804 resultados para Minority
Resumo:
Les minorits linguistiques francophones au Nouveau-Brunswick et en Ontario et la minorit galloisante au Pays de Galles ont plusieurs lments en commun. Dabord, elles se sont dotes dun rseau associatif dense qui a men de front plusieurs luttes, souvent avec succs, et qui a eu pour rsultats lamlioration de la situation sociopolitique et la reconnaissance symbolique de la communaut minoritaire. Ensuite, le statut lgal et social de la langue minoritaire a relativement progress dans les trois cas, grce ladoption de lois et de politiques linguistiques. Ajoutons quelles ont tous accs des institutions qui leur permettent de faire entendre leurs voix ou encore de se gouverner, que ce soit travers leurs gouvernements locaux ou les assembles lgislatives, et peuvent compter sur un ombudsman linguistique. Toutefois, la principale diffrence entre ces trois cas rside dans le niveau de mobilisation linguistique que lon y observe lheure actuelle. On pourrait le qualifier dlev au Pays de Galles, de modr en Ontario et de faible au Nouveau-Brunswick. Comment expliquer cette diffrence malgr un contexte similaire dans chacun des cas ? En nous inspirant des travaux sur la mobilisation linguistique, sur la rmanence et sur les rgimes linguistiques, nous proposons une hypothse qui tablit un lien causal entre la satisfaction des groupes reprsentant les minorits linguistiques lgard des rgimes linguistiques et le niveau de mobilisation. Le niveau de mobilisation dune minorit linguistique varie en fonction de sa satisfaction lgard du rgime linguistique, et cette satisfaction est lie la perception quont les groupes quant aux succs ou aux checs de leurs mobilisations linguistiques. Autrement dit, quand une minorit linguistique considre que sa mobilisation linguistique na pas obtenu le succs escompt et que le rgime linguistique ne rpond pas ses principales attentes, les organisations qui la reprsentent maintiennent un niveau de mobilisation lev. linverse, quand une minorit linguistique peroit que sa mobilisation linguistique a connu du succs et que le rgime linguistique rpond ses principales attentes, les organisations se rorganisent et entrent en rmanence. De faon plus prcise, cette hypothse propose donc une explication pour chacun des cas. Au Pays de Galles, le niveau de mobilisation des Galloisants demeure lev parce que les modifications apportes au rgime linguistique gallois ne rpondent toujours pas aux attentes formules par les acteurs de la socit civile et ces acteurs ne considrent pas que leur mobilisation a connu les succs escompts. En Ontario, le niveau de mobilisation est modr, parce quaprs une priode de rmanence suivant un succs de la mobilisation linguistique, elle a repris une certaine vigueur alors que certains acquis taient menacs. Au Nouveau-Brunswick, la mobilisation linguistique est en rmanence aprs que la mobilisation ait atteint sa finalit, cest--dire quelle a connu le succs quelle recherchait, mais les acteurs de la socit civile ne sont pas pour autant absents de lespace public.
Resumo:
Les neurones dopaminergiques (DA) de la substance noire compacte (SNc) et de laire tegmentaire ventrale (ATV) dveloppent des contacts de type synaptique et non synaptique. Malgr de nombreux travaux sur la synaptognse en gnral, aucune mthode autre que la microscopie lectronique, na t dveloppe pour quantifier les varicosits synaptiques et asynaptiques issues des neurones DA. Lobjectif principal de ce projet tait de dvelopper une mthode danalyse et de quantification des varicosits synaptiques et asynaptiques des neurones DA. Lhypothse propose est quil devait tre possible de dtecter la prsence de synapses en visualisant la colocalisation dune protine prsynaptique telle que synaptotagmine 1 (SYT1) avec un marqueur post-synaptique tel que la postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95). Pour ce faire, nous avons prpar des cultures primaires de neurones DA laide dune ligne de souris transgniques exprimant la protine fluorescente verte (GFP) sous le contrle du promoteur de la tyrosine hydroxyalse (TH). Nous avons ensuite visualis les terminaisons axonales l'aide de marquages immunocytochimiques de protines pr et post-synaptiques. Lanalyse quantitative des images a t effectue avec le logiciel de traitement dimage Image-J. Nos rsultats montrent que, via lassociation dun marqueur prsynaptique tel que SYT1 avec un marqueur postsynaptique tel que PSD95, seule une minorit des terminaisons tablies par les neurones DA sont de type synaptique. En contraste, des neurones glutamatergiques du cortex, tablissent une majorit de terminaisons associes un marqueur postsynaptique. Nos rsultats valident donc la mise en place d'une technique d'analyse permettant de quantifier la proportion de terminaisons synaptiques et asynaptiques tablies par les neurones DA.
Resumo:
Non-destructive testing (NDT) is the use of non-invasive techniques to determine the integrity of a material, component, or structure. Engineers and scientists use NDT in a variety of applications, including medical imaging, materials analysis, and process control.Photothermal beam deflection technique is one of the most promising NDT technologies. Tremendous R&D effort has been made for improving the efficiency and simplicity of this technique. It is a popular technique because it can probe surfaces irrespective of the size of the sample and its surroundings. This technique has been used to characterize several semiconductor materials, because of its non-destructive and non-contact evaluation strategy. Its application further extends to analysis of wide variety of materials. Instrumentation of a NDT technique is very crucial for any material analysis. Chapter two explores the various excitation sources, source modulation techniques, detection and signal processing schemes currently practised. The features of the experimental arrangement including the steps for alignment, automation, data acquisition and data analysis are explained giving due importance to details.Theoretical studies form the backbone of photothermal techniques. The outcome of a theoretical work is the foundation of an application.The reliability of the theoretical model developed and used is proven from the studies done on crystalline.The technique is applied for analysis of transport properties such as thermal diffusivity, mobility, surface recombination velocity and minority carrier life time of the material and thermal imaging of solar cell absorber layer materials like CuInS2, CuInSe2 and SnS thin films.analysis of In2S3 thin films, which are used as buffer layer material in solar cells. The various influences of film composition, chlorine and silver incorporation in this material is brought out from the measurement of transport properties and analysis of sub band gap levels.The application of photothermal deflection technique for characterization of solar cells is a relatively new area that requires considerable attention.The application of photothermal deflection technique for characterization of solar cells is a relatively new area that requires considerable attention. Chapter six thus elucidates the theoretical aspects of application of photothermal techniques for solar cell analysis. The experimental design and method for determination of solar cell efficiency, optimum load resistance and series resistance with results from the analysis of CuInS2/In2S3 based solar cell forms the skeleton of this chapter.
Resumo:
This thesis entitled Educational rights of the minorities under article 30 of the indian constitution.The study is divided into nine chapters.The object of the present study is to explore whether the judiciary has been successful in balancing the conflicting rights of the minorities and the state. The study also seeks to bring forth those judicial principles which have governed the operation of these rights and determined the limits of their application. Article 30 confers a special right on minorities to establish educational institutions of their own choice.This is an expression of the liberal and tolerent culture of our nation which is reflected in the Constitution. The idea is to foster unity' in diversity, ea unique characteristic of the Indian way of life.This study suggested that where a minority is a minority in the historical or national context and its claim is based on religion it must be defined and ascertained in terms of the population of the whole country irrespective of its being a numerical majority' in any particular State and the minority status. of linguistic group has to be ascertained in terms of the population of any particular State irrespective of its being a numerical minority in terms of the population of the whole country.A religious denomination also can be treated as a religion within the meaning of Article 30(1) provided it is having a separate organisation with doctrines and tenets and rites and practices of its own.
Resumo:
The present work deals with the Gender discrimination in the law of divorce and succession among christians.Inquiries Into the personal laws bereft of the historical develcpment of the concerned communities will be extremely inadequate as they may not help the researcher to Identify the laws' real source.In this view, the origin and development of Christian law In india has not so far been adequately gone into. Keeping In view the Importance of such a study calling for an exploration of the origin and development of the Christian community and its branching out In india as a prelude to the inqury into the Christian laws, the history of the conmunity in india was examined and the present study IndIcates that christianity In india has a diverse origin in dIfferent parts of India.And this diversity has resulted in the development of different systems of personal law for different sects among them. At present Christians in India constitute a minority but their numerical strength is not negligible. Yet they have not been able to act as an Influential group either socially or politically.The social changes and developments that swept away the community of its feet have overturned the position and the liberals in the community inspired by the changes elsewhere could bring in some statute law to govern the arena traditionally held by the customs.The history of reception of canon law concepts In different parts of India throws some light on the differences In the personal laws applicable to Christians In India.
Resumo:
The study is significant from both an application perspective of marketing management as well as from an academic angle. The market for personal care products is a highly fragmented one, with intense competition for specific niche segments. It is well known in marketing literature that the bulk of the volume of sale is accounted for by the minority who are the heavy users. This study will help the marketers to identify the personality profile of such a group and understand how the interaction of personality factors at least partially explains differences in consumption. This knowledge might be useful for better segmentation using psychographic variables as well as for designing specific advertisement campaigns to target the vulnerable groups of customers. From a theoretical perspective, the research may contribute to understanding how specific personality variables and their interaction lead to differences in consumption. The knowledge corresponding to self theory, social comparison theory, persuasibility, evidence from psychology of eating disorders: these all may be integrated into a common frame work for explaining consumption of products having a social function.
Resumo:
The 21st century is marked by a paradigm shift in education that has resulted both in threats and opportunities. It has brought new challenges and an opportunity for higher education. Higher education in India is undergoing rapid changes. The challenges ahead are multifaceted and multidimensional. Though the data show a massive growth in the number of students' enrollment in colleges/universities, holistic view reveals that still only a meager of the total population has access to higher education. Globalization and privatization are imposing new challenges but the nations are still entangled in solving the basic problems of accessibility to higher education for all. In the wake of the transition from elitist to mass education, universities worldwide are under pressure to enhance access and equity, on the one hand, and to maintain high standards of quality and excellence, on the other. Today the notion of equity not only implies greater access to higher education, but also opportunities for progress. In recent debates on higher education, the notions of equity and access go beyond minority to diversity. Affirmative action, too, has become raceexclusive and gender-neutral.1
Resumo:
IT and related services played a major role for Indias current 9.2. GDP growth. Organized retailing in India is one more example for its open economy. The IT industries where able develop a demand for Indian talents all over the world and improved their living standards. It directly impacts only a small minority of Indian population while organized retail affects every single Indian and every sector of Indian society. The paper gives a glimpse of the slow evolution of retail market over the years in India and its contribution for economic growth. The likely positive impact of this revolution in different sectors is enumerated. Paper addresses its ability to manipulate consumption pattern of society, increased customer satisfaction and likely change in the market shares of the different types of sellers. Paper discusses its flip sides like increasing social tension among families below poverty line and greater loss of self employment opportunities by this revolution. The main theme of enquiry of this paper is what it all means for the Indian society.
Resumo:
Photothermal deflection technique (PTD) is a non-destructive tool for measuring the temperature distribution in and around a sample, due to various non-radiative decay processes occurring within the material. This tool was used to measure the carrier transport properties of CuInS2 and CuInSe2 thin films. Films with thickness <1 m were prepared with different Cu/In ratios to vary the electrical properties. The surface recombination velocity was least for Cu-rich films (5105 cm/s for CuInS2, 1103 cm/s for CuInSe2), while stoichiometric films exhibited high mobility (0.6 cm2/V s for CuInS2, 32 cm2/V s for CuInSe2) and high minority carrier lifetime (0.35 s for CuInS2, 12 s for CuInSe2
Continuation and discontinuation of local institution in community based natural resource management
Resumo:
Currently the push toward frontier areas, which until twenty years ago were still largely untouched by commercial agriculture, is taking place on a massive scale. This push is being driven not the least by global economic developments, such as the price increase of agriculture commodities like coffee and cocoa. In most cases the indigenous communities become trapped between the state monopoly in natural resource management and the competition for resources by external actors. In this processes the indigenous communities start to lose their access to resources. Another victim in this process is the environment where the natural resources are imbedded. International and national organizations working to conserve environment have became conscious of the important role that indigenous people could fulfill as partners in this endeavour. This partnership in struggle has produced a new discourse on the relationship between indigenous people and their environment. As a further consequence, programs were set up to develop what became known as Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) with its numerous variations. Based on a case study in a village on the eastern border of the Lore Lindu National Park in Central Sulawesi, this study questioned the basic assumption behind the concept of Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM). Namely the assumption that communities living at the margin of forest are socially and culturally homogenous, still more or less egalitarian, and basically living in harmony with their natural environment. This study was inspired by the persistent critique although still a minority on the basic assumption the CBNRM from academicians and practitioners working through the Entitlement perspective. Another inspiration was the mounting critique toward the participatory approach. In its effort the study explore further the usefulness of certain approaches. One of the approach much relied on in this study was the local history of the community studied, through exerting oral and local written documents on local history, legends and local stories. These sources proofed quite capable in bringing the local history into the light. Another was the actor oriented approach, which later came to be supported by the concept of Social Pool Resources. The latter concept proofed to be useful as analytical instrument to integrate social institutions and the common pool resources, as a field of action for the different actors as human agencies.
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This paper uses the data of 1338 rural households in the Northern Mountainous Region of Vietnam to examine the extent to which subsidised credit targets the poor and its impacts. Principal Component Analysis and Propensity Score Matching were used to evaluate the depth of outreach and the income impact of credit. To address the problem of model uncertainty, the approach of Bayesian Model Average applied to the probit model was used. Results showed that subsidised credit successfully targeted the poor households with 24.10% and 69.20% of clients falling into the poorest group and the three bottom groups respectively. Moreover, those who received subsidised credit make up 83% of ethnic minority households. These results indicate that governmental subsidies are necessary to reach the poor and low income households, who need capital but are normally bypassed by commercial banks. Analyses also showed that ethnicity and age of household heads, number of helpers, savings, as well as how affected households are by shocks were all factors that further explained the probability at which subsidised credit has been assessed. Furthermore, recipients obtained a 2.61% higher total income and a 5.93% higher farm income compared to non-recipients. However, these small magnitudes of effects are statistically insignificant at a 5% level. Although the subsidised credit is insufficient to significantly improve the income of the poor households, it possibly prevents these households of becoming even poorer.
Resumo:
La poblacin roma/gitana representa la minora tnica ms numerosa de Europa occidental, y as mismo constituye una de las poblaciones ms vulnerables que enfrenta serios problemas de discriminacin y exclusin en la mayora de sociedades europeas. La falta de efectividad en la formulacin de polticas de insercin y las medidas adoptadas por los gobiernos nacionales para la gestin de la inmigracin en general, tienen serias repercusiones sobre este colectivo. En efecto, las agendas polticas han securitizado el tema de la inmigracin con la finalidad de controlar los flujos migratorios no solo a nivel nacional, sino ahora a nivel comunitario. De los pases de Europa del este, Rumania constituye el principal pas emisor de esta migracin y Francia es uno de los principales pases receptores en Europa occidental. La relacin franco-rumana se ha potencializado en parte gracias al debate en torno al tema roma/gitano y as mismo se han adoptado medidas de carcter bilateral en trminos de seguridad. Como consecuencia del ingreso de Rumania a la Unin Europea en el ao 2007 y su futuro ingreso al espacio Schengen de libre circulacin, la poblacin roman incrementar hasta los 4.4 millones aproximadamente y dejar de ser una migracin internacional para convertirse en una migracin de carcter interno, lo cual implica un cambio en la gestin migratoria hacia este colectivo a nivel comunitario.
Resumo:
Tras los conflictos sucedidos en la ex-Yugoslavia y las implicaciones de los procesos de paz dados en la regin; los pases con minora serbia, en especial Bosnia Herzegovina y Kosovo han tenido que afrontar graves problemas de seguridad que abarcan varios campos (poltico, societal, econmico y militar) que pone en riesgo su integridad como Estado y el resurgimiento de conflictos en la regin.
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El presente estudio de caso analiza desde la construccin espacial comunitaria del campesinado, las maneras en que la Asociacin Campesina del Valle del Rio Cimitarra teje formas de resistencia poltica a las estructuras latifundistas imperantes en el Magdalena Medio. En un periodo donde el modelo agroindustrial relacionado con la globalizacin tiene mayor profundizacin en el sector agrario nacional, se analiza como la organizacin campesina ejerce una resistencia localizada en defensa de lo territorial, como filn para detener la expansin de los circuitos de acumulacin de Capital.
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El presente trabajo de investigacin, estudia a travs del caso de la cohorte del 2000 de la Facultad de Ingeniera de la Universidad Distrital, el tipo de coyuntura que le permiti a este grupo de jvenes reingresar a la Universidad y culminar la carrera al haber tenido que abandonarla en un primer momento, por problemas socio-econmicos y/o acadmicos. Por medio del estudio del reintegro universitario, este trabajo se enmarca en el campo, poco explorado, de la existencia y efectividad de medidas de "segundas oportunidades" educativas que las instituciones de educacin superior le ofrecen a estudiantes que por problemas de orden estructural se ven obligados a abandonar la Universidad.
