Yellow fever virus isolated from a fatal post vaccination event: an experimental comparative study with the 17DD vaccine strain in the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)

In order to investigate the pathogenicity of the virus strain GOI 4191 that was isolated from a fatal adverse event after yellow fever virus (YFV) vaccination, an experimental assay using hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) as animal model and YFV 17DD vaccine strain as virus reference was accomplished. The two virus strains were inoculated by intracerebral, intrahepatic and subcutaneous routes. The levels of viremia, antibody response, and aminotransferases were determined in sera; while virus, antigen and histopathological changes were determined in the viscera. No viremia was detected for either strain following infection; the immune response was demonstrated to be more effective to strain GOI 4191; and no significant aminotransferase levels alterations were detected. Strain GOI 4191 was recovered only from the brain of animals inoculated by the IC route. Viral antigens were detected in liver and brain by immunohistochemical assay. Histothological changes in the viscera were characterized by inflammatory infiltrate, hepatocellular necrosis, and viral encephalitis. Histological alterations and detection of viral antigen were observed in the liver of animals inoculated by the intrahepatic route. These findings were similar for both strains used in the experiment; however, significant differences were observed from those results previously reported for wild type YFV strains.

Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus infection and seroconvertion to anti-HBsAg in laboratory staff in Goiânia, Goiás

Were analyzed 648 serum samples from laboratory staff in Goiânia, Goiás aiming detection of three serological markers of HBV: HBsAg, anti-HBsAg and anti-HBcAg. The HBsAg and anti-HBcAg positive samples were also analyzed for HBeAg, anti-HBeAg and anti-HBcAgIgM markers. HBV infection rate of 24.1% was observed and, from them, 0.7% were positive for HBsAg. Viral DNA was detected by PCR in two HBsAg positive samples. A vaccination index of 74.5% and a global index of 89.9% of serological response to vaccination were observed. The direct work with biological fluids as well as cleaning workers represented significant risks for acquisition of HBV infection. The data from the present study showed an increase of the vaccination index among laboratory staff but the rates of HBV infection did not change through the years in the region.

Very low prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in rural communities of northeastern Brazil with a high prevalence of schistosomiasis mansoni

The association of hepatitis C virus infection and the hepatosplenic form of schistosomiasis mansoni has been claimed to result in the concomitant evolution of the two pathologies, with a poor prognosis due to aggravated liver disease. Recently, however, some authors have begun to reject the hypothesis of a higher susceptibility of hepatosplenic schistosomal patients to HCV. The aim of the present transverse study carried out between July and August 1990 was to determine the possible association between SM and HCV markers in residents of Catolândia, Bahia State. Anti-HCV markers were assayed by ELISA-II and RIBA-II in serum samples obtained from 1,228 residents (85.8%). The anti-HCV antibody (ELISA-II) was positive in six (0.5%) individuals, eight (0.6%) cases were inconclusive and 1,214 (98.9%) were negative. However, only in one ELISA-positive serum sample (0.08%) were antibodies confirmed by RIBA-II, while two other samples assayed by RIBA-II were indeterminate. These three patients presented the hepatointestinal form of SM during the follow-up period (1976 to 1996). In conclusion, no association was observed between HCV and SM in the endemic area studied, especially among patients with the hepatosplenic form of the disease.

Nitric oxide levels are not changed in saliva of patients infected with hepatitis C virus

The aim of this investigation was to determine nitric oxide metabolite levels in saliva samples from hepatitis C virus-positive patients in an attempt to test the hypothesis if increased levels of nitric oxide metabolites correlates with the presence of HCV-RNA in saliva. Saliva of 39 HCV-positive patients and 13 HCV-negative patients, without clinical or laboratorial evidence of liver disease were tested for nitric oxide metabolites. HCV-RNA was detected in serum and saliva by a RT-PCR method and nitric oxide level was determined by evaluation of its stable degradation products, nitrate and nitrite. No differences were found between the concentration of nitrite in saliva from HCV patients and controls, in despite of the presence or not of HCV RNA in saliva. Patients with HCV and cirrhosis had higher concentrations of nitrite but not significantly different from the control group or the groups of anti-HCV patients without cirrhosis. Increased levels of nitrite were not detected in anti-HCV positive patients, an indirect indication that chronic sialoadenitis are infrequent in these patients or occurs with low intensity not sufficient to increase nitric oxide metabolite levels in saliva.

Cytokine serum levels in patients infected by human immunodeficiency virus with and without Trypanosoma cruzi coinfection

This study assessed the number of CD4 T lymphocytes, the parasitemia and serum levels of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-4 and IL-10 of patients infected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human immunodeficiency virus/Chagas' disease coinfection. CD4 T lymphocytes were low in the two groups of patients, although significantly lower in patients without Chagas' disease. Serum levels of IFN-gamma, IL-4 and TNF-alpha were significantly higher in patients with HIV/Chagas' disease. IL-4/IFN-gamma ratios were higher in patients with HIV/Chagas' disease, which showed a clear balance in favor of Th2-like cytokines in this group of patients. This Th2 balance was higher in patients with detectable parasitemia. We conclude that, although immunosuppression was observed, with CD4 T lymphocytes bellow 200/µm³, these patients did not display reactivation of T. cruzi infection and that a balance favorable to Th2 was associated with the presence of parasitemia.

Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection and HCV genotypes among hemophiliacs in the State of Bahia, Northeastern Brazil: analysis of serological and virological parameters

The objective of the present study was to analyze HCV serological and virological parameters from hemophiliacs in the State of Bahia. Anti-HCV was investigated by ELISA in a cohort of 268 hemophiliacs A/B who were followed-up in a reference unit for hemotherapy in the State of Bahia. HCV viremia and genotypes were also determined from a subset of 66 anti-HCV seropositive hemophiliacs. Seroprevalence among hemophiliacs was 42.2% (95% CI 36.5-48.1) and was significantly higher (p<0.05) according to age >10 years, presence of factor VIII/IX inhibitory antibodies and other infection markers. None of the hemophiliacs less than 5 years of age were anti-HCV seropositive. Viremia was detectable in 77.3% (51/66). HCV genotype 1 (74%) was the most prevalent followed by genotype 3 (22%) and genotype 2 (4%). Our results indicate that HCV prevalence is still high among hemophiliacs, although HCV transmission was not observed in young hemophiliacs.

Digoxigenin-labeled probe for rabies virus nucleoprotein gene detection

A digoxigenin-labeled probe was produced from the Pasteur virus strain for the detection of the rabies virus N gene. The probe hybridization was performed from amplified N gene obtained by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and the results by RT-PCR and hybridization showed 100% agreement. The hybridization, when carried out in products amplified by RT-PCR, increases the sensitivity of this technique even more and confers specificity to the diagnosis. The technique described in this work will be useful in rabies diagnosis laboratories, once the cost is compatible with traditional rabies diagnostic techniques.

Vertical transmission of Cryptococcus neoformans from a mother coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus: case report

Disseminated infection with Cryptococcus neoformans was observed in a newborn infant who presented fever and respiratory symptoms since the 52nd day of life. The mother was infected by human immunodeficiency virus and presented pulmonary and meningeal cryptococcal infection. This is a rare case of cryptococcal infection with probable maternal-fetal transmission.

Low prevalence of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis D virus and hepatitis C virus among patients with human immunodeficiency virus or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the Brazilian Amazon basin

Comorbidities in human immunodeficiency virus infection are of great interest due to their association with unfavorable outcomes and failure of antiretroviral therapy. This study evaluated the prevalence of coinfection by human immunodeficiency virus and viral hepatitis in an endemic area for hepatitis B in the Western Amazon basin. Serological markers for hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and hepatitis D virus were tested in a consecutive sample of all patients referred for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The variables sex, age, origin and exposure category were obtained from medical records and from the sexually transmitted diseases and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome surveillance database. Among 704 subjects, the prevalence of chronic hepatitis B carriage was 6.4% and past infection 40.2%. The presence of hepatitis B was associated with birth in hyperendemic areas of the Amazon basin, male sex and illegal drug use. The overall prevalence of hepatitis C was 5% and was associated with illegal drug use. The prevalence of hepatitis B and C among human immunodeficiency virus or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients in the Western Amazon basin was lower than seen elsewhere and is probably associated with the local epidemiology of these viruses and the degree of overlap of their shared risk factors. An opportunity presents itself to evaluate the prevention of hepatitis C through harm reduction policies and hepatitis B through vaccination programs among human immunodeficiency virus or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients.

Characterization of dengue virus serotype 1 in epidemics in Porto Velho, Rondônia, in 2001-2003

The first dengue fever epidemic in the State of Rondônia (western region of Brazil) was recorded in 1997, without laboratory confirmation. Following this, there was an epidemic in Manaus, in the neighboring State of Amazon, in 1998, in which DENV-1 and DENV-2 viruses were isolated from patients. In the present paper, the serotype characterization of the dengue virus isolated from patients with clinically suspected dengue in Porto Velho, Rondônia, between 2001 and 2003 is described. One hundred and fifty blood samples were collected between the first and fifth days of symptoms. Seventy samples of virus isolates were subjected to dengue identification by means of RT-PCR using universal primers for the NS1 gene of DENV, which amplifies a 419 bp fragment. The amplicons obtained were subjected to enzymatic digestion to characterize the viral serotypes. All the samples analyzed were DENV-1. A nucleotide sequence randomly selected from one amplicon, which was also DENV-1, presented 98% similarity to sequences from Southeast Asia that were obtained from GenBank.

Human exposure to potential rabies virus transmitters in Olinda, State of Pernambuco, between 2002 and 2006

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the data on human exposure to potential rabies virus transmitters in Olinda, State of Pernambuco, Brazil. Data from 7,062 patients who underwent antirabies prophylactic treatment in Olinda between 2002 and 2006 were analyzed. As expected, dogs and cats were involved in most of the cases; i.e. 82.3 and 16.3%, respectively. Attacks by nonhuman primates, bats and other species (unspecified) were also reported. Among the 7,062 patients who underwent antirabies treatment, 582 patients abandoned the treatment, either by indication from the health unit (195) or by their own decision (387). In conclusion, this study has indicated that prophylaxis for human rabies in this urban area will require a multifaceted approach, including health education, post-exposure prophylaxis, systematic vaccination for dogs and cats, and possibly selective control over wild animals such as hematophagous bats.

Análise de Contexto e Lógica do Projecto Europeu "Investigação epidemiológica e prevenção do VIH/ISTs entre Homens que têm sexo com Homens - SIALON II". Estudo de caso na Região de Lisboa e Península de Setúbal.

A avaliação de projectos na área do VIH permite gerar informação pertinente para que os gestores consigam adaptar as intervenções ao tipo de população-alvo. Organizações internacionais como a ONUSIDA e a OMS têm trabalhado na elaboração de documentos de referência que orientem os processos de avaliação, mas continua a existir escassez de estudos sobre os efeitos e impacto das intervenções no âmbito do VIH. À semelhança de muitos países europeus, em Portugal tem-se registado um aumento da proporção de casos de infecção pelo VIH na comunidade de HSH. Este panorama alerta para a necessidade de se investir na intervenção, nomeadamente no acesso à informação, à prevenção da doença e ao acesso aos cuidados de saúde. O presente trabalho teve como principal objectivo realizar um estudo de avaliabilidade do projecto europeu “Investigação epidemiológica e prevenção do VIH/ISTs entre Homens que têm Sexo com Homens – SIALON II”. Para a elaboração deste estudo recorreu-se a uma abordagem de estudo de caso, uma vez que é o tipo de estudo mais indicado na pesquisa qualitativa para a elaboração de avaliações em saúde. A recolha de dados para a realização da análise de contexto, construção do modelo lógico do projecto e respectiva validação foi feita através da análise de dados secundários recolhidos na fase de pesquisa formativa do projecto, de análise documental e da realização de entrevistas a informadores-chave. Da análise de contexto foi possível verificar que as associações da comunidade local têm tido um papel activo na participação em projectos que proporcionaram, nos últimos anos, a recolha de dados bio-comportamentais e na organização de campanhas de prevenção junto da comunidade HSH. A par do contexto legislativo nacional alguns estudos desenvolvidos na temática da discriminação e estigma indicam que ainda existem problemas desta índole contra a comunidade LGBT em Portugal. A construção do modelo lógico e a respectiva validação junto de informadores-chave representou a coerência lógica entre os recursos, as actividades, os produtos e os resultados intermédios e finais do projecto europeu. Os recursos financeiros são escassos e apesar da sobrecarga de trabalho os recursos humanos encontram-se motivados. O ponto forte do projecto é a oportunidade de se conhecer melhor a população HSH, enquanto as fragilidades passam pela questão do financiamento e dos problemas de estigma e preconceito face à homossexualidade e ao VIH. O principal factor do contexto apresentado que podia influenciar a implementação do projecto na área de estudo foi a questão da mentalidade e da pouca abertura por parte da comunidade em falar da sua saúde sexual. Com a implementação do projecto espera-se que a população HSH se sinta sensibilizada para esta problemática e que o teste ao VIH comece a fazer parte de uma rotina de controlo e acompanhamento regular. Recomenda-se o estudo da não aceitação em participar no projecto por parte dos proprietários dos locais de encontro gay; a introdução de avaliação contínua no ciclo de vida dos projectos; a promoção do envolvimento da comunidade na avaliação de impacto das intervenções em saúde; e a reavaliação da alocação de recursos para a sustentabilidade da participação das organizações da comunidade nos projectos. Palavras-chave: VIH, Estudo de avaliabilidade, Análise de Contexto, Análise Lógica, Modelo Lógico.

Diagnóstico tardio da infecção por VIH na Ilha de Santiago

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar os casos com diagnóstico tardio da infecção por VIH na ilha de Santiago, no período de 2004 à 2011, com a discrição de sua distribuição e dos factores associados a esse diagnóstico. MÉTODOS: Foram descritos 368 indivíduos, desses 191 foram identificados como casos e 177 como controlos registrados no Polo Regional de Sotavento, localizado na cidade da Praia, criado com o intuito de enfrentar a epidemia da SIDA, desde julho de 2004. Realizou-se estudo caso-controlo não pareado, com dados colectados por entrevistas presenciais que não estavam disponíveis nas bases de dados existentes, comparando pacientes com diagnóstico tardio da infecção por VIH com aqueles com diagnóstico precoce da infecção por VIH. Foram analisadas as variáveis: características sociodemográficas e comportamentais. Utilizou-se análise univariada, bivariada e regressão logística binária, hierarquizada na análise multivariada, com odds ratio como medida de associação e intervalo de confiança de 95%. RESULTADOS: Na ilha de Santiago, 51,9 % dos individuos realizaram o diagnóstico tardiamente, com maior proporção de diagnóstico tardio em mulheres do que em homens (57,6 % vs 42,4 %). A população de 40 a 49 anos vem realizando exames tardiamente (34,5 %). No estudo caso-controlo não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas na distribuição do sexo, estado civil e acesso aos serviços de saúde entre casos e controlos. CONCLUSÕES: O estudo indica necessidade de novas abordagens na prevenção e diagnóstico precoce para as populações de maior vulnerabilidade e a manutenção da oferta do teste de VIH.

Mother-child transmission of Chagas disease: could coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus increase the risk?

A study was conducted on all newborns from mothers with Chagas disease who were attended at Hospital Donación F. Santojanni between January 1, 2001, and August 31, 2007. Each child was investigated for the presence of Trypanosoma cruzi parasitemia through direct examination of blood under the microscope using the buffy coat method on three occasions during the first six months of life. Serological tests were then performed. Ninety-four children born to mothers infected with Trypanosoma cruzi were attended over the study period. Three of these children were born to mothers coinfected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Vertical transmission of Chagas disease was diagnosed in 13 children, in all cases by identifying parasitemia. The overall Chagas disease transmission rate was 13.8% (13/94). It was 100% (3/3) among the children born to mothers with HIV infection and 10.9% (10/91) among children born to mothers without HIV [Difference = 0.89; CI95 = 0.82-0.95; p = 0.0021]. We concluded that coinfection with HIV could increase the risk of vertical transmission of Chagas disease.