932 resultados para Heat pump, Solar Energy, Ambient Energy, Evaporator Collector, Collector Efficiency
Resumo:
Projektet omfattade underskning och framtagande av ett solcellssystem med frmga att frsrja ett FTX-system i ett flerbostadshus frn miljonprogrammet med el. Fr att kunna bedma storlek och utformning av komponenter har information tagits genom: Informationsskning via databaser, kurslitteratur och intervjuer Simuleringar av solceller i datorprogrammet PVSYST Modulering av ventilationskanaler i datorprogrammet MagiCAD Syftet var frmst att underska om det gick att f fram ett teoretiskt fungerande system med avseende p bde solceller och ventilation. Beroende p vad resultatet blev skulle ven ekonomin i projektet underskas. Underskningen visade att det teoretiskt ska g att installera solceller fr elframstllning som klarar av att tcka FTX-systemets elbehov p rsbasis. Solcellerna bedms ven producera tillrckligt med el fr viss vrig elkrvande utrustning under stora delar av ret. Det visade sig ven att det skulle g att f solcellerna ekonomiskt lnsamma om en kalkyltid p 14 r anvnds. Metoden som anvnts fr dessa resultat r noga beskriven och r med sm frndringar tillmpbar fr ett stort antal byggnader i det svenska byggnadsbestndet. En viktig slutsats r att om fastighetsgarna kan se 15 r fram i tiden fr en investering i solenergi, skulle det innebra inte bara miljmssiga utan ven ekonomiska vinster. Det finns redan idag kunnande, teknik och produkter fr att utvinna en stor del av fastigheternas elbehov genom solens energi.
Resumo:
The Intelligent Algorithm is designed for theusing a Battery source. The main function is to automate the Hybrid System through anintelligent Algorithm so that it takes the decision according to the environmental conditionsfor utilizing the Photovoltaic/Solar Energy and in the absence of this, Fuel Cell energy isused. To enhance the performance of the Fuel Cell and Photovoltaic Cell we used batterybank which acts like a buffer and supply the current continuous to the load. To develop the main System whlogic based controller was used. Fuzzy Logic based controller used to develop this system,because they are chosen to be feasible for both controlling the decision process and predictingthe availability of the available energy on the basis of current Photovoltaic and Battery conditions. The Intelligent Algorithm is designed to optimize the performance of the system and to selectthe best available energy source(s) in regard of the input parameters.The enhance function ofthese Intelligent Controller is to predict the use of available energy resources and turn on thatparticular source for efficient energy utilization. A fuzzy controller was chosen to take thedecisions for the efficient energy utilization from the given resources. The fuzzy logic basedcontroller is designed in the Matlab-Simulink environment. Initially, the fuzzy based ruleswere built. Then MATLAB based simulation system was designed and implemented. Thenthis whole proposed model is simulated and tested for the accuracy of design and performanceof the system.
Resumo:
A descoberta e utilizao do petrleo provocaram significativas mudanas na sociedade ao longo do tempo, sendo ele um dos mais importantes fatores de transformao socioambiental e cultural no mundo ao longo do ultimo sculo. Sua grande gama de possibilidades de utilizao acabou criando um sistema de produo baseado em um nico agente energtico, principalmente nos pases que no possuem recursos hdricos nem outras fontes renovveis. Porm, nas ultimas dcadas do sculo passado, comearam a surgir inmeras discusses sobre a necessidade de se alterar a composio da matriz energtica global. Como resultados das preocupaes quanto escassez daquele recurso natural, vrios pesquisadores direcionaram seus estudos para a busca de alternativas que pudessem de forma sustentvel se prestar como substituto ao petrleo. Uma delas seria o uso de biomassa, de forma a aproveitar a capacidade das plantas em transformar a energia solar em carbohidratos. O Brasil, alm de possuir uma das matrizes energticas mais diversificadas e limpas do mundo, possui grande extenso de terras agricultveis o que o coloca em lugar de destaque quanto ao potencial de produo de culturas agroenergticas. Considerando as caractersticas da cana-de-acar e a sua adaptao a reas de cultivo do Brasil e impulsionados pela demanda de produo de biomassa moderna, a ser aplicada em processos de transformao mais complexos e que possibilitem a obteno de outros produtos alm de acar, lcool e energia, estudou-se neste trabalho plantas de cana-de-acar melhoradas com a finalidade exclusiva de produzir biomassa moderna, a chamada cana- energia. Esta uma planta que, contrariamente tradicional cana-de-acar, melhorada para produzir sacarose, direcionada para produzir fibra, e que, alm disso, por possuir maior participao de espcies ancestrais de maior rusticidade, esto aptas a suportar condies ambientais mais estressantes. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que os hbridos de cana-energia apresentam grande potencial de produo de biomassa e massa seca por rea, a custos altamente competitivos considerando as anlises comparativas de custo de produo de massa seca por rea. Quanto a produo foi possvel observar que alm de ser mais produtiva em primeiro corte, nos resultados de colheita de soqueira (segundo corte), o melhor hbrido de cana- energia chegou a produzir uma vez e meia mais massa seca que a cana-de-acar tradicional, e apresentou maiores produtividades que outras culturas energticas tais como o eucalipto e o capim-elefante, sendo que, considerando as produtividades mdias observadas, a partir do terceiro corte com estes nveis de produtividade, a cana-energia passa a ser a matria prima de mais baixo custo de produo de massa seca por rea, denotando o seu alto potencial como matria prima para a produo de bioenergia. No Zoneamento agroecolgico realizado para a cana energia foi possvel identificar 32,3 milhes de hectares de reas de produo agrcola marginais aptas ao cultivo deste material, sendo que de acordo com os resultados do zoneamento agrcola e as caractersticas das regies em estudos, identifica-se que deste total, pode-se considerar que os materiais que se destacaram em produtividade neste estudo, apresentam boas condies de ocupar uma rea de 2,0 a 8,0 milhes de hectares.
Resumo:
Conferncias internacionais sobre o clima, bem como crescente conscientizao sobre as questes de sustentabilidade lanaram luz sobre o papel fundamental que as energias renovveis poderiam desempenhar na transio energtica. Ao contrrio de combustveis fsseis, elas podem ser regeneradas em um curto perodo de tempo e, por conseguinte, espera-se que sejam uma parte da soluo para reduzir o aquecimento global. O Brasil sempre teve um forte setor hidreltrico, mas agora est na vanguarda em relao a todas as outras fontes de energias alternativas, como energia elica, biomassa o energia solar. Estas indstrias so uma promessa para um futuro prspero, graas ao potencial natural do pas, bem como uma legislao de apoio, e esto atraindo muitas empresas locais e internacionais. Este estudo tem como objetivo preencher uma lacuna na literatura analisando o exemplo de uma empresa estrangeira que entra no mercado da energia renovvel no Brasil. Baseando-se na literatura como um fundo conceptual, um nico estudo de caso tm sido realizados para delinear todos os aspectos do processo de entrada. Neste desenvolvimento, relaes causais entre as orientaes estratgicas e a evoluo do negcio foram identificadas. Esta pesquisa traz uma contribuio para as discusses acadmicas sobre as dinmicas de entrada no setor de energia renovvel atravs de evidncias do mercado brasileiro.
Resumo:
The rural electrification is characterized by geographical dispersion of the population, low consumption, high investment by consumers and high cost. Moreover, solar radiation constitutes an inexhaustible source of energy and in its conversion into electricity photovoltaic panels are used. In this study, equations were adjusted to field conditions presented by the manufacturer for current and power of small photovoltaic systems. The mathematical analysis was performed on the photovoltaic rural system I- 100 from ISOFOTON, with power 300 Wp, located at the Experimental Farm Lageado of FCA/UNESP. For the development of such equations, the circuitry of photovoltaic cells has been studied to apply iterative numerical methods for the determination of electrical parameters and possible errors in the appropriate equations in the literature to reality. Therefore, a simulation of a photovoltaic panel was proposed through mathematical equations that were adjusted according to the data of local radiation. The results have presented equations that provide real answers to the user and may assist in the design of these systems, once calculated that the maximum power limit ensures a supply of energy generated. This real sizing helps establishing the possible applications of solar energy to the rural producer and informing the real possibilities of generating electricity from the sun.
Resumo:
O segundo satlite da Misso Espacial Completa Brasileira (SCD2/MECB) foi colocado em rbita em 23 de Outubro de 1998 e carrega a bordo um experimento de clulas solares. Clula solar de silcio um dispositivo semicondutor, que pode medir a intensidade da radiao visvel e parte da radiao infravermelha (400-1100 nm). O experimento permite medir simultaneamente a insolao direta e parte da radiao solar que refletida pela Terra para o espao. Os dados do experimento clula solar so transmitidos em tempo real pela telemetria do satlite e recebidos pela estao terrestre em Cuiab, MT-Brasil (16S; 56W). Este fato limita a cobertura espacial para um crculo sobre a Amrica do Sul. O albedo planetrio obtido dentro desta cobertura e seus valores podem ser agrupados em perodos temporais (anual, sazonal ou mensal), ou podem ser estudados para vrias localizaes (latitude e longitude) durante a vida do satlite. O coeficiente de transmisso atmosfrica ou ndice de claridade (Kt), medido em estaes meteorolgicas na superfcie da Terra, junto com o valor medido simultaneamente do albedo planetrio, permite calcular o coeficiente de absoro atmosfrica (Ka). O mtodo desenvolvido neste trabalho para avaliar Ka considera que o albedo planetrio composto por duas partes: uma refletividade local e uma refletividade no local. Considerando este novo conceito, definida uma taxa de absoro atmosfrica (denominada Ra) que a razo entre Ka e a potncia de irradincia solar lquida, que no atravessou a atmosfera (100%-Kt). A taxa de absoro atmosfrica assim definida independente da cobertura de nuvens. O histograma de freqncia de Ra mostra os valores de 0,860,07 e 0,880,09 sobre as cidades de Botucatu-SP e do Rio de Janeiro-RJ, durante os anos de 1999 at 2006, respectivamente.
Resumo:
Avaliou-se a evoluo anual das componentes global, direta e difusa da radiao solar incidente em superfcies inclinadas a 12,85; 22,85 e 32,85, com face voltada ao Norte, em Botucatu-SP. Foram obtidas fraes radiomtricas para cada componente da radiao nas superfcies supracitadas, atravs de razes com a radiao global e a do topo da atmosfera. A sazonalidade foi avaliada atravs das mdias mensais dos valores dirios. As medidas ocorreram entre 04/1998 e 07/2001, em 22,85; 08/2001 e 02/2003, em 12,85; e de 03/2003 a 12/2007, em 32,85, com medidas concomitantes no plano horizontal (referncia). Os nveis das radiaes global e direta nos planos inclinados foram inferiores no perodo de vero e superiores entre os equincios, quando comparadas ao plano horizontal. A radiao difusa nas superfcies inclinadas foi inferior na maioria dos meses, com perdas de at 65%. Ocorreu uma tendncia de aumento das diferenas entre as superfcies horizontal e inclinada com o incremento do ngulo em todas as componentes e fraes da radiao incidente. A evoluo anual das precipitaes pluviomtricas e da razo de nebulosidade afetou diretamente a transmissividade atmosfrica das componentes direta e difusa na regio.
Resumo:
The scarcity of natural resources and the search for alternative energy sources promote a rapid change in the energy world. Among the renewable energy sources, solar energy is the most promising, presenting technology of greatest growth rate nowadays. Researchers around the world are seeking ways to facilitate their progress, developing technologies with higher efficiency and lower cost. As a contribution to global progress, this master thesis proposes the development of a strategy of maximum power tracking based on perturbation and observation method for photovoltaic systems. The proposed control strategy is based on active power balance of the system, with a reduced number of sensors. It also allows the PV system to act as a regulator of the power quality at the point of commom coupling (PCC), compensating the harmonic distortion and power factor of the current netw
Resumo:
The conversion of solar energy in electric with photo-voltaic cells has been carried through exclusively with devices of semiconducting junction. To put this situation comes moving for better in them last years, thanks to a new technology of production of known solar cells as Dye Solar Cell. This proposal aims at to develop a DSC having as dye lavonoides of the Capsicum frutescens (malagueta pepper). Front is considered to evaluate the photo-voltaic parameters varies it regions of the visible specter, as well as a good efficiency of conversion
Resumo:
Low voltage solar panels increase the reliability of solar panels due to reduction of in series associations the configurations of photovoltaic cells. The low voltage generation requires DCDC converters devices with high efficiency, enabling raise and regulate the output voltage. This study analyzes the performance of a photovoltaic panel of Solarex, MSX model 77, configured to generate an open circuit voltage of 10.5 V, with load voltage of 8.5 V, with short circuit current of 9 A and a power of 77 W. The solar panel was assembled in the isolated photovoltaic system configuration, with and without energy storage as an interface with a DCDC converter, Booster topology. The converter was designed and fabricated using SMD (Surface Mounted Devices) technology IC (integrated circuit) that regulates its output voltage at 14.2 V, with an efficiency of 87% and providing the load a maximum power of 20.88 W. The system was installed and instrumented for measurement and acquisition of the following data: luminosities, average global radiation (data of INPE Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais), solar panel and environment temperatures, solar panel and DC-DC converter output voltages, panel, inverter, and battery charge output currents. The photovoltaic system was initially tested in the laboratory (simulating its functioning in ideal conditions of operation) and then subjected to testing in real field conditions. The panel inclination angle was set at 5.5, consistent with the latitude of Natal city. Factors such as climatic conditions (simultaneous variations of temperature, solar luminosities and ra diation on the panel), values of load resistance, lower limit of the maximum power required by the load (20.88 W) were predominant factors that panel does not operate with energy efficiency levels greater than 5 to 6%. The average converter efficiency designed in the field test reached 95%
Resumo:
Composite materials can be defined as materials formed from two or more constituents with different compositions, structures and properties, which are separated by an interface. The main objective in producing composites is to combine different materials to produce a single device with superior properties to the component unit. The present study used a composite consisting of plaster, cement, EPS, tire, PET and water to build prototype solar attempt to reduce the manufacturing cost of such equipment. It was built two box type solar cookers, a cooler to be cooled by solar energy, a solar dryer and a solar cooker concentration. For these prototypes were discussed the processes of construction and assembly, determination of thermal and mechanical properties, and raising the performance of such solar systems. Were also determined the proportions of the constituents of the composite materials according to specific performance of each prototype designed. This compound proved to be feasible for the manufacture of such equipment, low cost and easy manufacturing and assembly processes
Resumo:
Microalgae are microscopic photosynthetic organisms that grow rapidly and in different environmental conditions due to their simple cellular structure. The cultivation of microalgae is a biological system capable of storing solar energy through the production of organic compounds via photosynthesis, and these species presents growth faster than land plants, enabling higher biomass yield. Thus, it is understood that the cultivation of these photosynthetic mechanisms is part of a relevant proposal, since, when compared to other oil producing raw materials, they have a significantly higher productivity, thus being a raw material able to complete the current demand by biodiesel . The overall aim of the thesis was to obtain biofuel via transesterification process of bio oil from the microalgae Isochrysis galbana. The specific objective was to estimate the use of a photobioreactor at the laboratory level, for the experiments of microalgae growth; evaluating the characteristics of biodiesel from microalgae produced by in situ transesterification process; studying a new route for disinfection of microalgae cultivation, through the use of the chemical agent sodium hypochlorite. The introduction of this new method allowed obtaining the kinetics of the photobioreactor for cultivation, besides getting the biomass needed for processing and analysis of experiments in obtaining biodiesel. The research showed acceptable results for the characteristics observed in the bio oil obtained, which fell within the standards of ANP Resolution No. 14, dated 11.5.2012 - 18.5.2012. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the photobioreactor designed meet expectations about study culture growth and has contributed largely to the development of the chosen species of microalgae. Thus, it can be seen that the microalgae Isochrysis galbana showed a species with potential for biodiesel production
