Dos libros necesarios en torno a la teoría y la práctica de la conquista de la evangelización en América

Introducción Agradecemos desde luego al Consejo de Redacción de la Revista de Historia el ofrecernos sus paginas para comentar dos importantes trabajos de Fernardo Mires relativos a la teoría y practica de la conquista y de la evangelización colonial en América: En nombre de la Cruz, Discusiones teológicas y políticas frente al holocausto de los indios (periodo de conquista) y La colonización de las almas. Ambos libros aparecen en el momento preciso en que diversos gobiernos e instituciones se aprestan a  celebrar dentro de 4 años el  5 Centenario del Descubrimiento de América. Fernardo Mires, entonces, ofrece sus trabajos como un aporte encaminado a una reflexión en torno a este hecho histórico y a sus consecuencias, que revisten como se sabe, una importancia de primer orden en la historia de la humanidad moderna y contemporánea.

Fragmentos inéditos sobre los indios de Tucurrique en 1591: una fuente valiosa par el estudio de la Historia Colonial de Costa Rica

Introducción El estudio de la dinámica social de los cacicazgos costarricenses y su desestructuración como consecuencia de la conquista española se ve muchas veces obstaculizado por la escasa información disponible. Las fuentes escritas primarias son relativamente pocas y se  encuentran en su mayoría publicadas en colecciones de documentos, lo que ha representado una valiosa ayuda a los estudiosos del periodo. Sin embargo, siempre quedan lagunas de información sobre temas específicos que son esenciales para el investigador. Por eso el descubrimiento de datos que nos e conocían ni se habían publicado constituye un feliz y  afortunado acontecimiento. Tal  es la situación que hoy nos motiva a incluir  en estas páginas algunos fragmentos inéditos de un  documento fundamental par el estudio de las sociedades indígenas costarricenses del Valle Central a finales  del siglo XV.

Conquista, colonización y resistencia indígena en Costa Rica

Introducciónla llegada de los europeos al continente americano causó gran impacto en las poblaciones indígenas, baste señañar el solo efecto que produjeron las enfermedades de origen europeo, desconocidas para los autóctonos americanos. entre los continentes de Europa, Asia y África, ya se había producido una "uniformidad microbiana", (debido a la existencia de contactos directos e indirectos), lo que llevó a que los habitantes de estos continentes desarrollaran inmunidad para resistir las enfermedades del Viejo Mundo. Por el contrario, América había quedado aislada desde las últimas oleadas migratorias de Asia a América, alrededor de 12.000 o más años atrás y en consecuencia al momento del descubrimiento las poblaciones americanas carecían de inmunidad biológica para enfrentar las enfermedades procedentes de Europa

Comentario del libro Bartolomé de las Casas ante la conquista de América, de Juan Durán Luzio

IntroducciónDecir que un texto es el resultado de múltiples diálogos con otros textos, suena por de más evidente. El libro de Juan Durán establece relaciones dialógicas entre numerosas obras: Las Casas, Tomás Moro, Jeremías, Nontaigne, Ernesto Cardenal, y una gran cantidad de textos y autores citados en las notas. A su vez, quien suscribe, aspira a entablar un diálogo con este libro polifónico, para subrayar una de las dimensiones de los textos lascasianos señala reiteradas veces, aunq de paso, por el libro de Juan Durán: su condición de texto que busca persuadir, convencer, para hacer...

La conquista de Mesoamérica desde la perspectiva de una teoría mundial

ResumenEl autor trata de aplicar el modelo teórico denominado “el sistema mundial”, al caso de la conquista de Mesoamérica, con el propósito de mostrar como ilumina varios aspectos de ese proceso que todavía permanecen ocultos.AbstractThe author seeks to apply the theoretical model of the “Word system” to the conquest of Mesoamerica, so as to clarify various obscure aspects of this process.

La comunidad recreada: respuestas de los indios de Chiapas a la conquista

ResumenEn pocas ocasiones  las condiciones de vida, impuestas a los nativos por el régimen colonial y neocolonial han sido tan difíciles como en Chiapas. Pero también sobresalen la tenacidad y la ingeniosidad de los indígenas chiapanecos en su esfuerzo para salvaguardar su identidad.AbstractIn few parts of Mexico have living conditions imposed upon the natives by the colonial and neo-colonial regime been as harsh as in Chiapas. But the Indians of Chiapas are also extremely persistent and ingenious in their efforts to safeguard their cultural identity.

Ginastica artistica feminina e historia oral : a formação desportiva de ginastas brasileiras participantes de jogos olimpicos (1980-2004)

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

A historia da ginastica ritmica em Campinas

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Escola Nacional de Educação Fisica e Desportos : uma possivel historia

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Per capita versus adult-equivalent estimates of calorie availability in household budget surveys

This study aims to estimate an adult-equivalent scale for calorie requirements and to determine the differences between adult-equivalent and per capita measurements of calorie availability in the Brazilian population. The study used data from the 2002-2003 Brazilian Household Budget Survey. The calorie requirement for a reference adult individual was based on the mean requirements for adult males and females (2,550kcal/day). The conversion factors were defined as the ratios between the calorie requirements for each age group and gender and that of the reference adult. The adult-equivalent calorie availability levels were higher than the per capita levels, with the largest differences in rural and low-income households. Differences in household calorie availability varied from 22kcal/day (households with adults and an adolescent) to 428kcal/day (households with elderly individuals), thus showing that per capital measurements can underestimate the real calorie availability, since they overlook differences in household composition.

Bone Marrow Concentrate and Bovine Bone Mineral for Sinus Floor Augmentation: A Controlled, Randomized, Single-Blinded Clinical and Histological Trial-Per-Protocol Analysis

Purpose: The purpose of this work was to evaluate the potential of substituting autogenous bone (AB) by bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC). Both AB and BMAC were tested in combination with a bovine bone mineral (BBM) for their ability of new bone formation (NBF) in a multicentric, randomized, controlled, clinical and histological noninferiority trial. Materials and Methods: Forty-five severely atrophied maxillary sinus from 26 patients were evaluated in a partial cross-over design. As test arm, 34 sinus of 25 patients were augmented with BBM and BMAC containing mesenchymal stem cells. Eleven control sinus from 11 patients were augmented with a mixture of 70% BBM and 30% AB. Biopsies were obtained after a 3-4-month healing period at time of implant placement and histomorphometrically analyzed for NBF. Results: NBF was 14.3%+/- 1.8% for the control and nonsignificantly lower (12.6%+/- 1.7%) for the test (90% confidence interval: -4.6 to 1.2). Values for BBM (31.3%+/- 2.7%) were significantly higher for the test compared with control (19.3%+/- 2.5%) (p < 0.0001). Nonmineralized tissue was lower by 3.3% in the test compared with control (57.6%; p = 0.137). Conclusions: NBF after 3-4 months is equivalent in sinus, augmented with BMAC and BBM or a mixture of AB and BBM. This technique could be an alternative for using autografts to stimulate bone formation.

AnSBBR Applied to a Personal Care Industry Wastewater Treatment: Effects of Fill Time, Volume Treated Per Cycle, and Organic Load

A study was performed regarding the effect of the relation between fill time, volume treated per cycle, and influent concentration at different applied organic loadings on the stability and efficiency of an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor containing immobilized biomass on polyurethane foam with recirculation of the liquid phase (AnSBBR) applied to the treatment of wastewater from a personal care industry. Total cycle length of the reactor was 8 h (480 min). Fill times were 10 min in the batch operation, 4 h in the fed-batch operation, and a 10-min batch followed by a 4-h fed batch in the mixed operation. Settling time was not necessary since the biomass was immobilized and decant time was 10 min. Volume of liquid medium in the reactor was 2.5 L, whereas volume treated per cycle ranged from 0.88 to 2.5 L in accordance with fill time. Influent concentration varied from 300 to 1,425 mg COD/L, resulting in an applied volumetric organic load of 0.9 and 1.5 g COD/L.d. Recirculation flow rate was 20 L/h, and the reactor was maintained at 30 A degrees C. Values of organic matter removal efficiency of filtered effluent samples were below 71% in the batch operations and above 74% in the operations of fed batch followed by batch. Feeding wastewater during part of the operational cycle was beneficial to the system, as it resulted in indirect control over the conversion of substrate into intermediates that would negatively interfere with the biochemical reactions regarding the degradation of organic matter. As a result, the average substrate consumption increased, leading to higher organic removal efficiencies in the fed-batch operations.

Chronic hyperhomocysteinemia impairs vascular function in ovariectomized rat carotid arteries

Homocysteine is an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease, as well as for cerebrovascular and peripheral vascular diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) on vascular reactivity within carotid artery segments isolated from ovariectomized female rats. Treatment with dl-Hcy thiolactone (1 g/kg body weight per day) reduced the phenylephrine-induced contraction of denuded rings. However, the treatment did not alter KCl-induced contractions, or relaxations induced by sodium nitroprusside or acetylcholine. We report elevated expressions of iNOS, eNOS, and nitrotyrosine in homocysteine-treated rat artery sections. Moreover, the inhibition of NOS by l-NAME, 1,400 W, or l-NNA restored phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction in carotid artery segments from Hcy-treated rats. In conclusion, our findings show that severe HHCy can promote an acute decrease in the endothelium-independent contractile responses of carotid arteries to adrenergic agonists. This effect was restored by nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, which further supports the involvement of nitric oxide in HHcy-derived vascular dysfunction.

Contractile activity per se induces transcriptional activation of SLC2A4 gene in soleus muscle: involvement of MEF2D, HIF-1a, and TR alpha transcriptional factors

Lima GA, Anhe GF, Giannocco G, Nunes MT, Correa-Giannella ML, Machado UF. Contractile activity per se induces transcriptional activation of SLC2A4 gene in soleus muscle: involvement of MEF2D, HIF-1a, and TR alpha transcriptional factors. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 296: E132-E138, 2009. First published October 28, 2008; doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.90548.2008.-Skeletal muscle is a target tissue for approaches that can improve insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant states. In muscles, glucose uptake is performed by the GLUT-4 protein, which is encoded by the SLC2A4 gene. SLC2A4 gene expression increases in response to conditions that improve insulin sensitivity, including chronic exercise. However, since chronic exercise improves insulin sensitivity, the increased SLC2A4 gene expression could not be clearly attributed to the muscle contractile activity per se and/or to the improved insulin sensitivity. The present study was designed to investigate the role of contractile activity per se in the regulation of SLC2A4 gene expression as well as in the participation of the transcriptional factors myocyte enhancer factor 2D (MEF2D), hypoxia inducible factor 1a (HIF-1a), and thyroid hormone receptor-alpha (TR alpha). The performed in vitro protocol excluded the interference of metabolic, hormonal, and neural effects. The results showed that, in response to 10 min of electrically induced contraction of soleus muscle, an early 40% increase in GLUT-4 mRNA (30 min) occurred, with a subsequent 65% increase (120 min) in GLUT-4 protein content. EMSA and supershift assays revealed that the stimulus rapidly increased the binding activity of MEF2D, HIF-1a, and TR alpha into the SLC2A4 gene promoter. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay confirmed, in native nucleosome, that contraction induced an approximate fourfold (P < 0.01) increase in MEF2D and HIF-1a-binding activity. In conclusion, muscle contraction per se enhances SLC2A4 gene expression and that involves MEF2D, HIF-1a, and TR alpha transcription factor activation. This finding reinforces the importance of physical activity to improve glycemic homeostasis independently of other additional insulin sensitizer approaches.

Historia Nova do Brasil: revisiting a polemical work

This article discusses the texts and purposes of the Historia Nova do Brasil series, a joint production of the Ministerio da Educacao e Cultura and the Instituto Superior de Estudos Brasileiros (Iseb) launched in 1964 and soon aborted by the military dictatorship. The intent is to reconstitute its context to present the many influences on this project and to examine its impact and the debates and disputes that resulted, to try to recover the details of this important effort at renewing the teaching of history in Brazil.