"Dann bin ich ja überflüssig, richtig?" Vorstellungen von Lehrpersonen über Lernerautonomie im Musikunterricht

Das im Folgenden skizzierte Projekt befasst sich mit Lernerautonomie als Konzept in der Musikdidaktik aus der Perspektive von Lehrenden. Es ist eingebettet in ein Forschungsprojekt an der Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg mit dem Titel „Lernerautonomie in der Musikdidaktik – eine empirische Studie“ unter der Leitung von Anja Rosenbrock. Etwa 20 Studierende haben im Jahr 2011 die Fähigkeit zum bzw. die Selbstevaluation des autonomen Lernens von Schülern im Musikunterricht an Gymnasien untersucht. [Das] Forschungsvorhaben stützt sich zwar auf die Untersuchung Rosenbrocks, fügt sich jedoch nicht vollkommen darin ein. Nicht Schüler, sondern Lehrer bilden hier die Untersuchungsgruppe. Sie fanden in der Autonomieforschung bisher nur wenig Beachtung. Dabei weisen jüngere Untersuchungen auf die große Bedeutung der Lehrer für die Entfaltung autonomen Handelns seitens der Schüler hin. In einem leitfadengestützten Interview wurden die theoretischen Kenntnisse von Lehrern über Lernerautonomie, ihre unterrichtspraktischen Erfahrungen mit dessen Förderung im eigenen Musikunterricht sowie die persönliche Einstellung gegenüber dem Ansatz erhoben. Zwei zentrale Fragestellungen bestimmten die Auseinandersetzung: 1. „Über welche Vorstellungen von Lernerautonomie verfügen die Lehrer?“ 2. „Wie positionieren sich die Lehrer gegenüber Lernerautonomie und womit begründen sie die jeweiligen Haltungen?“ Damit werden einerseits die Lehrpersonen, die in ihrem Unterricht Lernerautonomie anbahnen, in den Fokus der Betrachtung gerückt, andererseits aber auch die Lernenden, als innerhalb einer solchen Unterrichts‐ bzw. Lernform Agierende, erfasst. (DIPF/Orig.)

Digital Forestry: A white paper

Digital Forestry has been proposed as “the science, technology, and art of systematically acquiring, integrating, analyzing, and applying digital information to support sustainable forests.” Although rooted in traditional forestry disciplines, Digital Forestry draws from a host of other fields that, in the past few decades, have become important for implementing the concept of forest ecosystem management and the principle of sustainable forestry. Digital Forestry is a framework that links all facets of forestry information at local, national, and global levels through an organized digital network. It is anticipated that a new set of principles will be established when practicing Digital Forestry concept for the evolution of forestry education, research, and practices as the 21st century unfolds.

[Book review] Reviews

Review of biography of Leonhard Euler - Andreas K Heyne and Alice P Heyne (text) and Elena S Pini (illustrations), Leonhard Euler: a man to be reckoned with, translated from the German by Alice P Heyne and Tahu Matheson, Birkhauser, 2007, 45 pp, £14.50, ISBN 3-7643-8332-9.

Controlling the agenda at WWF - the multinationals' network

This paper by CEO, PSIRU and PSI details the continuing influence of water multinationals on the World Water Forum and its agenda.

The UK WTC9/11 evacuation study: an overview of the methodologies employed and some preliminary analysis

This paper briefly describes the methodologies employed in the collection and storage of first-hand accounts of evacuation experiences derived from face-to-face interviews from evacuees from the World Trade Centre (WTC) Twin Towers complex on 11 Septebmer 2001 and the development of the High-rise Evacuation Evaluation Database (HEED). The main focus of the paper is to present a preliminary analysis of data derived from the evacuation of the North Tower.

Modelling pedestrian escalator behaviour

This paper presents an escalator model for use in circulation and evacuation analysis. As part of the model development, human factors data was collected from a Spanish underground station. The collected data relates to: escalator/stair choice, rider/walker preference, rider side preference, walker travel speeds and escalator flow rates. The dataset provides insight into pedestrian behaviour in utilising escalators and is a useful resource for both circulation and evacuation models. Based on insight derived from the dataset a detailed microscopic escalator model which incorporates person-person interactions has been developed. A range of demonstration evacuation scenarios are presented using the newly developed microscopic escalator model.

Scatman

Scatman, aka Andreas Grassl, knew no fear when it came to verbal acrobatics. Burn - A List of my Enemies, his column in his Bavarian High School newspaper, run for five consecutive years, hitting his targets with caustic wit and irony. The list of enemies ranged from Bavarian farms (compulsory normality) to television companies (the rule of mediocrity) to Paris Hilton (trivia domination). Before graduating from high school, Scatman finished his last column with the following sentence: ‘Please tell me, what am I supposed to conjure up as a grandiose finale for the end of this five-year series?’

RuhrCampusOnline: Hochschulübergreifendes E-Learning in der Universitätsallianz Metropole Ruhr

Das Projekt RuhrCampusOnline zielt darauf ab, hochschulübergreifende Lehre für die Partnerhochschulen der Universitätsallianz Metropole Ruhr (UAMR) auf der Basis von Blended-Learning-Arrangements zu implementieren. Der Beitrag stellt die strategische Bedeutung dieses Vorhabens für die Universitäten im Ruhrgebiet dar und beschreibt die Organisation und Vorgehensweise im Projekt. Ziel ist es, einen Pool von Kursen zu implementieren, die einen hohen Online-Anteil haben, und von Studierenden hochschulübergreifend genutzt werden. Über die Internet-Plattform RCO werden diese Kurse sichtbar gemacht, das Belegen der Veranstaltung realisiert und der Austausch von Leistungspunkten unterstützt. Der Beitrag stellt erste Erfahrungen nach einem Jahr Projektlaufzeit vor. (DIPF/ Orig.)

Phytoplankton change in the North Atlantic

A marked increase in global temperature over the last century was confirmed by the second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Here we report significant positive and negative linear trends from 1948 to 1995 in phytoplankton measured by the Continuous Plankton Recorder survey in the northeast Atlantic and North Sea that might reflect a response to changing climate on a timescale of decades. Spreading of unusually cold waters from the Arctic might have contributed to the decline in phytoplankton north of 59o N. Further south, phytoplankton season length and abundance seem to have increased.

Impacts of the Oceans on Climate Change

The oceans play a key role in climate regulation especially in part buffering (neutralising) the effects of increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and rising global temperatures. This chapter examines how the regulatory processes performed by the oceans alter as a response to climate change and assesses the extent to which positive feedbacks from the ocean may exacerbate climate change. There is clear evidence for rapid change in the oceans. As the main heat store for the world there has been an accelerating change in sea temperatures over the last few decades, which has contributed to rising sea‐level. The oceans are also the main store of carbon dioxide (CO2), and are estimated to have taken up ∼40% of anthropogenic-sourced CO2 from the atmosphere since the beginning of the industrial revolution. A proportion of the carbon uptake is exported via the four ocean ‘carbon pumps’ (Solubility, Biological, Continental Shelf and Carbonate Counter) to the deep ocean reservoir. Increases in sea temperature and changing planktonic systems and ocean currents may lead to a reduction in the uptake of CO2 by the ocean; some evidence suggests a suppression of parts of the marine carbon sink is already underway. While the oceans have buffered climate change through the uptake of CO2 produced by fossil fuel burning this has already had an impact on ocean chemistry through ocean acidification and will continue to do so. Feedbacks to climate change from acidification may result from expected impacts on marine organisms (especially corals and calcareous plankton), ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles. The polar regions of the world are showing the most rapid responses to climate change. As a result of a strong ice–ocean influence, small changes in temperature, salinity and ice cover may trigger large and sudden changes in regional climate with potential downstream feedbacks to the climate of the rest of the world. A warming Arctic Ocean may lead to further releases of the potent greenhouse gas methane from hydrates and permafrost. The Southern Ocean plays a critical role in driving, modifying and regulating global climate change via the carbon cycle and through its impact on adjacent Antarctica. The Antarctic Peninsula has shown some of the most rapid rises in atmospheric and oceanic temperature in the world, with an associated retreat of the majority of glaciers. Parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet are deflating rapidly, very likely due to a change in the flux of oceanic heat to the undersides of the floating ice shelves. The final section on modelling feedbacks from the ocean to climate change identifies limitations and priorities for model development and associated observations. Considering the importance of the oceans to climate change and our limited understanding of climate-related ocean processes, our ability to measure the changes that are taking place are conspicuously inadequate. The chapter highlights the need for a comprehensive, adequately funded and globally extensive ocean observing system to be implemented and sustained as a high priority. Unless feedbacks from the oceans to climate change are adequately included in climate change models, it is possible that the mitigation actions needed to stabilise CO2 and limit temperature rise over the next century will be underestimated.

Discovery of a SAR11 growth requirement for thiamin’s pyrimidine precursor and its distribution in the Sargasso Sea

Vitamin traffic, the production of organic growth factors by some microbial community members and their use by other taxa, is being scrutinized as a potential explanation for the variation and highly connected behavior observed in ocean plankton by community network analysis. Thiamin (vitamin B1), a cofactor in many essential biochemical reactions that modify carbon-carbon bonds of organic compounds, is distributed in complex patterns at subpicomolar concentrations in the marine surface layer (0-300 m). Sequenced genomes from organisms belonging to the abundant and ubiquitous SAR11 clade of marine chemoheterotrophic bacteria contain genes coding for a complete thiamin biosynthetic pathway, except for thiC, encoding the 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine (HMP) synthase, which is required for de novo synthesis of thiamin's pyrimidine moiety. Here we demonstrate that the SAR11 isolate 'Candidatus Pelagibacter ubique', strain HTCC1062, is auxotrophic for the thiamin precursor HMP, and cannot use exogenous thiamin for growth. In culture, strain HTCC1062 required 0.7 zeptomoles per cell (ca. 400 HMP molecules per cell). Measurements of dissolved HMP in the Sargasso Sea surface layer showed that HMP ranged from undetectable (detection limit: 2.4 pM) to 35.7 pM, with maximum concentrations coincident with the deep chlorophyll maximum. In culture, some marine cyanobacteria, microalgae and bacteria exuded HMP, and in the Western Sargasso Sea, HMP profiles changed between the morning and evening, suggesting a dynamic biological flux from producers to consumers.