(Tables, page 17-18), Chemical composition of ferromanganese concretions of the lakes of Northern Savolax in Eastern Finland

This paper discusses the occurrence of manganese-rich concretions in the lakes of Northern Savolax in Eastern Finland. The samples were collected in the summer of 1905 and left to dry for 2 months at room temperature. The quantity of H2O mentionned in the analysis was obtained by dessication at 155°C. The amount of Mn is calulated as MnO2 although other valences might be present in the samples. The contents in CO2 and organic substances was not determined. J. Aschan determined that as a general rule, in Finland the manganese rich lake deposits are rather associated with soft bottom sediments while the iron rich deposits are more assocaited with hard or sandy bottoms.

Profil d’activité physique des enfants et adolescents diabétiques de type 1

Les patients diabétiques de type 1 (DT1) ont avantage à avoir un bon contrôle glycémique pour réduire les effets négatifs à court et long terme d’un mauvais contrôle glycémique sur leur santé. Pour contrôler leur glycémie, ils doivent prendre de l’insuline, mais il est aussi recommandé qu’ils aient de bonnes habitudes de vie comme une nutrition appropriée et une pratique adéquate d’activité physique. Par contre, les patients DT1 ne suivent généralement pas les recommandations en activité physique et une partie du problème vient de leurs barrières personnelles à un style de vie actif, telle la peur des hypoglycémies. L’utilisation de la pompe comme traitement à l’insuline aide à mieux contrôler la glycémie, plus précisément l’hémoglobine glyquée, que les injections d’insuline, et le dispositif est de plus en plus prescrit chez les enfants et adolescents. Par contre, son impact sur la pratique des activités sédentaire et physique n’est pas encore bien connu. L’objectif de la présente étude est donc de révéler le profil d’activité physique complet, incluant les barrières à l’exercice et les habitudes de vie des parents, des enfants et adolescents DT1, selon leur type de traitement à l’insuline (pompe ou injections). L’étude a été conduite à la clinique d’endocrinologie du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sainte-Justine (Montréal, Canada). Un questionnaire auto-administré a été complété par 188 patients DT1 âgés de 6 à 17 ans et un de leurs parents. Soixante pourcent des patients étaient des utilisateurs de la pompe à insuline. Il n’y avait pas de différence significative pour aucune des composantes du profil d’activité physique, des habitudes sédentaires et des barrières à l’exercice entre les patients DT1 utilisant les injections et ceux utilisant la pompe. La peur de faire des hypoglycémies était la barrière à l’activité physique principale pour les deux groupes de traitement. Les adolescents dont les parents pratiquaient une plus grande variété d’activités physiques faisaient plus d’activité physique d’intensité moyenne à élevée et passaient moins de temps devant les écrans. En conclusion, le type de traitement n’était pas associé à un style de vie plus sain chez les patients pédiatriques DT1, mais un profil d’activité physique parental varié était le facteur principal d’intérêt pour des habitudes de vie plus saines chez les adolescents DT1.

Profil d’activité physique des enfants et adolescents diabétiques de type 1

Les patients diabétiques de type 1 (DT1) ont avantage à avoir un bon contrôle glycémique pour réduire les effets négatifs à court et long terme d’un mauvais contrôle glycémique sur leur santé. Pour contrôler leur glycémie, ils doivent prendre de l’insuline, mais il est aussi recommandé qu’ils aient de bonnes habitudes de vie comme une nutrition appropriée et une pratique adéquate d’activité physique. Par contre, les patients DT1 ne suivent généralement pas les recommandations en activité physique et une partie du problème vient de leurs barrières personnelles à un style de vie actif, telle la peur des hypoglycémies. L’utilisation de la pompe comme traitement à l’insuline aide à mieux contrôler la glycémie, plus précisément l’hémoglobine glyquée, que les injections d’insuline, et le dispositif est de plus en plus prescrit chez les enfants et adolescents. Par contre, son impact sur la pratique des activités sédentaire et physique n’est pas encore bien connu. L’objectif de la présente étude est donc de révéler le profil d’activité physique complet, incluant les barrières à l’exercice et les habitudes de vie des parents, des enfants et adolescents DT1, selon leur type de traitement à l’insuline (pompe ou injections). L’étude a été conduite à la clinique d’endocrinologie du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sainte-Justine (Montréal, Canada). Un questionnaire auto-administré a été complété par 188 patients DT1 âgés de 6 à 17 ans et un de leurs parents. Soixante pourcent des patients étaient des utilisateurs de la pompe à insuline. Il n’y avait pas de différence significative pour aucune des composantes du profil d’activité physique, des habitudes sédentaires et des barrières à l’exercice entre les patients DT1 utilisant les injections et ceux utilisant la pompe. La peur de faire des hypoglycémies était la barrière à l’activité physique principale pour les deux groupes de traitement. Les adolescents dont les parents pratiquaient une plus grande variété d’activités physiques faisaient plus d’activité physique d’intensité moyenne à élevée et passaient moins de temps devant les écrans. En conclusion, le type de traitement n’était pas associé à un style de vie plus sain chez les patients pédiatriques DT1, mais un profil d’activité physique parental varié était le facteur principal d’intérêt pour des habitudes de vie plus saines chez les adolescents DT1.

Chemical composition of samples from DSDP Holes 16-163 and 17-164

Considerable postsedimentational alteration of fine dispersed minerals in Cretaceous sedimentary sequences was found in three deep-sea drillholes (163, 164, 169). Original Fe-montmorillonites formed from basalts were converted during lithification to mixed-layer montmorillonite-hydromicas and then to pure hydromicas (celadonites). An assumption that the minerals were originally of authigenic-diagenetic composition is based on a broad spectrum of other diagenetic minerals present: silica group from opal A to opal CT and quartz, clinoptilolite and palygorskite. In addition, quartz-hydromica ratio is strikingly atypical of aeolian transport.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from DSDP Site 34, Leg 5 (Core 5-34-17)

Site 34 had been located by the JOIDES Pacific Advisory Panel to be over a negative magnetic anomaly (31 million years B.P.) immediately to the east of Anomaly 10 (Site 33). The primary objective was to obtain samples of basement and basal sediment to provide comparison between adjacent positive and negative magnetic anomalies. A second objective was to obtain samples which would permit an analysis of the variability in sediment over relatively short distances (about 10 miles). Although basement had not been reached at Site 33 because of the unexpected chert, the use of a massive diamond bit at Site 34 permitted coring through the chert to basement at 383 meters below the sea floor. Even though the near basement sections of the paired sites (33 and 34) could not be compared, comparison would be possible above the chert layer.

Annotated record of Mn deposits from R/V Anton Bruun, Cruise 17 Expedition stations

Station 678E (29°22'S. latitude, 80WW. longitude) is roughly midway between San Felix and Juan Fernandez Islands, and approximately 700 km west of the coast of Chile. The sample at Station 678E was collected in a Riedl Dredge with a finer net sewn into the cod end of the 500 JJ mesh bag. The change in depth during the dredging operation indicated a rather rapid shelving. The bottom was a red clay with some volcanic ash. Manganese nodules were present (rock dredge sample).

The adaptive response of humans to exercise: Impact of exercise intensity, fibre-type specific responses and molecular patterns of response

In an attempt to improve the current understanding of the adaptive response to exercise in humans, this dissertation performed a series of studies designed to examine the impact of training intensity and mode on aerobic capacity and performance, fibre-type specific adaptations to training, and individual patterns of response across molecular, morphological and genetic factors. Project #1 determined that training intensity, session dose, baseline VO2max and total training volume do not influence the magnitude of change in VO2max by performing a meta-regression, and meta-analysis of 28 different studies. The intensity of training had no effect on the magnitude of increase in maximal oxygen uptake in young healthy participants, but similar adaptations were achieved with lower training doses following high intensity training. Project # 2 determined the acute molecular response, and training-induced adaptations in aerobic performance, aerobic capacity and muscle phenotype following high-intensity interval training (HIT) or endurance exercise (END). The acute molecular response (fibre recruitment and signal activation) and training-induced adaptations in aerobic capacity, aerobic performance, and muscle phenotype were similar following HIT and END. Project # 3 examined the impact of baseline muscle morphology and molecular characteristics on the training response, and if muscle adaptations are coordinated. The muscle phenotype of individuals who experience the largest improvements (high responders) were lower before training for some muscle characteristics and molecular adaptations were coordinated within individual participants. Project # 4 examined the impact of 2 different intensities of HIT on the expression of nuclear and mitochondrial encoded genes targeted by PGC-1α. A systematic upregulation of nuclear and mitochondrial encoded genes was not present in the early recovery period following acute HIT, but the expression of mitochondrial genes were coordinated at an individual level. Collectively, results from the current dissertation contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms influencing skeletal muscle and whole-body adaptive responses to acute exercise and training in humans.

Toxicity profile of bevacizumab in the UK Neurofibromatosis Type 2 cohort

Bevacizumab is considered an established part of the treatment strategies available for schwannomas in patients with Neurofibromatosis Type 2(NF2). In the UK, it is available through NHS National Specialized Commissioning to NF2 patients with a rapidly growing target schwannoma. Regrowth of the tumour on suspension of treatment is often observed resulting in prolonged periods of exposure to bevacizumab to control the disease. Hypertension and proteinuria are common events with bevacizumab use and there are concerns with regards to the long-term risks of prolonged treatment. Dosing, demographic and adverse event(CTCAE 4.03) data from the UK NF2 bevacizumab cohort are reviewed with particular consideration of renal and cardiovascular complications. Eighty patients (48 male:32female), median age 24.5 years (range 11-66years), were followed for a median of 32.7 months (range 12.0–60.2months). The most common adverse events were fatigue, hypertension and infection. A total of 19/80 patients (24%) had either a grade 2 or grade 3 hypertension event and 14/80 patients (17.5%) had proteinuria. Of 36 patients followed for 36 months, 78% were free from hypertension and 86% were free of proteinuria. Logistic regression modeling identified age and induction dosing regime to be predictors of development of hypertension with dose of 7.5mg/kg three weekly and age >30years having higher rates of hypertension. Proteinuria persisted in one of three patients after cessation of bevacizumab. One patient developed congestive heart failure and the details of this case are described. Further work is needed to determine optimal dosing regimes to limit toxicity without impacting on efficacy.

The type Iax supernova, SN 2015H: A white dwarf deflagration candidate

We present results based on observations of SN 2015H which belongs to the small group of objects similar to SN 2002cx, otherwise known as type Iax supernovae. The availability of deep pre-explosion imaging allowed us to place tight constraints on the explosion epoch. Our observational campaign began approximately one day post-explosion, and extended over a period of about 150 days post maximum light, making it one of the best observed objects of this class to date. We find a peak magnitude of M_r = -17.27± 0.07, and a (Δm₁₅)_r = 0.69 ± 0.04. Comparing our observations to synthetic spectra generated from simulations of deflagrations of Chandrasekhar mass carbon-oxygen white dwarfs, we find reasonable agreement with models of weak deflagrations that result in the ejection of ∼0.2 M_⊙ of material containing ∼0.07 M_⊙ of ⁵⁶Ni. The model light curve however, evolves more rapidly than observations, suggesting that a higher ejecta mass is to be favoured. Nevertheless, empirical modelling of the pseudo-bolometric light curve suggests that ≲ 0.6 M_⊙ of material was ejected, implying that the white dwarf is not completely disrupted, and that a bound remnant is a likely outcome.

Searching for swept-up hydrogen and helium in the late-time spectra of 11 nearby Type Ia supernovae

The direct detection of a stellar system that explodes as a Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) has not yet been successful. Various indirect methods have been used to investigate SN Ia progenitor systems but none have produced conclusive results. A prediction of single-degenerate models is that H- (or He-) rich material from the envelope of the companion star should be swept up by the SN ejecta in the explosion. Seven SNe Ia have been analysed to date looking for signs of H-rich material in their late-time spectra and none were detected. We present results from new late-time spectra of 11 SNe Ia obtained at the Very Large Telescope using XShooter and FORS2. We present the tentative detection of Hα emission for SN 2013ct, corresponding to ∼0.007 M_{tyle="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans Unicode", Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 0;">⊙} of stripped/ablated companion star material (under the assumptions of the spectral modelling). This mass is significantly lower than expected for single-degenerate scenarios, suggesting that >0.1 M_{tyle="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans Unicode", Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 0;">⊙} of H-rich is present but not observed. We do not detect Hα emission in the other 10 SNe Ia. This brings the total sample of normal SNe Ia with non-detections (<0.001–0.058 M_{tyle="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans Unicode", Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 0;">⊙}) of H-rich material to 17 events. The simplest explanation for these non-detections is that these objects did not result from the explosion of a CO white dwarf accreting matter from a H-rich companion star via Roche lobe overflow or symbiotic channels. However, further spectral modelling is needed to confirm this. We also find no evidence of He-emission features, but models with He-rich companion stars are not available to place mass limits.

Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of incident of type 2 diabetes: results from the consortium on health and ageing network of cohorts in Europe and the United States (CHANCES)

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: There is limited information to support definitive recommendations concerning the role of diet in the development of type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The results of the latest meta-analyses suggest that an increased consumption of green leafy vegetables may reduce the incidence of diabetes, with either no association or weak associations demonstrated for total fruit and vegetable intake. Few studies have, however, focused on older subjects.

SUBJECTS/METHODS: The relationship between T2DM and fruit and vegetable intake was investigated using data from the NIH-AARP study and the EPIC Elderly study. All participants below the age of 50 and/or with a history of cancer, diabetes or coronary heart disease were excluded from the analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the odds ratio of T2DM comparing the highest with the lowest estimated portions of fruit, vegetable, green leafy vegetables and cabbage intake.

RESULTS: Comparing people with the highest and lowest estimated portions of fruit, vegetable or green leafy vegetable intake indicated no association with the risk of T2DM. However, although the pooled OR across all studies showed no effect overall, there was significant heterogeneity across cohorts and independent results from the NIH-AARP study showed that fruit and green leafy vegetable intake was associated with a reduced risk of T2DM OR 0.95 (95% CI 0.91,0.99) and OR 0.87 (95% CI 0.87,0.90) respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: Fruit and vegetable intake was not shown to be related to incident T2DM in older subjects. Summary analysis also found no associations between green leafy vegetable and cabbage intake and the onset of T2DM. Future dietary pattern studies may shed light on the origin of the heterogeneity across populations.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition advance online publication, 17 August 2016; 

A high-flux BEC source for mobile atom interferometers (vol 17, 065001, 2015)

Erratum to: A high-flux BEC source for mobile atom interferometers in: New Journal of Physics 17 (2015) 065001

Effect of vitamin D supplementation on bone status, glucose homeostasis and immune function in children with vitamin D deficiency

Background: Between 1961-1971 vitamin D deficiency was recognized as a public health issue in the UK, because of the lack of effective sunlight and the population mix [1, 2]. In recent years, health care professionals have cited evidence suggesting a re-emergence of the vitamin D deficiency linked to a number of health consequences as a concern [3-6]. Evidence from observational studies has linked low vitamin D status with impairment in glucose homeostasis and immune dysfunction [7-9]. However, interventional studies, particularly those focused on paediatric populations, have been limited and inconsistent. There is a need for detailed studies, to clarify the therapeutic benefits of vitamin D in these important clinical areas. Objective: The aims of this PhD thesis were two-fold. Firstly, to perform preliminary work assessing the association between vitamin D deficiency and bone status, glucose homeostasis and immune function, and to explore any changes in these parameters following short term vitamin D3 replacement therapy. Secondly, to assess the effectiveness of an electronic surveillance system (ScotPSU) as a tool to determine the current incidence of hospital-based presentation of childhood vitamin D deficiency in Scotland. Methods: Active surveillance was performed for a period of two years as a part of an electronic web-based surveillance programme performed by the Scottish Paediatric Surveillance Unit (ScotPSU). The validity of the system was assessed by identifying cases with profound vitamin D deficiency (in Glasgow and Edinburgh) from the regional laboratory. All clinical details were checked against those identified using the surveillance system. Thirty-seven children aged 3 months to 10 years, who had been diagnosed with vitamin D deficiency, were recruited for the bone, glucose and immunity studies over a period of 24 months. Twenty-five samples were analysed for the glucose and bone studies; of these, 18 samples were further analysed for immune study. Treatment consisted of six weeks taking 5000 IU units cholecalciferol orally once a day. At baseline and after completion of treatment, 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), parathyroid hormone (PTH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), collagen type 1 cross-linked C-telopeptide (CTX), osteocalcin (OCN), calcium, phosphate, insulin, glucose, homeostasis model assessment index, estimated insulin resistance (HOMA IR), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), lipids profiles, T helper 1 (Th1) cytokines (interleukin-2 ( IL-2), tumor necrosis factors-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (INF-γ)), T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines (interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-5 (IL-5), interleukin-6 (IL-6)), T helper 17 (Th17) cytokine (interleukin-17 (IL-17)), Regulatory T (Treg) cytokine (interleukin-10 (IL-10)) and chemokines/cytokines, linked with Th1/Th2 subset balance and/or differentiation (interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-12 (IL-12), eosinophil chemotactic protein ( EOTAXIN), macrophage inflammatory proteins-1beta (MIP-1β), interferon-gamma-induced protein-10 (IP-10), regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1)) were measured. Leukoocyte subset analysis was performed for T cells, B cells and T regulatory cells and a luminex assay was used to measure the cytokiens. Results: Between September 2009 and August 2011, 163 cases of vitamin D deficiency were brought to the attention of the ScotPSU, and the majority of cases (n = 82) were reported in Glasgow. The cross-validation checking in Glasgow and Edinburgh over a one-year period revealed only 3 (11%) cases of clearly symptomatic vitamin D deficiency, which had been missed by the ScotPSU survey in Glasgow. While 16 (67%) symptomatic cases had failed to be reported through the ScotPSU survey in Edinburgh. For the 23 children who are included in bone and glucose studies, 22 (96%) children had basal serum 25(OH)D in the deficiency range (< 50 nmol/l) and one (4%) child had serum 25(OH)D in the insufficiency range (51-75 nmol/l). Following vitamin D3 treatment, 2 (9%) children had final serum 25(OH)D lower than 50 nmol/l, 6 (26%) children had final serum 25(OH)D between >50-75 nmol/l, 12 (52%) children reached a final serum 25(OH)D >75-150 nmol/l and finally 3 (13%) exceeded the normal reference range with a final 25(OH)D >150 nmol/l. Markers for remodelling ALP and PTH had significantly decreased (p = 0.001 and <0.0001 for ALP and PTH respectively). In 17 patients for whom insulin and HOMA IR data were available and enrolled in glucose study, significant improvements in insulin resistance (p = 0.04) with a trend toward a reduction in serum insulin (p = 0.05) was observed. Of those 14 children who had their cytokines profile data analysed and enrolled in the immunity study, insulin and HOMA IR data were missed in one child. A significant increase in the main Th2 secreted cytokine IL-4 (p = 0.001) and a tendency for significant increases in other Th2 secreted cytokines IL-5 (p = 0.05) and IL-6 (p = 0.05) was observed following vitamin D3 supplementation. Conclusion: An electronic surveillance system can provide data for studying the epidemiology of vitamin D deficiency. However, it may underestimate the number of positive cases. Improving vitamin D status in vitamin D deficient otherwise healthy children significantly improved their vitamin D deficient status, and was associated with an improvement in bone profile, improvements in insulin resistance and an alteration in main Th2 secreting cytokines.