Zinc regeneration in rechargeable zinc-air fuel cells:a review

Zinc-air fuel cells (ZAFCs) present a promising energy source with a competing potential with the lithium-ion battery and even with proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) for applications in next generation electrified transport and energy storage. The regeneration of zinc is essential for developing the next-generation, i.e., electrochemically rechargeable ZAFCs. This review aims to provide a comprehensive view on both theoretical and industrial platforms already built hitherto, with focus on electrode materials, electrode and electrolyte additives, solution chemistry, zinc deposition reaction mechanisms and kinetics, and electrochemical zinc regeneration systems. The related technological challenges and their possible solutions are described and discussed. A summary of important R&D patents published within the recent 10 years is also presented.

Using Coding to Improve Localization and Backscatter Communication Performance in Low-Power Sensor Networks

Backscatter communication is an emerging wireless technology that recently has gained an increase in attention from both academic and industry circles. The key innovation of the technology is the ability of ultra-low power devices to utilize nearby existing radio signals to communicate. As there is no need to generate their own energetic radio signal, the devices can benefit from a simple design, are very inexpensive and are extremely energy efficient compared with traditional wireless communication. These benefits have made backscatter communication a desirable candidate for distributed wireless sensor network applications with energy constraints.

The backscatter channel presents a unique set of challenges. Unlike a conventional one-way communication (in which the information source is also the energy source), the backscatter channel experiences strong self-interference and spread Doppler clutter that mask the information-bearing (modulated) signal scattered from the device. Both of these sources of interference arise from the scattering of the transmitted signal off of objects, both stationary and moving, in the environment. Additionally, the measurement of the location of the backscatter device is negatively affected by both the clutter and the modulation of the signal return.

This work proposes a channel coding framework for the backscatter channel consisting of a bi-static transmitter/receiver pair and a quasi-cooperative transponder. It proposes to use run-length limited coding to mitigate the background self-interference and spread-Doppler clutter with only a small decrease in communication rate. The proposed method applies to both binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) and quadrature-amplitude modulation (QAM) scheme and provides an increase in rate by up to a factor of two compared with previous methods.

Additionally, this work analyzes the use of frequency modulation and bi-phase waveform coding for the transmitted (interrogating) waveform for high precision range estimation of the transponder location. Compared to previous methods, optimal lower range sidelobes are achieved. Moreover, since both the transmitted (interrogating) waveform coding and transponder communication coding result in instantaneous phase modulation of the signal, cross-interference between localization and communication tasks exists. Phase discriminating algorithm is proposed to make it possible to separate the waveform coding from the communication coding, upon reception, and achieve localization with increased signal energy by up to 3 dB compared with previous reported results.

The joint communication-localization framework also enables a low-complexity receiver design because the same radio is used both for localization and communication.

Simulations comparing the performance of different codes corroborate the theoretical results and offer possible trade-off between information rate and clutter mitigation as well as a trade-off between choice of waveform-channel coding pairs. Experimental results from a brass-board microwave system in an indoor environment are also presented and discussed.

The effect of gestational and lactational age on the human milk metabolome

Human milk is the ideal nutrition source for healthy infants during the first six months of life and a detailed characterisation of the composition of milk from mothers that deliver prematurely (<37 weeks gestation), and of how human milk changes during lactation, would benefit our understanding of the nutritional requirements of premature infants. Individual milk samples from mothers delivering prematurely and at term were collected. The human milk metabolome, established by (NMR) spectroscopy, was influenced by gestational and lactation age. Metabolite profiling identified that levels of valine, leucine, betaine, and creatinine were increased in colostrum from term mothers compared with mature milk, while those of glutamate, caprylate, and caprate were increased in mature term milk compared with colostrum. Levels of oligosaccharides, citrate, and creatinine were increased in pre-term colostrum, while those of caprylate, caprate, valine, leucine, glutamate, and pantothenate increased with time postpartum. There were differences between pre-term and full-term milk in the levels of carnitine, caprylate, caprate, pantothenate, urea, lactose, oligosaccharides, citrate, phosphocholine, choline, and formate. These findings suggest that the metabolome of pre-term milk changes within 5-7 weeks postpartum to resemble that of term milk, independent of time of gestation at pre-mature delivery.

Investigation of Performance Enhancements for a Liquid-Desiccant Solar Air-Conditioner

Thermally driven liquid-desiccant air-conditioners (LDAC) are a proven but still developing technology. LDACs can use a solar thermal system to reduce the operational cost and environmental impact of the system by reducing the amount of fuel (e.g. natural gas, propane, etc.) used to drive the system. LDACs also have a key benefit of being able to store energy in the form of concentrated desiccant storage. TRNSYS simulations were used to evaluate several different methods of improving the thermal and electrical coefficients of performance (COPt and COPe) and the solar fraction (SF) of a LDAC. The study analyzed a typical June to August cooling season in Toronto, Ontario. Utilizing properly sized, high-efficiency pumps increased the COPe to 3.67, an improvement of 55%. A new design, featuring a heat recovery ventilator on the scavenging-airstream and an energy recovery ventilator on the process-airstream, increased the COPt to 0.58, an improvement of 32%. This also improved the SF slightly to 54%, an increase of 8%. A new TRNSYS TYPE was created to model a stratified desiccant storage tank. Different volumes of desiccant were tested with a range of solar array system sizes. The largest storage tank coupled with the largest solar thermal array showed improvements of 64% in SF, increasing the value to 82%. The COPe was also improved by 17% and the COPt by 9%. When combining the heat recovery systems and the desiccant storage systems, the simulation results showed a 78% increase in COPe and 30% increase in COPt. A 77% improvement in SF and a 17% increase in total cooling rate were also predicted by the simulation. The total thermal energy consumed was 10% lower and the electrical consumption was 34% lower. The amount of non-renewable energy needed from the natural gas boiler was 77% lower. Comparisons were also made between LDACs and vapour-compression (VC) systems. Dependent on set-up, LDACs provided higher latent cooling rates and reduced electrical power consumption. Negatively, a thermal input was required for the LDAC systems but not for the VC systems.

Design and implementation of generalized topologies of time-interleaved variable bandpass Σ−Δ modulators

In this thesis, novel analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog generalized time-interleaved variable bandpass sigma-delta modulators are designed, analysed, evaluated and implemented that are suitable for high performance data conversion for a broad-spectrum of applications. These generalized time-interleaved variable bandpass sigma-delta modulators can perform noise-shaping for any centre frequency from DC to Nyquist. The proposed topologies are well-suited for Butterworth, Chebyshev, inverse-Chebyshev and elliptical filters, where designers have the flexibility of specifying the centre frequency, bandwidth as well as the passband and stopband attenuation parameters. The application of the time-interleaving approach, in combination with these bandpass loop-filters, not only overcomes the limitations that are associated with conventional and mid-band resonator-based bandpass sigma-delta modulators, but also offers an elegant means to increase the conversion bandwidth, thereby relaxing the need to use faster or higher-order sigma-delta modulators. A step-by-step design technique has been developed for the design of time-interleaved variable bandpass sigma-delta modulators. Using this technique, an assortment of lower- and higher-order single- and multi-path generalized A/D variable bandpass sigma-delta modulators were designed, evaluated and compared in terms of their signal-to-noise ratios, hardware complexity, stability, tonality and sensitivity for ideal and non-ideal topologies. Extensive behavioural-level simulations verified that one of the proposed topologies not only used fewer coefficients but also exhibited greater robustness to non-idealties. Furthermore, second-, fourth- and sixth-order single- and multi-path digital variable bandpass digital sigma-delta modulators are designed using this technique. The mathematical modelling and evaluation of tones caused by the finite wordlengths of these digital multi-path sigmadelta modulators, when excited by sinusoidal input signals, are also derived from first principles and verified using simulation and experimental results. The fourth-order digital variable-band sigma-delta modulator topologies are implemented in VHDL and synthesized on Xilinx® SpartanTM-3 Development Kit using fixed-point arithmetic. Circuit outputs were taken via RS232 connection provided on the FPGA board and evaluated using MATLAB routines developed by the author. These routines included the decimation process as well. The experiments undertaken by the author further validated the design methodology presented in the work. In addition, a novel tunable and reconfigurable second-order variable bandpass sigma-delta modulator has been designed and evaluated at the behavioural-level. This topology offers a flexible set of choices for designers and can operate either in single- or dual-mode enabling multi-band implementations on a single digital variable bandpass sigma-delta modulator. This work is also supported by a novel user-friendly design and evaluation tool that has been developed in MATLAB/Simulink that can speed-up the design, evaluation and comparison of analog and digital single-stage and time-interleaved variable bandpass sigma-delta modulators. This tool enables the user to specify the conversion type, topology, loop-filter type, path number and oversampling ratio.

Stratégie d'amélioration de la résistance mécanique des zones de connecteurs

Le bois subit une demande croissante comme matériau de construction dans les bâtiments de grandes dimensions. Ses qualités de matériau renouvelable et esthétique le rendent attrayant pour les architectes. Lorsque comparé à des produits fonctionnellement équivalents, il apparait que le bois permet de réduire la consommation d’énergie non-renouvelable. Sa transformation nécessite une quantité d’énergie inférieure que l’acier et le béton. Par ailleurs, par son origine biologique, une structure en bois permet de stocker du carbone biogénique pour la durée de vie du bâtiment. Maintenant permis jusqu’à six étages de hauteur au Canada, les bâtiments de grande taille en bois relèvent des défis de conception. Lors du dimensionnement des structures, les zones des connecteurs sont souvent les points critiques. Effectivement, les contraintes y sont maximales. Les structures peuvent alors apparaitre massives et diminuer l’innovation architecturale. De nouvelles stratégies doivent donc être développées afin d’améliorer la résistance mécanique dans les zones de connecteurs. Différents travaux ont récemment porté sur la création ou l’amélioration de types d’assemblage. Dans cette étude, l’accent est mis sur le renforcement du bois utilisé dans la région de connexion. L’imprégnation a été choisie comme solution de renfort puisque la littérature démontre qu’il est possible d’augmenter la dureté du bois avec cette technique. L’utilisation de cette stratégie de renfort sur l’épinette noire (Picea Mariana (Mill.) BSP) pour une application structurale est l’élément de nouveauté dans cette recherche. À défaut d’effectuer une imprégnation jusqu’au coeur des pièces, l’essence peu perméable de bois employée favorise la création d’une mince couche en surface traitée sans avoir à utiliser une quantité importante de produits chimiques. L’agent d’imprégnation est composé de 1,6 hexanediol diacrylate, de triméthylopropane tricacrylate et d’un oligomère de polyester acrylate. Une deuxième formulation contenant des nanoparticules de SiO2 a permis de vérifier l’effet des nanoparticules sur l’augmentation de la résistance mécanique du bois. Ainsi, dans ce projet, un procédé d’imprégnation vide-pression a servi à modifier un nouveau matériau à base de bois permettant des assemblages plus résistants mécaniquement. Le test de portance locale à l’enfoncement parallèle au fil d’un connecteur de type tige a été réalisé afin de déterminer l’apport du traitement sur le bois utilisé comme élément de connexion. L’effet d’échelle a été observé par la réalisation du test avec trois diamètres de boulons différents (9,525 mm, 12,700 mm et 15,875 mm). En outre, le test a été effectué selon un chargement perpendiculaire au fil pour le boulon de moyen diamètre (12,700 mm). La corrélation d’images numériques a été utilisée comme outil d’analyse de la répartition des contraintes dans le bois. Les résultats ont démontré une portance du bois plus élevée suite au traitement. Par ailleurs, l’efficacité est croissante lorsque le diamètre du boulon diminue. C’est un produit avec une valeur caractéristique de la portance locale parallèle au fil de 79% supérieure qui a été créé dans le cas du test avec le boulon de 9,525 mm. La raideur du bois a subi une augmentation avoisinant les 30%. Suite au traitement, la présence d’une rupture par fissuration est moins fréquente. Les contraintes se distribuent plus largement autour de la région de connexion. Le traitement n’a pas produit d’effet significatif sur la résistance mécanique de l’assemblage dans le cas d’un enfoncement du boulon perpendiculairement au fil du bois. De même, l’effet des nanoparticules en solution n’est pas ressorti significatif. Malgré une pénétration très faible du liquide à l’intérieur du bois, la couche densifiée en surface créée suite au traitement est suffisante pour produire un nouveau matériau plus résistant dans les zones de connexion. Le renfort du bois dans la région des connecteurs doit influencer le dimensionnement des structures de grande taille. Avec des éléments de connexion renforcés, il sera possible d’allonger les portées des poutres, multipliant ainsi les possibilités architecturales. Le renfort pourra aussi permettre de réduire les sections des poutres et d’utiliser une quantité moindre de bois dans un bâtiment. Cela engendrera des coûts de transport et des coûts reliés au temps d’assemblage réduits. De plus, un connecteur plus résistant permettra d’être utilisé en moins grande quantité dans un assemblage. Les coûts d’approvisionnement en éléments métalliques et le temps de pose sur le site pourront être revus à la baisse. Les avantages d’un nouveau matériau à base de bois plus performant utilisé dans les connexions permettront de promouvoir le bois dans les constructions de grande taille et de réduire l’impact environnemental des bâtiments.

Properties of a composite material with mixed imperfect contact conditions

We present an analytical solution of a mixed boundary value problem for an unbounded 2D doubly periodic domain which is a model of a composite material with mixed imperfect interface conditions. We find the effective conductivity of the composite material with mixed imperfect interface conditions, and also give numerical analysis of several of their properties such as temperature and flux.

Projeto de reabilitação energética de piscinas interiores

O presente relatório de projeto explicita as etapas da elaboração e os resultados obtidos através da realização de um projeto de reabilitação energética de um complexo de piscinas interiores. Esta reabilitação energética tem por objetivo a redução dos custos energéticos através da subtração de consumos supérfluos de energia ou da melhoria da eficiência energética dos equipamentos. Para alcançar estes objetivos recorreu-se à simulação dinâmica do edifício de modo a estimar múltiplas variáveis energéticas e identificar quais os setores e equipamentos que maior influência têm no consumo energético do complexo em estudo. Para a realização da simulação, recorreu-se a um software desenvolvido pelo DOE dos Estados Unidos da América, o Energy Plus, com o auxílio do Design Builder, que permite a criação e edição do modelo de forma mais fácil e acessível. Os valores retirados da simulação foram posteriormente comparados com valores reais. Com o complexo caraterizado e os principais consumidores identificados foi possível iniciar o estudo das medidas de melhoria da eficiência energética. As principais medidas estudadas incidiram na instalação de coberturas isotérmicas nas piscinas para reduzir a perda de energia através da evaporação e da radiação, a introdução de fontes de energia renovável como alternativa energética, substituição de elementos do sistema de iluminação e o aproveitamento de energia dissipada em equipamentos. Com este estudo, a entidade gestora do complexo encontra-se mais informada e pronta a tomar decisões que influenciem de forma significativa o consumo de energia no complexo, podendo optar pela instalação de alguma das medidas propostas.

A simple but efficient voice activity detection algorithm through Hilbert transform and dynamic threshold for speech pathologies

A simple but efficient voice activity detector based on the Hilbert transform and a dynamic threshold is presented to be used on the pre-processing of audio signals -- The algorithm to define the dynamic threshold is a modification of a convex combination found in literature -- This scheme allows the detection of prosodic and silence segments on a speech in presence of non-ideal conditions like a spectral overlapped noise -- The present work shows preliminary results over a database built with some political speech -- The tests were performed adding artificial noise to natural noises over the audio signals, and some algorithms are compared -- Results will be extrapolated to the field of adaptive filtering on monophonic signals and the analysis of speech pathologies on futures works

O potencial energético do gradiente térmico na plataforma continental do sul do brasil

O crescimento da demanda energética, prevista para a metade do século XXI, com números embasados no crescimento demográfico e de consumo dos países em desenvol- vimento, sugere a busca por fontes energéticas renováveis e de menor impacto ao meio ambiente, conforme os tratados da política internacional. Portanto, o fornecimento de energia suplementar se torna vital nas sociedades modernas e sua extensão até o mar tem se constituído uma recente preocupação do ponto de vista enérgico e ecológico. Várias formas de conversão de energia foram desenvolvidas no decorrer dos anos, com destaque para a energia dos gradientes térmicos. A Plataforma Continental Sul do Bra- sil (PSCB) possui alta variabilidade espacial e temporal nos campos de temperatura, de forma que existe a necessidade de uma análise das regiões de maior potencial energético com respeito ao gradiente vertical de temperatura. Neste estudo, foram utilizados dados do modelo OCCAM com uma grade de resolu- ção horizontal de 0, 25o e resolução vertical de 66 níveis, distribuídos ao longo de um sistema de coordenadas vertical. Foram utilizadas imagens de temperatura superfícial do mar (TSM) obtidas a partir do sensor AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Ra- diometer) de forma a realizar a validação dos dados do modelo OCCAM. A análise da média dos dados do modelo indicou um sítio energético de maior viabilidade devido oC ao padrão médio do gradiente térmico de aproximadamente 0, 17 ao longo da coluna vertical (545 m de profundidade) no oceano. Neste local, foram coletados os dados, e aplicados a um módulo de conversão de energia térmica dos oceanos que vem sendo desenvolvido na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG. A região de estudo de- monstrou possuir um local com ótimo potencial energético, onde a produção máxima de energia pode alcançar 111, 9MW , associada com um padrão variabilidade tempo- ral dominante de 12 meses. Este sítio energético demonstra maior eficiência durante o período de verão e outono ao longo dos anos e sua média para todo o período é de 94, 3MW . Neste estudo, duas correntes: Corrente do Brasil (CB) e a Contra Corrente Costeira (CCC), com águas de origem tropical e subantártica com aportes continentais, respecti- vamente, tem alta correlação com os valores dos gradientes térmicos e com os significa- tivos eventos de conversão energética. O sítio energético demonstrou alta estabilidade à sazonalidade e à gama de eventos meteorológicos e oceanográficos, de forma que pode ser qualificado como uma fonte suplementar a matriz energética do país para um futuro próximo.

Interaction between wind waves and swell in the Persian Gulf

The effect of swell on wind wave growth has been a topic of active research for many years with inconsistent results. The details are often contradictory among investigations. Further more, there remain a variety of competing theories to explain these phenomena. In this research, we consider waves and wind and temperature data in the Persian Gulf (Busher region) in years 1995, 1996 and 1999. This study provides estimations of wave conditions and the atmosphere stability that has an influence on wind wave. Results are also compared with data that have been recorded by a buoy in Caspian Sea (Neka region) during 1989. In the second part of this work we estimate non- dimensional energy and non-dimensional peak frequencies as a function of the non- dimensional fetch and Bulk Richardson numbers for the Persian Gulf (Busher region).This results also agree well with similar results for the Caspian Sea. The acquired relations can be used to compute the wind wave parameters. Also the results for the Persian Gulf show that the relationship of non-dimensional energy to as a function of wave age is independent of presence of swell. Finally the WAM model was run for the Persian Gulf during 3-8 September of 2002. The results show that swell on the Persian Gulf reduces the energy density of wind waves by up to 10%, but the growth rate at peak frequency is only reduced by up to 4%, and the spectral peak frequency is increased by only 1%.

Avaliação do potencial passível de conversão em energia elétrica das correntes na plataforma continental sul brasileira

O contínuo crescimento da população mundial aumenta a demanda e a competição por energia, colocando grande esforço sobre as fontes de energia não renováveis existentes. Devido a isso, políticas globais para geração de energias renováveis e menos poluentes estão sendo fortalecidas, além de promoverem o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias. Várias formas de conversão de energia foram desenvolvidas no decorrer dos anos, com destaque para os conversores de energia das correntes a base de turbinas, que demonstram alta capacidade de conversão energética e já se encontram em funcionamento. O modelo tridimensional TELEMAC3D foi utilizado para a investigação dos processos hidrodinâmicos. Este modelo foi acoplado ao módulo de conversão de energia para as análises nos locais de maior viabilidade e conversão energética na Plataforma Continental do Sul do Brasil. A região de estudo demonstrou possuir duas regiões com alto potencial para a exploração da energias das correntes marinhas, entretanto a região mais viável para a instalação de conversores de corrente é a região norte delimitada entre o Farol da Conceição e o Farol da Solidão, podendo atingir potência média de 10kW=Dia, e alcançando valores integrados de 3:5MW=Ano. Através de uma análise da sazonalidade foram observados, durante a primavera os períodos mais energéticos em ambas as regiões estudadas. As maiores intensidades de conversão de energia foram estimadas com variabilidade temporal de 16 dias, demonstrando alta correlação com eventos associados à passagem de frentes meteorológicas na região. O sítio da região norte, com a presença de barreiras que representam a forma dos conversores, se destaca mantendo boa conversão durante os eventos de ótimo potencial energético. Esta melhora se deve ao efeito de intensificação do campo de correntes associado à presença da estrutura física que otimiza a eficiência do sítio. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas no padrão de variabilidade temporal das simulações estudadas, indicando que a presença das barreiras não induz grandes alterações no padrão temporal da conversão de energia nas escalas temporais analisadas neste trabalho. Os eventos de alta geração de energia foram relacionados a incidência de fortes ventos de quadrante sul e norte, indicando que pelo formato e disposição dos conversores, ventos de sudoeste e norte podem favorecer ótimos eventos de conversão de energia. As simulações dos sítios de conversão demonstraram alta capacidade de geração energética, com quatro eventos de extrema geração de energia. Entretanto, o sítio da região norte demonstrou eficiência superior a 59,39 GWh ao ano, equivalendo a 0.22% do consumo energético do estado do Rio Grande do Sul no ano de 2010.

Simulation of a resonant inverter

Mostly developed since the Industrial Revolution, the automation of systems and equipment around us is responsible for a technological progress and economic growth without precedents, but also by a relentless energy dependence. Currently, fossil fuels still tend to come as the main energy source, even in developed countries, due to the ease in its extraction and the mastery of the technology needed for its use. However, the perception of its ending availability, as well as the environmental impact of this practice has led to a growing energy production originated from renewable sources. Easy maintenance, coupled with the fact that they are virtually inexhaustible, makes the solar and wind energy very promising solutions. In this context, this work proposes to facilitate energy production from these sources. To this end, in this work the power inverter is studied, which is an equipment responsible for converting DC power available by solar or wind power in traditional AC power. Then it is discussed and designed a new architecture which, in addition to achieve a high energy e - ciency, has also the ability to adapt to the type of conversion desired by the user, namely if he wants to sell electricity to the power grid, be independent of it or bet on a self consumption system. In order to achieve the promised energy e ciency, the projected inverter uses a resonant DC-DC converter, whose architecture signi cantly decreases the energy dissipated in the conversion, allowing a higher power density. The adaptability of the equipment is provided by an adaptive control algorithm, responsible for assessing its behavior on every iteration and making the necessary changes to achieve maximum stability throughout the process. To evaluate the functioning of the proposed architecture, a simulation is presented using the PLECS simulation software.

Megabalanus azoricus (Pilsbry, 1916) : building a scientific basis for its management

Tese de Doutoramento, Biologia (Ciências do Mar), 5 de Julho de 2013, Universidade dos Açores.