Abbatouy, Mohammed; Renn Hürgen and Weinig, Paul (Eds.). Intercultural Transmission of Scientific Knowledge in the Middle Ages: Graeco-Arabic-Latin. Science in Context

As the editors explain in the introduction, a workshop dedicated to 'Experience and Knowledge Structures in Arabic and Latin sciences' was held at the Max Plank Institue for the HIstory of Science...

Another Kind of Knowledge: Aristotle's Phronêsis from an Epistemological Point of View

In my thesis, I defend the idea that Aristotle's notion of phronêsis (practical wisdom) is best understood as a kind of practical knowledge. I interpret phronêsis as the knowledge we display when we make the correct decision to act. In a particular situation that demands a specific response, we have practical knowledge of what to do when we make the best decision possible. This interpretation of phronêsis involves that it is possible to evaluate our decisions epistemically, that is, to evaluate whether we really know what to do or not. Aristotle provides a tool for the evaluation of our decisions, which is a definite kind of argument and which the tradition has called the 'practical syllogism'. The practical syllogism stands as the explanation of our decisions or actions. We invoke it when we want to explain or justify why we act as we do. My claim is that the components of the practical syllogism enable one to evaluate not only the moral character of our actions, but also the epistemic strength of our decisions. Correspondingly, a decision is morally right, i.e. virtuous, if the agent considers the right moral principle to apply, and if he is aware of the relevant circumstances of the situation (moral evaluation). Moreover, a decision displays practical knowledge if the agent meets three conditions (epistemic evaluation): he must desire the moral principle for its own sake; he must have experience in spotting the relevant circumstances of the situation; and he must be able to closely connect these circumstances with the moral principle. This interpretation of phronêsis differs from other more traditional interpretations in the emphasis it puts on phronêsis as knowledge. Other interpretations focus more on the moral dimension on phronêsis, without taking its epistemic value seriously. By contrast, I raise seriously the question of what it takes to genuinely know what one should do in a particular situation. -- Dans ma thèse, je défends l'idée que la notion aristotélicienne de phronêsis (sagesse pratique) doit être interprétée comme connaissance pratique. Je comprends la phronêsis comme étant la connaissance que nous avons lorsque nous prenons une bonne décision. Dans une situation particulière qui demande une réponse précise, nous avons une connaissance pratique lorsque nous prenons la meilleure décision possible. Cette interprétation de la phronêsis implique qu'il est possible d'évaluer nos décisions de manière épistémique, c'est-à-dire, d'évaluer si nous savons vraiment ce qu'il faut faire ou non. Ma position est qu'Aristote fournit un outil pour évaluer épistémiquement nos décisions, qui consiste en un certain type d'argument et que la tradition a appelé le 'syllogisme pratique'. Le syllogisme pratique correspond à l'explication de nos décisions ou de nos actions. Nous invoquons un syllogisme pratique lorsque nous voulons expliquer ou justifier pourquoi nous agissons comme nous le faisons. Les éléments du syllogisme pratique permettent d'évaluer non seulement le caractère moral de nos actions, mais aussi la force épistémique de nos décisions. Par conséquent, une décision est moralement correcte, i.e. vertueuse, si l'agent considère le bon principe moral, et s'il est attentif aux circonstances pertinentes de la situation (évaluation morale). En outre, une décision inclut la connaissance pratique si l'agent remplit trois conditions (évaluation épistémique) : il doit désirer le principe moral pour lui-même, il doit avoir de l'expérience pour déceler les circonstances pertinentes, et il doit pouvoir lier intimement ces circonstances avec le principe moral. Cette interprétation de la phronêsis diffère d'autres interprétations plus traditionnelles par l'emphase mise sur la phronêsis en tant que connaissance. D'autres interprétations se concentrent plus sur la dimension morale de la phronêsis, sans se préoccuper sérieusement de sa valeur épistémique. Au contraire, je pose sérieusement la question des conditions nécessaires pour réellement savoir ce qu'il faut faire dans une situation donnée.

Knowledge creation and transfer in an iterative project environment

This Master’s Thesis examines knowledge creation and transfer processes in an iterative project environment. The aim is to understand how knowledge is created and transferred during an actual iterative implementation project which takes place in International Business Machines (IBM). The second aim is to create and develop new working methods that support more effective knowledge creation and transfer for future iterative implementation projects. The research methodology in this thesis is qualitative. Using focus group interviews as a research method provides qualitative information and introduces the experiences of the individuals participating in the project. This study found that the following factors affect knowledge creation and transfer in an iterative, multinational, and multi-organizational implementation project: shared vision and common goal, trust, open communication, social capital, and network density. All of these received both theoretical and empirical support. As for future projects, strengthening these factors was found to be the key for more effective knowledge creation and transfer.

Informe d'Autors UOC a ISI Web of Knowledge. Agost 2014

UOC

Informe d'Autors UOC a ISI Web of Knowledge. Setembre 2014

UOC

Swiss family physicians' perceptions and attitudes towards knowledge translation practices.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have been performed to understand the way family physicians apply knowledge from medical research in practice. However, very little is known concerning family physicians in Switzerland. In an environment in which information constantly accumulates, it is crucial to identify the major sources of scientific information that are used by family physicians to keep their medical knowledge up to date and barriers to use these sources. Our main objective was to examine medical knowledge translation (KT) practices of Swiss family physicians. METHODS: The population consisted of French- and German-speaking private practice physicians specialised in family medicine. We conducted four interviews and three focus groups (n = 25). The interview guides of the semi-structured interviews and focus groups focused on (a) ways and means used by physicians to keep updated with information relevant to clinical practice; (b) how they consider their role in translating knowledge into practice; (c) potential barriers to KT; (d) solutions proposed by physicians for effective KT. RESULTS: Family physicians find themselves rather ambivalent about the translation of knowledge based on scientific literature, but generally express much interest in KT. They often feel overwhelmed by "information floods" and perceive clinical practice guidelines and other supports to be of limited usefulness for their practice. They often combine various formal and informal information sources to keep their knowledge up to date. Swiss family physicians report considering themselves as artisans, caring for patients with complex needs. CONCLUSION: Improved performance of KT initiatives in family medicine should be tailored to actual needs and based on high quality evidence-based sources.

Asiantuntijan hiljainen tieto. Case: Tullihallitus, verotusosasto

Tutkielman tavoitteena on selvittää ja analysoida, mitä ja minkälaista tietoa ja osaamista asiantuntija tarvitsee jokapäiväisessä työssään. Tutkielman teoriaosuudessa pohditaan asiantuntijuutta, hiljaista tietoa, tiedon rakennetta sekä tiedon merkitystä ja haasteita tietojohtamisen näkökulmasta. Empiirisen tutkimuksen kohdeorganisaationa oli Tullihallituksen verotusosasto. Asiantuntijan osaaminen koostui opitusta tiedosta, mutta myös asenteesta ja halusta oppia. Asiantuntijaksi kehittyminen vaati käytännön harjoittelua oikeassa ympäristössä ja oikeilla asioilla. Asiantuntijan työssään tarvitsema tieto ja osaaminen osoittautuivat kohdeorganisaatiossa niin hiljaiseksi, että sitä ei välttämättä pystytä dokumentoimaan, eikä siten myöskään formaalilla tavalla siirtämään tai säilyttämään. Tutkimustulosten analysointi tuotti osaamispolkuja, jotka kuvaavat aloittelijan tarvitsemia tietoja ja osaamista matkalla asiantuntijaksi. Asiantuntijan tieto ja osaaminen koostuu viidestä pääpolusta, jotka liittyvät osaamisen henkilösidonnaisuuteen, tiedon ymmärtämiseen ja soveltamiseen, tiedon jakamiseen ja yhteistyöhön, henkilökohtaiseen kokemukseen työstä sekä kokemukseen ja käytännön tietoon. Tutkimustulokset perustuvat kohdeorganisaatiossa tehtyihin haastatteluihin, jotka analysoitiin käyttäen aineistolähtöisen teorian menetelmiä.

Innovation – from individual intuition to collaborative innovation. The role of individual key actor in facilitation of innovation in large organization context

The objective of this research was to study the role of key individuals in facilitation of technology enabled bottom-up innovation in large organization context. The development of innovation was followed from the point of view of individual actor (key individual) in two cases, through three levels: individual, team and organization, by using knowledge creation and innovation models. This study provides theoretical synthesis and framework through which the study is driven. The results of the study indicate, that in bottom-up initiated innovations the role of key individuals is still crucial, but innovation today is collective effort and there acts several entrepreneurial key individuals: innovator, user champion and organizational sponsor, whose collaboration and developing interaction drives innovation further. The team work is functional and fluent, but it meets great problems in interaction with organization. The large organizations should develop its practices and ability to react on emerging bottom-up initiations, in order to embed innovation to organization and gain sustainable innovation. In addition, bottom-up initiated innovations are demonstrations of peoples knowing, tacit knowledge and therefore renewing of an organization.

Hiljaisen tiedon siirto Etelä-Karjalan Osuuspankin Imatrankosken konttorissa

Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on osallistua liiketaloustieteelliseen keskusteluun hiljaisen tiedon siirtämisestä sekä vahvistaa Etelä-Karjalan Osuuspankissa käytävää keskustelua hiljaisesta tiedosta. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on ymmärtää ja kuvata, mitä hiljainen tieto tarkoittaa Etelä-Karjalan Osuuspankin Imatrankosken konttorissa, kuinka hiljaisen tiedon siirtoa siellä tehdään sekä kuinka siellä kannattaisi tehdä hiljaisen tiedon siirtoa. Tutkimus toteutettiin kahdentoista laadullisen teemahaastattelun avulla. Hiljainen tieto tarkoittaa Imatrankosken konttorissa käytännön sekä kokemuksen kautta muodostunutta tietoa ja osaamista, mitä on vaikea ilmaista sanoin, mutta sen avulla toiminnasta tulee asiakaslähtöisempää. Hiljaisen tietotaidon siirtäminen sukupolvien välisen kuilun yli nähdään tärkeänä. Hiljainen tieto siirtyy Imatrankosken konttorissa henkilöltä toiselle epävirallisissa yhteyksissä vuorovaikutuksen avulla. Ensimmäiseksi on kiinnitettävä huomiota ympäristöön, jossa hiljaista tietoa siirretään ja sitten valittaviin menetelmiin. Ratkaisut onnistuneempaan hiljaisen tiedon siirtoon liittyvät tietynlaiseen ympäristöön, vuorovaikutukseen ihmisten välillä, yhteistyöhön ja työn kautta oppimiseen, tapoihin sekä menetelmiin, kuten perehdyttäminen, mentorointi, benchmarking, palaverit ja koulutukset, työkierto sekä tekniikan hyödyntäminen.

Knowledge Management diskurssina suomalaisissa terveydenhuoltoalan tieteellisissä ja ammatillisissa lehdissä

Abstract: Knowledge Management as a discourse in Finnish scientific and professional journals on the health care field

Informe d'Autors UOC a ISI Web of Knowledge. Octubre 2014

UOC

The knowledge about diagnostic imaging methods among primary care and medical emergency physicians

Objective To evaluate the knowledge about diagnostic imaging methods among primary care and medical emergency physicians. Materials and Methods Study developed with 119 primary care and medical emergency physicians in Montes Claros, MG, Brazil, by means of a structured questionnaire about general knowledge and indications of imaging methods in common clinical settings. A rate of correct responses corresponding to ≥ 80% was considered as satisfactory. The Poisson regression (PR) model was utilized in the data analysis. Results Among the 81 individuals who responded the questionnaire, 65% (n = 53) demonstrated to have satisfactory general knowledge and 44% (n = 36) gave correct responses regarding indications of imaging methods. Respectively, 65% (n = 53) and 51% (n = 41) of the respondents consider that radiography and computed tomography do not use ionizing radiation. The prevalence of a satisfactory general knowledge about imaging methods was associated with medical residency in the respondents' work field (PR = 4.55; IC 95%: 1.18-16.67; p-value: 0.03), while the prevalence of correct responses regarding indication of imaging methods was associated with the professional practice in primary health care (PR = 1.79; IC 95%: 1.16-2.70; p-value: 0.01). Conclusion Major deficiencies were observed as regards the knowledge about imaging methods among physicians, with better results obtained by those involved in primary health care and by residents.