868 resultados para Indústria - Aspectos ambientais
Resumo:
Since centuries ago, the Asians use seaweed as an important source of feeding and are their greatest world-wide consumers. The migration of these peoples for other countries, made the demand for seaweed to increase. This increasing demand prompted an industry with annual values of around US$ 6 billion. The algal biomass used for the industry is collected in natural reservoirs or cultivated. The market necessity for products of the seaweed base promotes an unsustainable exploration of the natural banks, compromising its associated biological balance. In this context, seaweed culture appears as a viable alternative to prevent the depletion of these natural supplies. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) provide space and produce information that can facilitate the evaluation of important physical and socio-economic characteristics for the planning of seaweed culture. This objective of this study is to identify potential coastal areas for seaweed culture in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, from the integration of social-environmental data in the SIG. In order to achieve this objective, a geo-referred database composed of geographical maps, nautical maps and orbital digital images was assembled; and a bank of attributes including physical and oceanographical variables (winds, chains, bathymetry, operational distance from the culture) and social and environmental factors (main income, experience with seaweed harvesting, demographic density, proximity of the sheltered coast and distance of the banks) was produced. In the modeling of the data, the integration of the space database with the bank of attributes for the attainment of the map of potentiality of seaweed culture was carried out. Of a total of 2,011 ha analyzed by the GIS for the culture of seaweed, around 34% or 682 ha were indicated as high potential, 55% or 1,101 ha as medium potential, and 11% or 228 ha as low potential. The good indices of potentiality obtained in the localities studied demonstrate that there are adequate conditions for the installation of seaweed culture in the state of Rio Grande do Norte
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O presente trabalho realizou-se na Refinaria de Sines e teve como principal objectivo a utilização de ferramentas oriundas da Área Científica da Inteligência Artificial no desenvolvimento de modelos de previsão da classificação da Água Residual Industrial de acordo com a Legislação em vigor, com vista à minimização dos impactes ambientais e das tarifas aplicadas pela Concessionária (Águas de Santo André) à Refinaria. Actualmente a avaliação da qualidade do efluente é realizada através de métodos analíticos após colheita de uma amostra do efluente final. Esta abordagem é muito restritiva já que não permite actuar sobre o efluente em questão pois apenas pode evitar que, no futuro, uma mistura semelhante volte a ser refinada. Devido a estas limitações, o desenvolvimento de modelos de previsão baseados em Data Mining mostrou ser uma alternativa para uma questão pró-activa da qualidade dos efluentes que pode contribuir decisivamente para o cumprimento das metas definidas pela Empresa. No decurso do trabalho, foram desenvolvidos dois modelos de previsão da qualidade do efluente industrial com desempenhos muito semelhantes. Um deles utiliza a composição das misturas processadas e o outro, utiliza informações relativas ao crude predominante na mistura. ABSTRACT; This study has taken place at the Sines Refinery and its main objective is the use of Artificial Intelligence tools for the development of predictive models to classify industrial residual waters according with the Portuguese Law, based on the characteristics of the mixtures of crude oil that arrive into the Refinery to be processed, to minimize the Environmental impacts and the application of taxes. Currently, the evaluation of the quality of effluent is performed by analytical methods after harvesting a sample of the final effluent. This approach is very restrictive since it does not act on the intended effluent; it can only avoid that in the future a similar mixture is refined. Duet these limitations, the development of forecasting models based on Data Mining has proved to be an alternative on the important issue which is the quality of effluent, which may contribute to the achievement of targets set by the Company. During this study, two models were developed to predict the quality of industrial effluents with very similar performances. One uses the composition of processed mixtures and the other uses information regarding the predominant oil in the mixture.
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In this chapter, the authors made a survey of the research undertaken by social scientists and their reflections on environmental conflicts in Portugal. In these, a critical discourse has emerged concerning, on the one hand, the weak public environmental awareness, and, on the other, the progressive obliteration of environmental movements and their institutionalization throughout the creation of different environmental groups and the incorporation of the “environment” in legislation and in political discourse. In a brief retrospective, we review several conflicts taking into account different relevant factors: level of mobilization, media attention received, organization, impact, and ideological reference they have had in Portugal since the seventies. We have particularly highlighted the movement against nuclear energy and the construction of dams, the pollution caused by intensive breeding, the expansion of eucalyptus plantations, the conflicts against “wild” forms of mining, the business of toxic waste, the expansion of the economy of the concrete, the installation of landfills, and the defense of the natural heritage. This survey has considered three periods: the 1970s, marked by the emergence and performance of ecological movements of different ideological extraction; the second half of the 1980s, marked by the institutionalization of the environment and the imposition of a new legal framework with impact on environmental policies resulting from the integration into the European Economic Community; and finally, a third period, from the 1990s to present, marked by increasing environmental media coverage, with a particular emphasis on environmental conflicts in a context of an increasing liberalization of economic activities and the expansion of extraction and of the concrete economy. This is also the period where the environment emerges in disputes over the uses of the territory as economic and asset value. Most of these conflicts arise from the activities of local agents or national environmental groups that quickly gain strong local roots and sometimes even have some success. However, their impact on the national and Community legislation seems to be less relevant.
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Neste estudo, foram examinadas as relações existentes entre a motivação e a satisfação do trabalhador no espaço laboral. O estudo empírico foi conduzido em uma única etapa, por meio da qual buscou-se conhecer as dimensões latentes identificadas e, a partir das dimensões validadas, buscou-se estabelecer relações com características motivacionais, como antecedentes, e satisfação pelo trabalho realizado, como conseqüência do atendimento das necessidades manifestadas pelo trabalhador. Foram entrevistados 38 (trinta e oito) funcionários da empresa Água Mineral Cristalina, incluindo-se os que ocupam cargos de chefia. Como instrumento de coleta de dados, foi utilizada parte do complexo da Auditoria do Sistema Humano ASH, criado por Quijano (1999), que se trata de um modelo de pesquisa na área de Psicologia Social, incluindo a Administração de Recursos Humanos, que analisa os processos psicológicos e psicossociais nas organizações. Para esta pesquisa, foram utilizados dois formulários sugeridos pelo autor citado, (anexos 01 e 02). O primeiro denomina-se condições para a motivação , com 15 (quinze) questões do tipo likert. O segundo, "trabalho bem feito e satisfação de necessidades", tem 22 (vinte e duas) questões, também do tipo likert. O instrumento foi respondido por colaboradores, independente da posição hierárquica, em aproximadamente 10 (dez) a 15 (quinze) minutos. A aplicação foi realizada diretamente pelo pesquisador nas unidades de produção e de administração da empresa. Por meio de modelagem de equações estruturais, foi estabelecido um modelo de relações causais entre as dimensões latentes relacionadas à motivação e o desempenho do empregado quando tem satisfeitas as suas necessidades. Quanto ao tratamento dos dados, este ocorreu de forma quantitativa. Quanto à análise, aconteceu após os dados terem sido tratados. Nesta pesquisa, os dados foram analisados por meio de estatísticas descritivas, atualizando-se os recursos de softwares específicos como Statistic ou SPSS Statistic Package for Social Sciences. Usou-se a técnica de Análise de Regressão, na qual foi utilizado o método STEPWISE que inclui na equação de explicação de uma variável dependente somente aquelas que auxiliam ou incrementam sua explicação. Como variáveis dependentes, foram utilizadas as variáveis do formulário "trabalho bem feito e satisfação de necessidades" e como variável independe as variáveis do questionário "condições para motivação". Sob o ponto de vista prático, este estudo mostrou que um determinado conjunto de características motivacionais influi positivamente na satisfação do trabalhador, que poderá realizar um trabalho bem feito; do lado teórico, a pesquisa verificou explicitamente a hipótese de que os aspectos motivacionais contribuem para que o empregado, sentindo-se satisfeito, desempenhe melhor as atribuições que lhe são conferidas
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O setor de construção civil enfrenta sérios problemas quanto à disposição de resíduos, uma vez que gera grandes quantidades ao longo do processo de execução das obras ou devido ao desmonte de construções já existentes. A disposição inadequada desses resíduos pode provocar sérios danos ambientais, tais como degradação do solo e recursos hídricos. Uma opção interessante pode ser seu uso agrícola, entretanto existem poucos estudos sobre o tema. Assim, o presente estudo visou caracterizar resíduos da construção civil e avaliar seu efeito sobre alguns atributos do solo. Para tal, foram realizadas análises de pH, teor de macro e micronutrientes e de elementos potencialmente tóxicos. Os resultados indicaram que os resíduos não poderiam ser utilizados como fonte de nutrientes e que também não apresentavam limitações quanto à presença de elementos potencialmente tóxicos. Os altos valores de pH encontrados indicaram potencial dos resíduos em alcalinizar do solo, o que foi confirmado no ensaio em vasos. Também se constatou que os resíduos provocaram aumento da CTC. Assim, concluiu-se que é viável utilizar esses resíduos da construção civil em solos agrícolas, embora mais avaliações ainda devam ser realizadas.
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No setor agroindustrial florestal já existe uma mobilização para atender alguns critérios de certificação socioambiental, mas esta não é a realidade vigente na cadeia da madeira para energia. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho se propõe a levantar, de forma preliminar, alguns temas ambientais para análises prospectivas dos setores de produção e processamento de madeira para energia, na região Sudeste do Brasil. Os temas de interesse foram selecionados com base em pesquisa bibliográfica, utilizando bases de dados disponíveis, tanto em termos científicos como estatísticos. Procurou-se atender a grandes questionamentos, levantados atualmente, para a expansão da agroenergia no mundo, que envolvem o possível desmatamento, a competição com alimentos e as mudanças climáticas. Seguindo outros estudos de biomassa para energia foram previamente selecionados quatro grandes temas que abrangem: Uso da terra; Recursos Naturais; Geração e uso de resíduos; Energia. Cabe considerar que a seleção é preliminar e será validada em etapa posterior, que envolverá a consulta a especialistas na cadeia produtiva da madeira para energia. Entretanto, como consideração final fica a idéia de que o agronegócio, de forma geral não poderá mais ser analisado apenas quanto aos aspectos econômicos, sendo a sua competitividade fortemente ligada aos aspectos sociais e ambientais.
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Realizou-se um estudo objetivando avaliar a resistencia estomatica, transpiracao e temperatura da folha do umbuzeiro (Spondias tuberosa Arr. Cam.), no seu habitat natural, no final da estacao seca e apos as primeiras chuvas. A resistencia estomatica comecou a aumentar em torno das 7 horas nos dois periodos, porem de forma mais brusca durante a seca, resultando em baixa transpiracao. Apos as primeiras chuvas, a resistencia estomatica comecou a aumentar em torno de 13 horas, quando as condicoes ambientais ainda eram favoraveis a uma grande demanda evapotranspiratoria. Estes resultados sugeram uma acentuada economia de agua pelo umbuzeiro. Nao se observaram diferencas na temperatura das folhas relativas aos dois periodos.
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In the social-historical moment we live in, it is each time more evident the necessity of the people to learn to deal with the environment in conscientious way, taking care of themselves properly through it. In this direction, considering the school as a place where children, young and adolescents spend great part of their time, this work had as objective to examine the perception of school environment for students, professors and employees of two schools in João Pessoa city - Centro Estadual Experimental de Ensino-Aprendizagem Sesquicentenário and Escola Estadual de Ensino Fundamental e Médio Presidente Emílio Garrastazu Médici (Experimental State Center of Learning-teaching Sesquicentenário and Basic and High State School Education Emilio Garrastazu Médici President). From the presupposed that the environments in which and with which people live reflect their daily practices, the field work searched to identify the social-environmental practices that characterize the relation of these users with the school and, from this understanding, to infer some of their concerns regarding the environment as a whole. To analyze the use of the available physical space in the two institutions it was opted the use of the After-Occupation Evaluation, one of the approaches that feed the process of building production or built set, rescuing aspects related to its use, operation and maintenance. Besides analyzing diverse school environments (such as classroom circulations/accesses, library, pedagogical and sportive spaces) in relation to the environmental comfort and the perceptions of the main users of the schools (pupils, professors and employees), the dissertation tried to inquire the care (ambient education) of these users with the school space. In general, it was verified that the two schools have evaluations and perceptions really different for four reasons: (i) management of the schools; (ii) the users perception; (III) localization of schools and (IV) feeling of place, territoriality and appropriation
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Doutoramento em Ciências Empresariais.
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This work presents the results of a survey in oil-producing region of the Macau City, northern coast of Rio Grande do Norte. All work was performed under the Project for Monitoring Environmental Change and the Influence of Hydrodynamic forcing on Morphology Beach Grass Fields, Serra Potiguar in Macau, with the support of the Laboratory of Geoprocessing, linked to PRH22 - Training Program in Geology Geophysics and Information Technology Oil and Gas - Department of Geology/CCET/UFRN and the Post-Graduation in Science and Engineering Oil/PPGCEP/UFRN. Within the economic-ecological context, this paper assesses the importance of mangrove ecosystem in the region of Macau and its surroundings as well as in the following investigative exploration of potential areas for projects involving reforestation and / or Environmental Restoration. At first it was confirmed the ecological potential of mangrove forests, with primary functions: (i) protection and stabilization of the shoreline, (ii) nursery of marine life, and (iii) source of organic matter to aquatic ecosystems, (iv) refuge of species, among others. In the second phase, using Landsat imagery and techniques of Digital Image Processing (DIP), I came across about 18,000 acres of land that can be worked on environmental projects, being inserted in the rules signed the Kyoto Protocol to the market carbon. The results also revealed a total area of 14,723.75 hectares of activity of shrimp production and salting that can be harnessed for the social, economic and environmental potential of the region, considering that over 60% of this area, ie, 8,800 acres, may be used in the planting of the genus Avicennia considered by the literature that the species best sequesters atmospheric carbon, reaching a mean value of 59.79 tons / ha of mangrove
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No contexto nacional, o setor vitivinícola gaúcho e catarinense possui destacada importância econômica e social. Isso porque, além de responder por expressiva parcela da produção brasileira de uvas direcionadas, sobretudo, para atender demandas da indústria de processamento, envolve um grande número de pequenos e médios produtores familiares. Apesar da relevância, o setor em questão é continuamente afetado por uma série de fatores de ordem climática, tecnológica, mercadológica e econômica, que tendem a prejudicar a sua competitividade e sustentabilidade. Diante desse cenário, foi elaborada a presente publicação, na qual são abordados e analisados pontos fundamentais associados, principalmente, com questões de gestão, mercado, tecnologias e indicadores econômico-financeiros da viticultura desenvolvida no Rio Grande do Sul e em Santa Catarina. A partir das análises, foram identificados, para as várias regiões produtoras dos dois estados, importantes fatores limitantes da produção e da eficiência da atividade vitícola.
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Oil spills in marine environments represent immediate environmental impacts of large magnitude. For that reason the Environmental Sensitivity to Oil Maps constitute a major instrument for planning actions of containment and cleanup. For both the Environmental Sensitivity Maps always need to be updated, to have an appropriate scale and to represent accurately the coastal areas. In this context, this thesis presents a methodology for collecting and processing remote sensing data for the purpose of updating the territorial basis of thematic maps of Environmental Sensitivity to Oil. To ensure greater applicability of the methodology, sensors with complementary characteristics, which provide their data at a low financial cost, were selected and tested. To test the methodology, an area located on the northern coast of the Northeast of Brazil was chosen. The results showed that the products of ASTER data and image hybrid sensor PALSAR + CCD and HRC + CCD, have a great potential to be used as a source of cartographic information on projects that seek to update the Environmental Sensitivity Maps of Oil
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A proposal for a global analysis of sustainability in projects related in oil facilities is presented. By considering economic, environmental and social aspects in the early stages of design, the suggested method is more comprehensive and can be used to complement the analysis commonly applied in the petroleum industry, such as: Study of Technical and Economic Feasibility; Environmental Impact Assessment and Risk Analysis. Several authors, associations, certification bodies and oil companies suggest different approaches to study sustainability in some specific activities (or industries). In this study, a checklist of significant sustainability aspects for the oil industry (surface facilities) was assembled. In addition, a matrix was developed to assess the sustainability items relevant to these projects. In this work, the checklist interacts with the matrix to perform a "Preliminary Analysis of Sustainability of the Enterprise" (APSE). This method allows the identification of aspects that contribute significantly to global sustainability. From this analysis, which includes economic, social and environmental aspects, is built a report that is used to analyze qualitatively and quantitatively the impact of the sustainability aspects of the project. In this analysis are identified items that strongly influence the economic, social or environmental aspects and evaluated alternatives that can increase the overall sustainability of the project. Finally, the alternatives that can be used to indicate the most sustainable option are identified. This method was applied in a project (design) of a small offshore platform. This case study shows how the APSE can contribute to the identification of sustainability initiatives for the enterprise. The results showed that relevant aspects can contribute decisively to global sustainability. Finally, it was observed that the proposed method can contribute to increased rates of sustainability, even after application of analysis commonly used in these projects
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Since centuries ago, the Asians use seaweed as an important source of feeding and are their greatest world-wide consumers. The migration of these peoples for other countries, made the demand for seaweed to increase. This increasing demand prompted an industry with annual values of around US$ 6 billion. The algal biomass used for the industry is collected in natural reservoirs or cultivated. The market necessity for products of the seaweed base promotes an unsustainable exploration of the natural banks, compromising its associated biological balance. In this context, seaweed culture appears as a viable alternative to prevent the depletion of these natural supplies. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) provide space and produce information that can facilitate the evaluation of important physical and socio-economic characteristics for the planning of seaweed culture. This objective of this study is to identify potential coastal areas for seaweed culture in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, from the integration of social-environmental data in the SIG. In order to achieve this objective, a geo-referred database composed of geographical maps, nautical maps and orbital digital images was assembled; and a bank of attributes including physical and oceanographical variables (winds, chains, bathymetry, operational distance from the culture) and social and environmental factors (main income, experience with seaweed harvesting, demographic density, proximity of the sheltered coast and distance of the banks) was produced. In the modeling of the data, the integration of the space database with the bank of attributes for the attainment of the map of potentiality of seaweed culture was carried out. Of a total of 2,011 ha analyzed by the GIS for the culture of seaweed, around 34% or 682 ha were indicated as high potential, 55% or 1,101 ha as medium potential, and 11% or 228 ha as low potential. The good indices of potentiality obtained in the localities studied demonstrate that there are adequate conditions for the installation of seaweed culture in the state of Rio Grande do Norte
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Historicamente, o solo tem sido utilizado por gerações como receptor de substâncias resultantes da atividade humana. A partir da Revolução Industrial, a liberação descontrolada de poluentes para o ambiente e sua consequente acumulação no solo e nos aquíferos sofreu uma mudança drástica de forma e de intensidade, explicada pelo aumento do volume e dos tipos de resíduos gerados pelas atividades urbanas, industriais e agrícolas. Dentro deste contexto, o estudo das interações de diversos tipos de poluentes inorgânicos e orgânicos em solos, como forma de mitigar sua acumulação e possível impacto sobre a biota e as águas subterrâneas é fundamental.