Avaliação da capacidade de regeneração in vitro em tomateiro industrial

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a capacidade de regeneração das cultivares de tomateiro industrial (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) IPA-5 e IPA-6, utilizando quatro composições de meio de cultura descritos na literatura e cinco variações de inoculação. Foi testada uma nova variação de inoculação, denominada cotilédone fendido. A maior freqüência de formação de gemas vegetativas foi 100% no caso de IPA-5, e 65% no caso de IPA-6. Para induzir o alongamento de brotos, foram necessários três subcultivos dos explantes apresentando gemas. No caso de IPA-5, o número de brotos obtidos foi maior quando a indução de gemas foi realizada em meio contendo BAP (2,5 mg L-1) e AIA (0,2 mg L-1) seguido de três subcultivos, em meio como zeatina (0,5 mg L-1). Usando esse protocolo, a cultivar IPA-5 produziu uma média de 5,45 brotos alongados a partir do cotilédone fendido. Essa capacidade excedeu significativamente o cotilédone aparado, que produziu 4,4 brotos alongados por explante. No caso de IPA-6, a melhor combinação de meios e método de inoculação produziu 0,87 broto alongado por explante. Os brotos alongados foram enraizados e transferidos para casa de vegetação.

Bond strength of orthodontic brackets using different light and self-curing cements

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of stainless steel orthodontic brackets directly bonded to extracted human premolar teeth. Fifty teeth were randomly divided into ¿ve groups: (1) System One (chemically cured composite resin), (2) Light Bond (light-cured composite resin), (3) Vivaglass Cem (self-curing glass ionomer cement), (4) Fuji Ortho LC (light-cured glass ionomer cement) used after 37% orthophosphoric acid¿etching of enamel (5) Fuji Ortho LC without orthophosphoric acid¿etching. The brackets were placed on the buccal and lingual surfaces of each tooth, and the specimens were stored in distilled water (24 hours) at 378C and thermocycled. Teeth were mounted on acrylic block frames, and brackets were debonded using an Instron machine. Shear bond strength values at fracture (Nw)were recorded. ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls multiple comparison tests were performed (P , .05). Bonding failure site was recorded by stereomicroscope and analyzed by Chi-square test, selected specimens of each group were observed by scanning electron microscope. System One attained the highest bond strength. Light Bond and Fuji Ortho LC, when using an acid-etching technique, obtained bond strengths that were within the range of estimated bond strength values for successful clinical bonding. Fuji Ortho LC and Vivaglass Cem left an almost clean enamel surface after debracketing.

Microfiltración en restauraciones clase II de composite fotopolimerizadas a través de un cono transparente

Estudios clínicos han demostrado la existencia de importantes problemas cuando el composite es utilizado en restauraciones posteriores. Dentro de ellos cabe destacar la contracción del material y la microfiltración. Una adecuada fotopolimerización de la resina influye positivamente en el resultado final de la restauración. La utilización de un cono transparente de plástico ha sido sugerido por algunos autores como un procedimiento para mejorar la fotopolimerización de la resina a nivel del área gingival en las restauraciones clase II de composite, lográndose un aumento en la dureza y nivel de conversión del material, así como una disminución de la brecha entre la restauración y las paredes cavitarias a ese nivel. En el presente trabajo se investigaron los efectos de la utilización del cono transparente propuesto por Ericson en 1987, en la fotopolimerización de la resina y sus consecuencias en la microfiltración. Los resultados mostraron una leve tendencia a la disminución de la microfiltración en el área cervical de las restauraciones clase II cuando el cono fue utilizado, aunque sin diferencias significativas respecto a la técnica convencional.

A genomewide scan for early-onset coronary artery disease in 438 families: the GENECARD Study.

A family history of coronary artery disease (CAD), especially when the disease occurs at a young age, is a potent risk factor for CAD. DNA collection in families in which two or more siblings are affected at an early age allows identification of genetic factors for CAD by linkage analysis. We performed a genomewide scan in 1,168 individuals from 438 families, including 493 affected sibling pairs with documented onset of CAD before 51 years of age in men and before 56 years of age in women. We prospectively defined three phenotypic subsets of families: (1) acute coronary syndrome in two or more siblings; (2) absence of type 2 diabetes in all affected siblings; and (3) atherogenic dyslipidemia in any one sibling. Genotypes were analyzed for 395 microsatellite markers. Regions were defined as providing evidence for linkage if they provided parametric two-point LOD scores >1.5, together with nonparametric multipoint LOD scores >1.0. Regions on chromosomes 3q13 (multipoint LOD = 3.3; empirical P value <.001) and 5q31 (multipoint LOD = 1.4; empirical P value <.081) met these criteria in the entire data set, and regions on chromosomes 1q25, 3q13, 7p14, and 19p13 met these criteria in one or more of the subsets. Two regions, 3q13 and 1q25, met the criteria for genomewide significance. We have identified a region on chromosome 3q13 that is linked to early-onset CAD, as well as additional regions of interest that will require further analysis. These data provide initial areas of the human genome where further investigation may reveal susceptibility genes for early-onset CAD.

Characteristics of Chemical Treated Roadway Surfaces, HR-33, 1963

Iowa Highway Commission Project HR-33, "Characteristics of Chemically Treated Roadway Surfaces", was investigated at the Iowa Engineering Experiment Station under Project 375-S. The purpose of the project as originally proposed was to study the physical and chemical characteristics of chemically treated roadway surfaces. All chemical treatments were to be included, but only sodium chloride and calcium chloride treated roadways were investigated. The uses of other types of chemical treatment were not discovered until recently, notably spent sulfite liquor and a commercial additive. Costs of stabilized secondary roads in Hamilton County averaged $4300.00 per mile even though remanent soil-aggregate material was used. The cost of similar roads in Franklin County was $4400.00 per mile. The Franklin County road surfaces were constructed entirely from materials that were hauled to the road site. Costs in Butler County were a little over $3000.00 per mile some eight years ago. Chemical investigations indicate that calcium chloride and sodium chloride are lost through leaching. Approximately 95 percent of the sodium chloride appears to have been lost, and nearly 65 percent of the calcium chloride has disappeared. The latter value may be much in error since surface dressings of calcium chloride are commonly used and have not been taken into account. Clay contents of the soil-aggregate-chemical stabilized roads range from about 6 to ll percent, averaging 8 or 9 percent. The thicknesses of stabilized mats are usually 2 to 4 inches, with in-place densities ranging from 130 to 145 pcf. Generally the densities found in sodium chloride stabilized roads were slightly higher than those found in the calcium chloride stabilized roads.

Interactions of dietary whole-grain intake with fasting glucose- and insulin-related genetic loci in individuals of European descent: a meta-analysis of 14 cohort studies.

Whole-grain foods are touted for multiple health benefits, including enhancing insulin sensitivity and reducing type 2 diabetes risk. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with fasting glucose and insulin concentrations in individuals free of diabetes. We tested the hypothesis that whole-grain food intake and genetic variation interact to influence concentrations of fasting glucose and insulin. Via meta-analysis of data from 14 cohorts comprising ∼ 48,000 participants of European descent, we studied interactions of whole-grain intake with loci previously associated in GWAS with fasting glucose (16 loci) and/or insulin (2 loci) concentrations. For tests of interaction, we considered a P value <0.0028 (0.05 of 18 tests) as statistically significant. Greater whole-grain food intake was associated with lower fasting glucose and insulin concentrations independent of demographics, other dietary and lifestyle factors, and BMI (β [95% CI] per 1-serving-greater whole-grain intake: -0.009 mmol/l glucose [-0.013 to -0.005], P < 0.0001 and -0.011 pmol/l [ln] insulin [-0.015 to -0.007], P = 0.0003). No interactions met our multiple testing-adjusted statistical significance threshold. The strongest SNP interaction with whole-grain intake was rs780094 (GCKR) for fasting insulin (P = 0.006), where greater whole-grain intake was associated with a smaller reduction in fasting insulin concentrations in those with the insulin-raising allele. Our results support the favorable association of whole-grain intake with fasting glucose and insulin and suggest a potential interaction between variation in GCKR and whole-grain intake in influencing fasting insulin concentrations.

Influência da idade da muda de Eucalyptus grandis no desenvolvimento da lagarta-rosca Nomophila sp.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a influência da idade das mudas de Eucalyptus grandis (Myrtaceae) no desenvolvimento da lagarta-rosca Nomophila sp. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Esse inseto foi alimentado em laboratório (24±2°C, 80±15% de UR e fotofase de 12 horas) com folhas de eucalipto com 20-30 dias ou com 50-60 dias de idade. Os parâmetros observados foram: número, duração e caracterização dos estádios, largura da cápsula cefálica, comprimento do corpo, duração da fase larval, relação entre número de estádios e o sexo, viabilidade e comportamento das lagartas de Nomophila sp. Esse inseto mostrou melhor desenvolvimento em todos os parâmetros observados, em mudas de eucalipto com 20-30 dias do que em mudas com 50-60 dias de idade, quando o caule está mais enrijecido. Isto reforça a necessidade de se realizar uma adubação balanceada nas mudas de E. grandis, como forma de acelerar seu desenvolvimento, e torná-las morfologicamente menos favoráveis ao desenvolvimento das lagartas de Nomophila sp.

Efeito fungistático de Bacillus thuringiensis e de outras bactérias sobre alguns fungos fitopatogênicos

Quatro isolados bacterianos da rizosfera de Drosera villosa var. villosa (B1, B2, B3, B4) e dois isolados de Bacillus thuringiensis (B5 e B6), sendo B6 produtor da toxina bioinseticida Cry1Ab, foram avaliados quanto à capacidade de inibir os fungos fitopatogênicos Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli, Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines, Fusarium oxysporum e Colletotrichum sp. A cepa mais efetiva foi B1 que inibiu o crescimento dos quatro fungos até o 26º dia. B. thuringiensis inibiu o crescimento de três destes, o que indica que possui atividade antifúngica e abre um novo campo de estudo para a utilização do B. thuringiensis.

Metano entérico de bovinos leiteiros em condições tropicais brasileiras

O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a taxa de emissão de metano (CH4) pela técnica do gás traçador, hexafluoreto de enxofre (SF6), em bovinos leiteiros a pasto em condições tropicais brasileiras. As medições foram realizadas na estação das chuvas, com adequada oferta de forragem, em animais da raça Holandesa e Mestiça Leiteira Brasileira em pastagem de capim-tobiatã (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tobiatã) adubada, com vacas em lactação, vacas secas e novilhas, e em pastagem de capim-braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.) não adubada com novilhas. As concentrações de CH4 e SF6 foram determinadas por cromatografia gasosa. A emissão de CH4 pelas vacas em lactação foi de 13,8 a 16,8 g/hora, pelas vacas secas de 11,6 a 12,3 g/hora, pelas novilhas em pastagem adubada de 9,5 g/hora, e pelas novilhas em pastagem sem adubo de 7,6 a 8,3 g/hora ou 66 a 72 kg/animal/ano. A emissão de CH4 por matéria seca digestiva ingerida foi de 42 a 69 g/kg em vacas em lactação, de 46 a 56 g/kg em vacas secas, 45 a 58 g/kg em novilhas ingerindo pasto adubado e 58 a 62 g/kg em novilhas em pastagem sem adubo. A emissão de CH4 por bovinos leiteiros ingerindo gramíneas tropicais é superior à emissão por bovinos ingerindo gramíneas de clima temperado.

Sequence similarity between the viral cp gene and the transgene in transgenic papayas

The Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) coat protein transgene present in 'Rainbow' and 'SunUp' papayas disclose high sequence similarity (>89%) to the cp gene from PRSV BR and TH. Despite this, both isolates are able to break down the resistance in 'Rainbow', while only the latter is able to do so in 'SunUp'. The objective of this work was to evaluate the degree of sequence similarity between the cp gene in the challenge isolate and the cp transgene in transgenic papayas resistant to PRSV. The production of a hybrid virus containing the genome backbone of PRSV HA up to the Apa I site in the NIb gene, and downstream from there, the sequence of PRSV TH was undertaken. This hybrid virus, PRSV HA/TH, was obtained and used to challenge 'Rainbow', 'SunUp', and an R2 population derived from line 63-1, all resistant to PRSV HA. PRSV HA/TH broke down the resistance in both papaya varieties and in the 63-1 population, demonstrating that sequence similarity is a major factor in the mechanism of resistance used by transgenic papayas expressing the cp gene. A comparative analysis of the cp gene present in line 55-1 and 63-1-derived transgenic plants and in PRSV HA, BR, and TH was also performed.

Plants of an Eucalyptus clone damaged by Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera)

Species of Scolytidae and Platypodidae were evaluated in a plantation using a clone of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Wood disks with galleries were taken from 15 eucalyptus trees between 0.5 and 1.5 m height. After collection, all trees attacked were burned. Woodborers obtained from these disks were identified as Premnobius cavipennis, Premnobius ambitiosus, Dryocoetoides cristatus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and Euplatypus parallelus (Coleoptera: Platypodidae). This is the first report of D. cristatus, a Brazilian native species, damaging eucalyptus, which shows its adaptation to this plant.

Verkossa ilmestyvät lektiot

Henkilöviittomien synty ja kehitys suomalaisessa viittomakieliyhteisössä / Päivi Rainò. - Helsinki, 2004 ; Puheesta ihminen tunnetaan : sananlaskujen funktiot sosiaalisessa vuorovaikutuksessa / Outi Lauhakangas. - Helsinki, 2004 ; Suomen tunnekausatiiviverbit ja niiden lausemaiset täydennykset / Michaela Pörn. - Helsinki, 2004 ; Diachronic change in Erzya word stress / Dennis Estill. - Helsinki, 2004

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in never-smoking animal farmers working inside confinement buildings

BACKGROUND: In animal farming, respiratory disease has been associated with indoor air contaminants and an excess in FEV1 decline. Our aim was to determine the characteristics and risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in never-smoking European farmers working inside animal confinement buildings. METHODS: A sample of participants in the European Farmers' Study was selected for a cross-sectional study assessing lung function and air contaminants. Dose-response relationships were assessed using logistic regression models. RESULTS: COPD was found in 18 of 105 farmers (45.1 SD 11.7 years) (17.1%); 8 cases (7.6%) with moderate and 3 cases (2.9%) with severe disease. Dust and endotoxin showed a dose-response relationship with COPD, with the highest prevalence of COPD in subjects with high dust (low=7.9%/high=31.6%) and endotoxin exposure (low=10.5%/high=20.0%). This association was statistically significant for dust in the multivariate analysis (OR 6.60, 95% CI 1.10-39.54). CONCLUSION: COPD in never-smoking animal farmers working inside confinement buildings is related to indoor dust exposure and may become severe. [Authors]

Ant species distribution along a topographic gradient in a "terra-firme" forest reserve in Central Amazonia

In Amazonia, topographical variations in soil and forest structure within "terra-firme" ecosystems are important factors correlated with terrestrial invertebrates' distribution. The objective of this work was to assess the effects of soil clay content and slope on ant species distribution over a 25 km² grid covering the natural topographic continuum. Using three complementary sampling methods (sardine baits, pitfall traps and litter samples extracted in Winkler sacks), 300 subsamples of each method were taken in 30 plots distributed over a wet tropical forest in the Ducke Reserve (Manaus, AM, Brazil). An amount of 26,814 individuals from 11 subfamilies, 54 genera, 85 species and 152 morphospecies was recorded (Pheidole represented 37% of all morphospecies). The genus Eurhopalothrix was registered for the first time for the reserve. Species number was not correlated with slope or clay content, except for the species sampled from litter. However, the Principal Coordinate Analysis indicated that the main pattern of species composition from pitfall and litter samples was related to clay content. Almost half of the species were found only in valleys or only on plateaus, which suggests that most of them are habitat specialists. In Central Amazonia, soil texture is usually correlated with vegetation structure and moisture content, creating different microhabitats, which probably account for the observed differences in ant community structure.