Maximum principle, mean value operators and quasi boundedness in non-euclidean settings

This work deals with some classes of linear second order partial differential operators with non-negative characteristic form and underlying non- Euclidean structures. These structures are determined by families of locally Lipschitz-continuous vector fields in RN, generating metric spaces of Carnot- Carath´eodory type. The Carnot-Carath´eodory metric related to a family {Xj}j=1,...,m is the control distance obtained by minimizing the time needed to go from two points along piecewise trajectories of vector fields. We are mainly interested in the causes in which a Sobolev-type inequality holds with respect to the X-gradient, and/or the X-control distance is Doubling with respect to the Lebesgue measure in RN. This study is divided into three parts (each corresponding to a chapter), and the subject of each one is a class of operators that includes the class of the subsequent one. In the first chapter, after recalling “X-ellipticity” and related concepts introduced by Kogoj and Lanconelli in [KL00], we show a Maximum Principle for linear second order differential operators for which we only assume a Sobolev-type inequality together with a lower terms summability. Adding some crucial hypotheses on measure and on vector fields (Doubling property and Poincar´e inequality), we will be able to obtain some Liouville-type results. This chapter is based on the paper [GL03] by Guti´errez and Lanconelli. In the second chapter we treat some ultraparabolic equations on Lie groups. In this case RN is the support of a Lie group, and moreover we require that vector fields satisfy left invariance. After recalling some results of Cinti [Cin07] about this class of operators and associated potential theory, we prove a scalar convexity for mean-value operators of L-subharmonic functions, where L is our differential operator. In the third chapter we prove a necessary and sufficient condition of regularity, for boundary points, for Dirichlet problem on an open subset of RN related to sub-Laplacian. On a Carnot group we give the essential background for this type of operator, and introduce the notion of “quasi-boundedness”. Then we show the strict relationship between this notion, the fundamental solution of the given operator, and the regularity of the boundary points.

Untersuchungen zur Speicherung, Laserkühlung und Kristallisation von Ca+-Ionen in einer linearen Paulfalle

ZusammenfassungUntersuchungen zur Speicherung, Laserkühlung und Kristallisation von Ca+-Ionen in einer linearen PaulfalleIn dieser Arbeit wurden grundlegende Untersuchungen vonlasergekühlten Ionen in einer linearen Paulfalledurchgeführt. Diese können in drei Bereiche gegliedertwerden: Dynamik der Ionen in der linearen Paulfalle. Hierzuwurden Speicherbereich, parametrische Anregungen undSchwingungsfrequenzen der Ionen in der linearen Paulfalleauch hinsichtlich der Unterschiede zur traditionellendreidimensionalenuntersucht. Über die genaue Messung der Schwingungsfrequenzenkonnte der Abstand zweier Ionen in einem Kristall bis auf 10-4genau bestimmt werden. Diese Genauigkeit der Abstandsbestimmung ist notwendig, um theoretische Vorhersagen zu kooperativen Effektenüberprüfen zu können. Laserkühlung an einem 3-Niveau-SystemsHierzu wurden für Bereiche außerhalb des Lamb-Dicke Regimes Simulationen zur Laserkühlung an einem einzelnen Ion durchgeführt und soweit möglich experimentellüberprüft. Es wurden Kühlzeiten und Temperaturlimits für verschiedene Verstimmungen der Laser bestimmt.Diese stehen zum Teil im Widerspruch mit den bisherigen Annahmen.Die Kenntnis der Laserverstimmungen für die effektivste Lasekühlung sind notwendig, um bei weiterführenden Kühlmethoden eine hinreichendgute Vorkühlung erreichen zu können.Kristallstrukturen in der linearen Paulfalle.Hier wurden verschiedene theoretisch vorhergesagte Kristallstrukturen der Ionen bei abzählbaren Ionenanzahlenfür dreidimensionalen und quasi-zweidimensionaleSpeicherpotentiale mit experimentellen Werten verglichen. Dabei konnten Abweichungen zur Theoriefestgestellt werden. Ferner wurde die durchden Lichtdruck hervorgerufene Trennung von atomaren Zuständenin großen Ionenkristallen beobachtet.

Energy harvesting da trasduttori piezoelettrici mediante estrazione di carica quasi-sincrona

In questo documento è stata proposta una soluzione per l'estrazione di carica da un trasduttore piezoelettrico mediante un circuito di conversione quasi-sincrono. Il trasduttore piezoelettrico può essere considerato un ottimo dispositivo per convertire l’energia derivante dalle vibrazioni; la soluzione proposta di estrazione di carica in maniera quasi-sincrona permette un processo di energy harvesting con prestazioni nettamente migliori rispetto al caso di conversione sincrona per casi di trasduttori fortemente accoppiati.

Using national FADN database to describe Italian farms and arable fields. A comparison of sustainability level between organic versus conventional regimes.

The study defines a new farm classification and identifies the arable land management. These aspects and several indicators are taken into account to estimate the sustainability level of farms, for organic and conventional regimes. The data source is Italian Farm Account Data Network (RICA) for years 2007-2011, which samples structural and economical information. An environmental data has been added to the previous one to better describe the farm context. The new farm classification describes holding by general informations and farm structure. The general information are: adopted regime and farm location in terms of administrative region, slope and phyto-climatic zone. The farm structures describe the presence of main productive processes and land covers, which are recorded by FADN database. The farms, grouped by homogeneous farm structure or farm typology, are evaluated in terms of sustainability. The farm model MAD has been used to estimate a list of indicators. They describe especially environmental and economical areas of sustainability. Finally arable lands are taken into account to identify arable land managements and crop rotations. Each arable land has been classified by crop pattern. Then crop rotation management has been analysed by spatial and temporal approaches. The analysis reports a high variability inside regimes. The farm structure influences indicators level more than regimes, and it is not always possible to compare the two regimes. However some differences between organic and conventional agriculture have been found. Organic farm structures report different frequency and geographical location than conventional ones. Also different connections among arable lands and farm structures have been identified.

Estimation of Quasi-Rational DSGE Models

Small-scale dynamic stochastic general equilibrium have been treated as the benchmark of much of the monetary policy literature, given their ability to explain the impact of monetary policy on output, inflation and financial markets. One cause of the empirical failure of New Keynesian models is partially due to the Rational Expectations (RE) paradigm, which entails a tight structure on the dynamics of the system. Under this hypothesis, the agents are assumed to know the data genereting process. In this paper, we propose the econometric analysis of New Keynesian DSGE models under an alternative expectations generating paradigm, which can be regarded as an intermediate position between rational expectations and learning, nameley an adapted version of the "Quasi-Rational" Expectatations (QRE) hypothesis. Given the agents' statistical model, we build a pseudo-structural form from the baseline system of Euler equations, imposing that the length of the reduced form is the same as in the `best' statistical model.

Implementazione di un circuito estrattore di carica quasi-sincrono da trasduttori piezoelettrici

La tecnologia odierna, orientata sempre di più verso il “low-power”, ha permesso di poter sviluppare sistemi elettronici in grado di autoalimentarsi senza alcun bisogno di sorgenti di energia tradizionali. Questo è possibile, ad esempio, utilizzando trasduttori piezoelettrici, in grado di trasformare l’energia meccanica, provocata ad esempio da una vibrazione, in un’altra forma di energia che, in tal caso, risulta essere una grandezza elettrica. Il settore principale in cui viene impiegato questo componente è quello dell’Energy Harvesting, ovvero un campo dell’elettronica in cui si cerca di estrarre dall'ambiente circostante bassissime quantità di energia mediante tecniche opportune, cercando di ridurre i consumi dei circuiti di controllo annessi e renderli, in maggior parte, il più possibile autosufficienti. L’obiettivo è quello di implementare alcune tecniche di recupero dell’energia mediante circuiti gestiti a microcontrollore e valutare se tali metodiche portino a risultati accettabili in grado di soddisfare quelli che sono i requisiti che il mondo dell’Energy Harvesting richiede.

A Law and Economics Analysis of Trade Secrets: Optimal Scope of Law, Misappropriation and Alternative Damages Regimes

This thesis is primarily based on three core chapters, focused on the fundamental issues of trade secrets law. The goal of this thesis is to come up with policy recommendations to improve legal structure governing trade secrets. The focal points of this research are the following. What is the optimal scope of trade secrets law? How does it depend on the market characteristics such as degree of product differentiation between competing products? What factors need to be considered to balance the contradicting objectives of promoting innovation and knowledge diffusion? The second strand of this research focuses on the desirability of lost profits or unjust enrichment damage regimes in case of misappropriation of a trade secret. A comparison between these regimes is made and simple policy implications are extracted from the analysis. The last part of this research is an empirical analysis of a possible relationship between trade secrets sharing and misappropriation instances faced by firms.

Rhythms of anorexigenic neuropeptides in senegalese sole: Effects of light, feeding regimes and developmental stage.

Increasing knowledge on the endocrine mechanisms that regulate feeding and growth in cultured fish can contribute to make improvement in fish holding conditions and feeding strategies, supporting the development of new techniques that could ameliorate feeding, food conversion efficiency and growth in aquaculture practice. The main objective of this study was to investigate how daily mRNA expression of three specific anorexigenic hormones, i.e. the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and the paralogues α- and β- proopiomelanocortin (POMC), is modulated by different photoperiods, light spectra and feeding regimes, in both adult and larvae of Solea senegalensis. In addition, as Senegalese sole exhibits a shift from diurnal to nocturnal in locomotor activity and feeding habits during metamorphic process, we tried to elucidate if this shift is accompanied by relevant daily variations in the expression of these anorexigenic hormones before, during and after the completion of metamorphosis. In order to reach this main objective, three main experiments were developed. In a first experiment, adults were reared under LD (12 h light: 12h dark) cycle and fed at mid-light (ML), mid-dark (MD) and at random (RND). In a second experiment, adult specimens were reared in constant darkness (DD) and fed at subjective mid-light (sML) or at RND. Larvae of Senegalese sole were reared under LD cycle with white, blue or red light for 40 days. Our results show an independence of crh mRNA expression from the feeding time and suggest an endogenous control of crh expression in sole. Both pomc paralogues showed significant daily rhythms under LD conditions. The rhythms were maintained or were even more robust under DD conditions for pomc_a, but were completely abolished for pomc_b. Our results indicate an endogenous control of pomc_a expression by the molecular clock in telencephalon and diencephalon, but not in the pituitary gland. Our findings confirm for the first time the significant influence that ambient lighting has on larval growth and development in Senegalese sole, revealing an important effect of light spectra upon functional elements of this species. Our results also emphasize the importance of maintaining cycling light-dark conditions of the adequate wavelengths in aquaculture practices during early development of sole.

Social housing e sostenibilita. Progetto di un intervento di 24 alloggi ad energia quasi zero a Rovigo

L’oggetto di questa tesi di laurea è un intervento di recupero e riprogettazione di un edificio non completato, destinato a 24 alloggi di edilizia residenziale pubblica, situato a Rovigo. Questo è stato oggetto di una lunga ed articolata vicenda caratterizzata da continue interruzioni del cantiere, principalmente causate da una cattiva esecuzione dei lavori da parte dell’impresa costruttrice. Allo stato attuale è presente la sola struttura metallica assemblata sulle fondazioni in calcestruzzo armato; tutto il fabbricato risulta abbandonato e congelato da diversi anni dopo i primi collaudi che hanno stabilito la non idoneità del telaio in acciaio. L’obiettivo del progetto è dunque quello di recuperare le fondazioni esistenti e di riprogettare l’edificio in una chiave più attuale e sostenibile. E’ stato effettuato un sopralluogo per comprendere più da vicino le problematiche relative all’area di progetto, oltre ad un’attenta analisi delle documentazioni riguardanti il progetto originario in modo da correggere eventuali punti deboli. Le strategie non hanno tenuto conto dunque solamente di un’ottima efficienza energetica o di un’offerta di alloggi adeguata alla domanda della situazione abitativa attuale, ma anche di tutte le problematiche che sono derivate dalla cattiva gestione del progetto originario. Le scelte progettuali, infatti, sono state il risultato anche delle necessità di limitare tempi e costi di un intervento per il quale sono state sprecate fin troppe risorse, soprattutto economiche. La fase progettuale è stata affiancata dalla realizzazione di simulazioni effettuate tramite software di calcolo (Termolog EpiX 6 e DIALux evo) che hanno permesso di ottenere ottimi risultati per quanto riguarda prestazione energetica e comfort luminoso indoor.

Effects of photoperiod and feeding regimes on Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Agouti-related Protein (AgRP) expression in central areas of senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis

In the present study, we have tried to expand our knowledge about the endocrine mechanisms that regulate feeding and growth in cultured fish, which could be relevant for the improvement of fish farming conditions and feeding strategies. In order to reach this goal, we have investigated some orexigenic hormones, Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and the paralogues of Agouti-related protein, (AgRP1, AgRP2) in Solea senegalensis, an important species for Mediterranean aquaculture. We focused on hormones synchronization to different feeding regimes (diurnal vs nocturnal and random feeding) and photoperiod (light-dark cycle vs constant darkness). Therefore, the achieved results could also be relevant from a chronobiological perspective. Solea senegalensis specimen were reared in two different photoperiods, i.e.LD Light-Dark conditions as well as in DD conditions (constant darkness) along with different feeding regimes (fed at ML, Med and RND times), so to determine if mRNA expression of orexigenic hormones (NPY, AgRP1 and AgRP2) are entrained by feeding time and/or photoperiod. Our results show an independence of npy mRNA expression from the feeding time and suggest an endogenous control of npy expression in telencephalon of sole, while in optice tectum, npy expression could be entrained by the light-dark cycle. Our results on Senegalese sole AgRP1 and AgRP2 showed the same pattern of expression, indicating that expression of AgRPs is related to photoperiod in optic tectum, instead to feeding time. However the involvement of AgRP1 and AgRP2 in feeding behaviour should not be discarded in sole, as further research will be carried out with specimens maintained under different fasting conditions. our results reinforce the role of the telencephalon as the main neural area involved in the neuroendocrine control of food intake in fish, where endogenous NPY rhythms have been found, while diencephalon statistical variations weren’t observed suggesting that this brain area could be less involved in the neuroendocrine control of food intake in fish than previously thought.

Applicazioni dei fasci quasi-monocromatici in medicina

I raggi X, a partire dalla loro scoperta, avvenuta nel 1895 ad opera di Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, si sono rivelati un potentissimo mezzo per lo studio della materia. In particolare in campo medico hanno permesso la nascita della diagnostica per immagini che, parallelamente allo sviluppo delle tecnologie, è diventata un mezzo imprescindibile per lo studio delle patologie. Negli ultimi decenni molti studi sono stati compiuti in particolare sui vantaggi dell’utilizzo nell’imaging di raggi X monocromatici in sostituzione dell’usuale radiazione policromatica. Con il seguente elaborato si ha l’intento di fornire un quadro generale sulla fisica dei raggi X, sulla loro interazione con la materia e sugli attuali metodi di produzione di fasci monocromatici e quasi-monocromatici, con particolare attenzione all'utilizzo su vasta scala. Sono state infine trattate le principali applicazioni della radiazione monocromatica e quasi-monocromatica nelle tecniche di imaging medico.