Climate Change and "historical responsibilities"

The historical responsibility of countries listed in the Annex I of the Convention on Climate Change has been used extensively as a justification for the lack of action of countries not included in Annex I to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. We analyzed the contribution of non-Annex I countries to the CO2 emissions in the period 1850 - 2006 to assess their relative contribution to total CO2 emissions. In the period 1980 - 2006 non-Annex I countries represented 44% of the total but this contribution increased in the period 1990 - 2006 to 48%. If we extrapolate present trends to 2020 they will represent 56% in the period 1990 - 2020. The "historical responsibility" of Annex I countries is therefore decreasing. If we take 1990 as the starting year in which the Climate Convention recognized clearly that greenhouse gases are interfering dangerously with the climate system, it becomes very difficult to attribute "blame" and "guilt" to Annex I for their historical contributions. It becomes also quite clear the need of non-Annex I countries to engage with Annex I countries in the effort to reduce emissions. The Copenhagen Accord has no mention of "historical responsibilities".

Digital library of historical cartography: open access to cultural heritage and public good

This paper describes the integration of information between Digital Library of Historical Cartography and Bibliographical Database (DEDALUS), both of the University of São Paulo (USP), to guarantee open, public access by Internet to the maps in the collection and make them available to users everywhere. This digital library was designed by Historical Cartography Studies Laboratory team (LECH/USP), and provides maps images on the Web, of high resolution, as well as such information on these maps as technical-scientific data (projection, scale, coordinates), printing techniques and material support that have made their circulation and cultural consumption possible. The Digital Library of Historical Cartography is accessible not only to the historical cartography researchers, but also to students and the general public. Beyond being a source of information about maps, the Digital Library of Historical Cartography seeks to be interactive, exchanging information and seeking dialogue with different branches of knowledge

A critical analysis on "Active Learning" in the light of Cultural-Historical Activity Theory (CHAT): Implications to Physics Education and to experimental activities as a particular case.

This is a research paper in which we discuss “active learning” in the light of Cultural-Historical Activity Theory (CHAT), a powerful framework to analyze human activity, including teaching and learning process and the relations between education and wider human dimensions as politics, development, emancipation etc. This framework has its origin in Vygotsky's works in the psychology, supported by a Marxist perspective, but nowadays is a interdisciplinary field encompassing History, Anthropology, Psychology, Education for example.

Recent and historical climate variability effects on the population dynamics of several marine species

Eliminadas las páginas en blanco

Dating the diversification of the major lineages of Ascomycota (Fungi)

Departamento de Biología y Geología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain. Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden

Development of a sustainable grow-out technology for abalone Haliotis tuberculata coccinea (Reeve) as a new species for aquaculture diversification in the Canary Islands

Programa de doctorado: Acuicultura: producción controlda de animales acuáticos

Environmental weathering of natural and artificial stones used in historical architecture: influence of microstructure and new restoration methods

For some study cases (the Cathedral of Modena, Italy, XII-XIV century; the Ducal Palace in Mantua, Italy, XVI century; the church of San Francesco in Fano, Italy, XIV-XIX century), considered as representative of the use of natural and artificial stones in historical architecture, the complex interaction between environ-mental aggressiveness, materials’ microstructural characteristics and degradation was investigated. From the results of such analyses, it was found that materials microstructure plays a fundamental role in the actual extent to which weathering mechanisms affect natural and artificial stones. Consequently, the need of taking into account the important role of material microstructure, when evaluating the environmental aggressiveness to natural and artificial stones, was highlighted. Therefore, a possible quantification of the role of microstructure on the resistance to environmental attack was investigated. By exposing stone samples, with significantly different microstructural features, to slightly acidic aqueous solutions, simulating clean and acid rain, a good correlation between weight losses and the product of carbonate content and specific surface area (defined as the “vulnerable specific surface area”) was found. Alongside the evaluation of stone vulnerability, the development of a new consolidant for weathered carbonate stones was undertaken. The use of hydroxya-patite, formed by reacting the calcite of the stone with an aqueous solution of di-ammonium hydrogen phosphate, was found to be a promising consolidating tech-nique for carbonates stones. Indeed, significant increases in the mechanical prop-erties can be achieved after the treatment, which has the advantage of simply con-sisting in a non-hazardous aqueous solution, able to penetrate deeply into the stone (> 2 cm) and bring significant strengthening after just 2 days of reaction. Furthermore, the stone sorptivity is not eliminated after treatment, so that water and water vapor exchanges between the stone and the environment are not com-pletely blocked.

Macroecology of avian frugivore diversity

Die Verbreitung von Vögeln kann von sehr unterschiedlichen Faktoren (z.B. Habitatstruktur, Klima, Nahrungsverfügbarkeit, Evolutionsgeschichte) beeinflusst werden, die zudem auf verschiedenen räumlichen Skalen (lokal bis global) unterschiedlich wirken. In dieser Dissertation wurde die Artenvielfalt früchtefressender Vogelarten auf regionalem, kontinentalem und globalem Maßstab untersucht und getestet ob sie von Habitatstruktur (Landnutzung, Topographie, Vegetationsstruktur), Klima (Temperatur, Niederschlag, Evapotranspiration), Nahrungsressourcen (früchtetragende Baumarten), oder historischen Faktoren (biogeographische Region) bestimmt wird. Dazu wurden umfangreiche geographische Datenbanken auf verschiedenen räumlichen Skalen, d.h. auf regionalem (Kenia), kontinentalem (Afrika), und globalem (Welt) Maßstab, ausgewertet, die die Verbreitung aller Vogelarten und wichtiger Umweltfaktoren enthalten. Statistische Analysen auf globalem Maßstab zeigten, dass die Verbreitung von Früchtefressern sehr gut mit klimatischen Variablen, insbesondere aktueller Evapotranspiration und Produktivität, beschrieben werden kann. Unterschiede zwischen biogeographischen Regionen bleiben jedoch bestehen auch wenn für klimatische Unterschiede zwischen den Regionen korrigiert wird. Weiter zeigen unterschiedliche Ordnungen mit früchtefressenden Vogelarten unterschiedliche Diversifizierungsmuster. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass auch historische Faktoren, wie die Klima- und Evolutionsgeschichte, eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Analysen auf regionalem und kontinentalem Maßstab legen nahe, dass klimatische Faktoren im Wesentlichen indirekt auf die Artenvielfalt von Früchtefressern wirken, und zwar durch funktionelle Beziehungen zwischen Früchtefressern und Bäumen (z.B. trophische Interaktionen mit wichtigen Nahrungspflanzen, Vegetationsstruktur). Die Ergebnisse dieser Dissertation zeigen, dass biotische Interaktionen, direkte und indirekte klimatische Effekte, und das Zusammenwirken von Evolutionsgeschichte und heutigen Umweltbedingungen untersucht werden müssen um den Artenreichtum von Vögeln auf großem räumlichem Maßstab zu verstehen.