therapy in the oesophagus

Background and Objectives: Precursor lesions of oesophagus adenocarcinoma constitute a clinical dilemma. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective treatment for this indication, but it is difficult to optimise without an appropriate animal model. For this reason, we assessed the sheep model for PDT in the oesophagus with the photosensitiser meta-(tetra-hydroxyphenyl) chlorin (mTHPC). Materials and Methods: Twelve sheep underwent intravenous mTHPC injection, blood sampling and fluorescence measurements. mTHPC's pharmacokinetics was measured in vivo and in plasma by fluorescence spectroscopy. Biopsies of sheep oesophagus were compared to corresponding human tissue, and the mTHPC's biodistribution was studied under fluorescence microscopy. Finally, the sheep oesophageal mucosa was irradiated, 4 days after mTHPC's injection. Results: Histologically, the sheep and human oesophagus were closely comparable, with the exception of additional fatty tissue in the sheep oesophagus. mTHPC's pharmacokinetics in sheep and human plasmas were similar, with a maximum of concentration in the sheep 10 hours after i.v. injection. mTHPC's pharmacokinetics in vivo reached its maximum after 30-50 hours, then decreased to background levels, as in humans under similar conditions. Two days after injection, mTHPC was mainly distributed in the lamina propria, followed by a penetration into the epithelium. The sheep and human tissue sensitivity to mTHPC PDT was similar. Conclusion: In conclusion, this model showed many similarities with humans as to mTHPC's plasma and tissue pharmacokinetics, and for tissue PDT response, making it suitable to optimise oesophagus PDT. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:643-652,2009. (C) 2009Wiley-Liss,Inc.

Clinical benefit and quality of life in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer receiving gemcitabine plus capecitabine versus gemcitabine alone: a randomized multicenter phase III clinical trial--SAKK 44/00-CECOG/PAN.1.3.001.

PURPOSE: To compare clinical benefit response (CBR) and quality of life (QOL) in patients receiving gemcitabine (Gem) plus capecitabine (Cap) versus single-agent Gem for advanced/metastatic pancreatic cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients were randomly assigned to receive GemCap (oral Cap 650 mg/m(2) twice daily on days 1 through 14 plus Gem 1,000 mg/m(2) in a 30-minute infusion on days 1 and 8 every 3 weeks) or Gem (1,000 mg/m(2) in a 30-minute infusion weekly for 7 weeks, followed by a 1-week break, and then weekly for 3 weeks every 4 weeks) for 24 weeks or until progression. CBR criteria and QOL indicators were assessed over this period. CBR was defined as improvement from baseline for >or= 4 consecutive weeks in pain (pain intensity or analgesic consumption) and Karnofsky performance status, stability in one but improvement in the other, or stability in pain and performance status but improvement in weight. RESULTS: Of 319 patients, 19% treated with GemCap and 20% treated with Gem experienced a CBR, with a median duration of 9.5 and 6.5 weeks, respectively (P < .02); 54% of patients treated with GemCap and 60% treated with Gem had no CBR (remaining patients were not assessable). There was no treatment difference in QOL (n = 311). QOL indicators were improving under chemotherapy (P < .05). These changes differed by the time to failure, with a worsening 1 to 2 months before treatment failure (all P < .05). CONCLUSION: There is no indication of a difference in CBR or QOL between GemCap and Gem. Regardless of their initial condition, some patients experience an improvement in QOL on chemotherapy, followed by a worsening before treatment failure.

Medication use in pregnancy: a cross-sectional, multinational web-based study.

OBJECTIVES: Intercountry comparability between studies on medication use in pregnancy is difficult due to dissimilarities in study design and methodology. This study aimed to examine patterns and factors associated with medications use in pregnancy from a multinational perspective, with emphasis on type of medication utilised and indication for use. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, web-based study performed within the period from 1 October 2011 to 29 February 2012. Uniform collection of drug utilisation data was performed via an anonymous online questionnaire. SETTING: Multinational study in Europe (Western, Northern and Eastern), North and South America and Australia. PARTICIPANTS: Pregnant women and new mothers with children less than 1 year of age. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of and factors associated with medication use for acute/short-term illnesses, chronic/long-term disorders and over-the-counter (OTC) medication use. RESULTS: The study population included 9459 women, of which 81.2% reported use of at least one medication (prescribed or OTC) during pregnancy. Overall, OTC medication use occurred in 66.9% of the pregnancies, whereas 68.4% and 17% of women reported use of at least one medication for treatment of acute/short-term illnesses and chronic/long-term disorders, respectively. The extent of self-reported medicated illnesses and types of medication used by indication varied across regions, especially in relation to urinary tract infections, depression or OTC nasal sprays. Women with higher age or lower educational level, housewives or women with an unplanned pregnancy were those most often reporting use of medication for chronic/long-term disorders. Immigrant women in Western (adjusted OR (aOR): 0.55, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.87) and Northern Europe (aOR: 0.50, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.83) were less likely to report use of medication for chronic/long-term disorders during pregnancy than non-immigrants. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the majority of women in Europe, North America, South America and Australia used at least one medication during pregnancy. There was a substantial inter-region variability in the types of medication used.

Pièces relatives à l'histoire de la ville de TULLE. I

Contient : Copies de bulles, lettres royaux, etc., concernant l'histoire de la ville de Tulle (1372-1547), extraites des archives et de la Bibliothèque du Roi, des archives de l'église de Tulle et d'originaux en la possession de Baluze ; Accord entre l'évêque et le chapitre de Tulle (1429), extrait du « Codex magnorum statutorum » ; Accords entre Louis d'Aubusson, évêque de Tulle, et Guichard de Comborn, abbé d'Uzerche (1456-1465) ; Hommage fait par Charles de Malemont à Clément de Brillac, évêque de Tulle (18 avril 1503) ; « Acta primi ingressus Hugonis de Albuconia, episcopi Tutellensis » (1451) ; « Acta primi ingressus Dionysii de Barro, episcopi Tutelensis » (1472) ; Serments prêtés par les évêques de Tulle de respecter les libertés de la ville (1495-1561) ; Description de l'église cathédrale de Tulle ; Copie figurée d'une inscription de l'église de Moissac, relative à la dédicace de cette église en 1063 (Cf. Gall. christ., t. I, col. 158) ; Pièces relatives à l'envoi du comte de Ventadour comme gouverneur du Limousin (1634) ; originaux ; Catalogus abbatum et episcoporum Tullensium, par Et. Baluze (placard imprimé ; Tulle, 1669) ; Procès-verbaux « touchant l'argent que la ville a prins des coffres du Roi » (31 octobre 1685) ; copies contemporaines ; Lettres royaux portant convocation de l'assemblée des trois ordres à Tulle pour l'envoi de députés aux Etats généraux (août 1614) ; placard imprimé ; Confirmation par Louis XIII du droit, pour les habitants de Tulle, de percevoir un octroi aux portes de la ville (16 mars 1611-22 novembre 1612) ; Défense faite aux curés de Saint-Pierre et de Saint-Jacques de Tulle de marier des étrangers sans autorisation du maire et des consuls (10 mars 1586) ; Extrait des registres de la Maison de ville de Tulle (1587-1588) ; « Estat de la recette que j'ay fait durant mon quartier, qui a commencé le 1er de septembre 1599 et finy le dernier de novembre audit an ; » original, sans indication de provenance ; Etat de sommes à percevoir dans les diverses parroisses de l'évêché de Tulle (1589) ; original ; Inventaire de titres concernant les vicomtes de Comborn (1441-1489) ; Accensement des revenus de la prévôté de Clergoux (21 janvier 1531-1532 n. st.) ; copie contemporaine ; Pièces relatives au différend entre le vicaire général et le chapitre de Tulle au sujet de l'ouverture du jubilé (avril 1656) ; Lettre du vicaire général, Guillaume Dumas, à M. Javel, sénéchal de Turenne (21 juillet 1655) ; Bulletins de service pour la garde des portes de la ville de Tulle (1586) ; originaux ; Lettre écrite de Tulle [à Baluze ?] par M. Collier (13 mars 1679) ; Mémoires sur la ville de Tulle, par M. Brivazat, vissenéchal de Tulle ; Procès-verbal d'une assemblée de conseillers de ladite ville (20 mars 1586) ; Lettre de G. de Juré aux consuls de la ville de Tulle (s. d.) ; original ; Requête présentée à « nossieurs des Comptes » par Bertrand Fagerdie (s. d.) ; original ; Mémoire sur la gestion du même au siège royal de Tulle (1551) ; Accord entre les habitants de Tulle et ceux de Brive pour le rétablissement du siège royal (1553) ; copie contemporaine ; Lettre d'Etienne de l'Estang à [Antoine] de Noailles, lieutenant du roi en Guyenne, relative à la même affaire (1551) ; copie donnée à Baluze par vyon d'Herouval en 1684 ; Accord entre B. Fagerdie et Antoine de La Tour, chanoine de Tulle (1561) ; original ; Enquête faite au sujet de l'anoblissement de Guillaume de Marne, lieutenant-général au siège de Tulle (1597) ; original ; Anoblissement de Pierre Geneste et de divers autres jurats de la ville de Bordeaux (juin 1589) ; Rôle de taille et taillon de la ville de Tulle (février 1595) ; original ; Factum pour le syndic du clergé du diocèse de Tulle contre les prétendus reformez d'Argentat ; imprimé de 4 p. in-4°, s. d., avec une note relative à la destruction du temple d'Argentat en 1682 ; Mandements et ordonnances des évêques et des vicaires généraux de Tulle (1668-1696) ; placards imprimés