A novel trypsin Kazal-type inhibitor from Aedes aegypti with thrombin coagulant inhibitory activity

Kazal-type inhibitors play several important roles in invertebrates, such as anticoagulant, vasodilator and antimicrobial activities. Putative Kazal-type inhibitors were described in several insect transcriptomes. In this paper we characterized for the first time a Kazal unique domain trypsin inhibitor from the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Previously, analyses of sialotranscriptome of A. aegypti showed the potential presence of a Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor, in female salivary glands, carcass and also in whole male, which we named AaTI (A. aegypti trypsin inhibitor). AaTI sequence showed amino acid sequence similarity with insect thrombin inhibitors, serine protease inhibitor from Litopenaeus vannamei hemocytes and tryptase inhibitor from leech Hirudo medicinalis (LDTI). In this work we expressed, purified and characterized the recombinant AaTI (rAaTI). Molecular weight of purified rAaTI was 7 kDa rAaTI presented dissociation constant (K(i)) of 0.15 and 3.8 nM toward trypsin and plasmin, respectively, and it weakly inhibited thrombin amidolytic activity. The rAaTI was also able to prolong prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time and thrombin time. AaTI transcription was confirmed in A. aegypti female salivary gland and gut 3 h and 24 h after blood feeding, suggesting that this molecule can act as anticoagulant during the feeding and digestive processes. Its transcription in larvae and pupae suggested that AaTI may also play other functions during the mosquito`s development. (C) 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Evidences for charge-transfer complex formation in the benzene adsorption on sulfated TiO2-a resonance Raman spectroscopy investigation

Benzene adsorbed on highly acidic sulfated TiO2 (S-TiO2) shows an intriguing resonance Raman (RR) effect, with excitation in the blue-violet region. There are very interesting spectral features: the preferential enhancement of the e(2g) mode (1595 cm(-1)) in relation to the a(1g) mode (ring-breathing mode at 995 cm(-1)) and the appearance of bands at 1565 and 1514 cm(-1). The band at 1565 cm(-1) is probably one of the components of the e(2g) split band, originally a doubly degenerate mode (8a, 8b) in neat benzene, and the band at 1514 cm(-1) is assigned to the 19a mode, an inactive mode in neat benzene. These facts indicate a lowering of symmetry in adsorbed benzene, which may be caused by a strong interaction between S-TiO2 and the benzene molecule with formation of a benzene to Ti (IV) charge transfer (CT) complex or by the formation of a benzene radical cation species. However, the RR spectra of the adsorbed benzene cannot be assigned to the benzene radical cation because the observed wavenumber of the ring-breathing mode does not have the value expected for this species. Moreover, it was found by ESR measurements that the amount of radicals was very low, and so it was concluded that a CT complex is the species that originates the RR spectra. The most favorable intensification of the band at 1595 cm(-1) in the RR spectra of benzene/S-TiO2 at higher excitation energy corroborates this hypothesis, as an absorption band in this energy range, assigned to a CT transition, is observed. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Tungmetallers påverkan på bottenfaunans artsammansättning i sjön Tisken

The purpose of this study was to investigate how elevated levels of heavy metals affect the faunal species composition, abundance and species-diversity. The bentic macroinvertebrate fauna in the highly polluted lake Tisken was compared with the bentic macroinvertebrate fauna in the unpolluted lake Varpan. Mine wastes account for most of the metal that is discharged into Tisken. The hypotheses was that the heavy metal pollutions in lake Tisken influenced the species composition, abundance and diversity of the macroinvertebrates. Twenty samples were taken in both sites. The invertebrates were collected with a bag net and a plastic cylinder one meter from the shoreline. The invertebrates in the forty samples were classified and statistical analyses were made.Some taxa, common at undisturbed sites, were missing at metal polluted sites. Mayfly larvae, Ephemeroptera, were only found in Varpan. Surprisingly, more taxa were found in the polluted lake Tisken (23 taxa) compared to the unpolluted Varpan (19 taxa). However, the abundance of macroinvertebrates in Varpan (291 individuals) was higher than in Tisken (242 individuals).

Immigration, security and the public debate on US language policy : a critical discourse analysis of language attitudes in the United States of America

The narrative of the United States is of a "nation of immigrants" in which the language shift patterns of earlier ethnolinguistic groups have tended towards linguistic assimilation through English. In recent years, however, changes in the demographic landscape and language maintenance by non-English speaking immigrants, particularly Hispanics, have been perceived as threats and have led to calls for an official English language policy.This thesis aims to contribute to the study of language policy making from a societal security perspective as expressed in attitudes regarding language and identity originating in the daily interaction between language groups. The focus is on the role of language and American identity in relation to immigration. The study takes an interdisciplinary approach combining language policy studies, security theory, and critical discourse analysis. The material consists of articles collected from four newspapers, namely USA Today, The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, and San Francisco Chronicle between April 2006 and December 2007.Two discourse types are evident from the analysis namely Loyalty and Efficiency. The former is mainly marked by concerns of national identity and contains speech acts of security related to language shift, choice and English for unity. Immigrants are represented as dehumanised, and harmful. Immigration is given as sovereignty-related, racial, and as war. The discourse type of Efficiency is mainly instrumental and contains speech acts of security related to cost, provision of services, health and safety, and social mobility. Immigrants are further represented as a labour resource. These discourse types reflect how the construction of the linguistic 'we' is expected to be maintained. Loyalty is triggered by arguments that the collective identity is threatened and is itself used in reproducing the collective 'we' through hegemonic expressions of monolingualism in the public space and semi-public space. The denigration of immigrants is used as a tool for enhancing societal security through solidarity and as a possible justification for the denial of minority rights. Also, although language acquisition patterns still follow the historical trend of language shift, factors indicating cultural separateness such as the appearance of speech communities or the use of minority languages in the public space and semi-public space have led to manifestations of intolerance. Examples of discrimination and prejudice towards minority groups indicate that the perception of worth of a shared language differs from the actual worth of dominant language acquisition for integration purposes. The study further indicates that the efficient working of the free market by using minority languages to sell services or buy labour is perceived as conflicting with nation-building notions since it may create separately functioning sub-communities with a new cultural capital recognised as legitimate competence. The discourse types mainly represent securitising moves constructing existential threats. The perception of threat and ideas of national belonging are primarily based on a zero-sum notion favouring monolingualism. Further, the identity of the immigrant individual is seen as dynamic and adaptable to assimilationist measures whereas the identity of the state and its members are perceived as static. Also, the study shows that debates concerning language status are linked to extra-linguistic matters. To conclude, policy makers in the US need to consider the relationship between four factors, namely societal security based on collective identity, individual/human security, human rights, and a changing linguistic demography, for proposed language intervention measures to be successful.

The “Lunatic Fringe” -- Barry Goldwater and the Conservative Revolution of the 1960s --

How did conservatives, who had become effectively ostracized by their party following the Great Depression and the societal reforms of the New Deal, regain leverage within the GOP during the 1960s? My hypothesis is two-fold. First, I contend that a small group of conservative activists led by F. Clifton White, in spite of a dearth of resources and manpower, managed to infiltrate Republican infrastructure and “hijack” the delegate- selection process. The distinctly conservative and recalcitrant disposition of the Goldwater delegates demonstrates that these activists succeeded. Second, I argue that in addition to temporarily overpowering the national convention in 1964, conservatives thereafter retained control of the party insofar as subsequent GOP candidates were obliged to garner the support of conservative pockets of the country in order to win the presidential nomination. The resulting rightward shift of the Republican Party following the 1960s is a direct corollary of the conservative takeover outlined in this study.

The waterhole : using educational drama as a pedagogical tool in a foreign language class at a public primary school in Japan

This study investigates Japanese primary school students’ and teachers’ responses to educational drama as a pedagogical tool in their English language classes. Along with the participants’ responses, the applicability of educational drama as a teaching method for the Japanese teachers is also discussed. The study was conducted in Japan as ateacher-researcher using participatory action research methods. The participants of the study are three Year Six classes and their teachers in a public primary school in Japan. Educational drama is introduced as an alternative teaching and learning method to these participants who have had no experience of drama in education.

Um modelo numerico para analise de estruturas de materiais compostos considerando efeitos viscoelasticos e falhas progressivas

Neste trabalho apresentam-se pocedimentos para análise não linear de estruturas de materiais compostos laminados reforçados por fibras. A formulação é baseada em uma descrição cinemática incremental Lagrangeana Total, que permite o tratamento de deslocamentos arbitrariamente grandes com pequenas deformações, utilizando elementos finitos tridimensionais degenerados deduzidos para a análise de cascas. As estruturas são consideradas como submetidas a cargas mecânicas e a ações de temperatura e de umidade. O material é suposto elástico linear com propriedades dependentes, ou não, dos valores da temperatura e da concentração de umidade, ou viscoelástico linear com uma relação constitutiva em integral hereditária , e com comportamento higrotermo-reologicamente simples. As lâminas são consideradas como sujeitas a falhas, as quais são detectadas através de critérios macroscópicos, baseados em tensões ou em deformações. As equações não lineares de equilíbrio são resolvidas através de procedimentos iterativos e as deformações dependentes do tempo são avaliadas pelo método das variáveis de estado. Diversos exemplos numéricos de estruturas submetidas à flexão, flambagem elástica e viscoelástica e falhas são apresentados.

Rotinas digitais de comunicação pessoal : internet e sociabilidade contemporânea

Esta dissertação aborda implicações das alternativas de comunicação oferecidas pela Internet na sociabilidade contemporânea. Para este estudo, foi desenvolvida pesquisa junto a usuários da Rede. A pesquisa Rotinas Digitais de Comunicação Pessoal buscou identificar alterações nas formas de comunicação interpessoal e mudanças nas rotinas comunicacionais do sujeito propiciadas por estas novas formas de comunicação, além de verificar implicações destas mudanças nas relações interpessoais. O suporte teórico da dissertação abordou aspectos referentes a tecnologia, informação, comunicação e sociabilidade, buscando subsídios teórico-metodológicos para a compreensão de características da sociabilidade contemporânea importantes para o alcance dos objetivos estabelecidos. Os resultados da investigação indicam que as novas alternativas para comunicação disponibilizadas pela Internet estão alterando as práticas comunicacionais dos indivíduos, incluindo no seu cotidiano rotinas digitais para o acesso à informação e aos meios de comunicação, para trabalho e para relacionamento social.

Modelo de avaliação competitiva de destinos turísticos com base nas capacidades dinâmicas

Over the past few decades, the phenomenon of competitiveness, and the underlying competitive advantage thereof, has been analyzed in diverse ways, in terms of its sources (external and internal environment) and competitive management strategies, as well as different scopes (nations, economic sectors and organizations) and fields of study (economy and organizational theory). Moreover, competitiveness is a complex phenomenon and, thus, reflected in the many methods and approaches which some frameworks have developed throughout the period to try to examine it in the tourism sector as well as other industries. In this research a framework for destinations is presented on the basis of dynamic capabilities. This is an important contribution to the research, since previous studies for the tourism sector have not approached this relevant aspect of the competitive development of tourist destinations, i.e. based on the capabilities of innovation, transformation, creation and research presents a competitive evaluation of the dynamic capabilities of tourist destinations, on the basis of 79 activities, distributed in eight , this work presents an empirical application of the framework in a sample of twenty Brazilian cities, considered, by the Brazilian Tourism Minister, as indicative tourist destinations for regional development. The results obtained from this evaluation were submitted to tests of statistical reliability and have demonstrated that the destinations possess heterogeneous levels of capabilities between themselves (different levels developed in the categories between the cities) and inside each destination (developed levels of capability between the categories of the destination). In other words: heterogeneity is not only between category to category.

Atração de investimentos como instrumento de política industrial: o caso do ceará no período 1985-2002

This paper aims to assess the performance of credit and fiscal mechanisms in attracting industrial investment to the state of Ceará during 1985-2002, a period characterized by the political and administrative continuity which begun with the implementation of the so-called "Plan of Changes", during the term in office of former state governor Tasso Jereissati. In order to accomplish that, a survey was conducted of the state's credit, fiscal and infrastructure incentive mechanisms, industrial policy and the period's political context, as well as data from the Department of Industry and Commerce and on the economic performance of the state of Ceará. Over 700 industrial businesses were found to have been attracted into the state by means of the Industrial Investment Attraction Program, which amounted to a process of industry expansion while the country as a whole was going through a period of deindustrialization. The analysis points out that, if on one hand, the industrialization model then adopted was able to generate economic growth, on the other hand, it increased income concentration and could not drive industry into the less developed areas across the state's interior, as expected by Ceará's state government officials.

Lei de responsabilidade fiscal: históricos e desafios

Em comemoração aos 10 anos da Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal (LRF), a FGV Projetos e o Instituto Brasiliense de Direito Público (IDP) organizaram um seminário para analisar o histórico e os desafios desta importante ferramenta jurídica, desde sua implementação. Esta edição do Cadernos FGV Projetos traz, com exclusividade, as conferências e os depoimentos proferidos pelos ilustres participantes do seminário, a saber: os Ministros Gilmar Mendes, Guido Mantega, Nelson Jobim, Martus Tavares e José Jorge; os senadores Francisco Dornelles, Alvaro Dias e Tasso Jereissati; os deputados Pedro Novais, Antonio Palocci; o governador Paulo Hartung; e o prefeito Gilberto Kassab. Nesta edição, também participou o presidente da Fundação Dr. Carlos Ivan Simonsen Leal e os professores Sergio Quintella, Cesar Cunha Campos, Carlos Augusto Costa, além dos especialistas José Roberto Afonso, Teresa Ter-Minassian, Joaquim Levy e Yoshiaki Nakano.

Mulher, uma questão de identidade : a perspectiva discursiva

Esta dissertação analisa produções textuais de autoria de alunas universitárias provenientes de distintas áreas do saber científico (Ciências Humanas, Ciências Exatas, Ciências da Saúde). Partindo do tema comum a todas essas produções, “ser mulher é...”, o objetivo deste trabalho é discutir os processos em que se constitui a identidade feminina, como recurso para se chegar à noção de identidade discursiva, questão central. Uma vez entendida como unidade imaginária, a noção de identidade discursiva permite pesquisar o modo como o sentido emerge pleno de atravessamentos, disponibilizados por uma memória que retorna, se atualiza e se transforma. Algo semelhante se observa na instância do sujeito, pois a imagem de unicidade e fechamento é apenas uma ilusão que denega os processos que promovem seu descentramento. Assim, marcados pelo não-um, sentido e sujeito têm, na identidade, a presença da falta do significante – via de entrada à exterioridade. A primeira parte do trabalho está subdivida em três capítulos, que buscam organizar os fundamentos teóricos que embasam a perspectiva discursiva a que se submete a noção de identidade. O primeiro capítulo traz contribuições advindas da Psicanálise, para compreender o modo como o sujeito mulher se deixa determinar em sua condição desejante, faltante, atestando isso na imagem que faz de si. O segundo capítulo percorre leituras situadas no campo dos Estudos Culturais, com o objetivo de averiguar como processos histórico-sociais contribuem na determinação e fragmentação da identidade feminina. O terceiro capítulo reúne as principais noções da Análise do Discurso Francesa, para fundamentar o conceito de identidade discursiva que baliza as análises seguintes. E, por fim, a segunda parte contém o quarto capítulo, que se destina às seqüências discursivas, submetidas a dois momentos concomitantes de análise – busca por posições-sujeito e delineamento da formação discursiva dominante –, visando a compreender e discutir a configuração proposta à noção de identidade: uma unidade imaginária.

A revista Festa e a modernidade universalista na arte estido de caso : Adelino Magalhães

Nesta dissertação visamos discutir as concepções acerca de Modernismo e nacionalidade a partir do ideário estético elaborado pelos intelectuais da revista Festa: mensário de Pensamento e de arte, no decorrer da sua primeira fase, ou seja, 1927 – 1929, contemporânea aos grupos modernistas paulistas, demonstrando uma visão sobre arte divergente daquelas expostas por outros grupos. Para isso, é apresentado um breve panorama sobre as origens do nacionalismo literário na Europa e no Brasil; as confluências e divergências entre Festa e outros periódicos e a inquietação do grupo diante das inovações culturais do início do século XX. A fim de compreender as percepções dos intelectuais do Mensário sobre arte, centramo-nos na pesquisa dos artigos de seus principais colaboradores: Andrade Muricy, Tasso da Silveira, Henrique Abílio e Barretto Filho. Após a análise desse ideário, investigamos a relação entre o aparato estético idealizado pelos autores e a concretização do mesmo no âmbito da literatura. Assim, utilizamos os contos de Adelino Magalhães, um dos principais realizadores do alvitre estético do Mensário, sobretudo aqueles pertencentes às obras publicadas na década de 20, para verificar em que medida a criação literária do autor realiza os pressupostos teóricos do grupo. Em forma de anexos, acrescentamos uma antologia de artigos de Festa e de contos de Adelino Magalhães que consideramos essenciais para a apreensão das aspirações do Periódico.