Evidence of fluoride oxidation for development of the electrochemically-induced crystallization observed in lead oxyfluoroborate glasses

This work reports on a distinct experimental procedure conceived to closely approach the question of development of crystallization in lead oxyfluoroborate glasses in the presence of an electric field. After proposing earlier that this phenomenon should involve occurrence of redox-type electrochemical reactions occurring at the electrodes. it was in fact recently shown that a direct contact of the glasses with both the cathode and anode revealed essential, provided that crystallization did not develop when ions migration to these electrodes became frustrated. The present study demonstrates that. even in Pt,Ag/Glass/YSZ:PbF(2)/Ag,Pt-type electrochemical cells subjected to electric field action, where YSZ:PbF(2) represents composite-like mixtures (formed by Y(2)O(3)-doped ZrO(2) and PbF(2)) placed between the glass and anode. crystallization was observable in given cases. In summary, supported by (micro)structural and electrical characterizations, clear evidence is provided here that, besides Pb(2+) reduction at the cathode, crystallization really involves simultaneous F(-) oxidation at the anode, completing thus the whole redox electrochemical reaction so far postulated. In these cases, F(-) migration to the anode was achievable following PbF(2) percolative-like paths through the YSZ:PbF(2) mixtures. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

O efeito da carga compressiva repetitiva sobre a placa de crescimento : estudo experimental em ratos

Os impactos repetitivos decorrentes do esporte podem interferir no crescimento ósseo. Com o objetivo de tentar elucidar o efeito mecânico dos impactos repetitivos sobre a placa de crescimento ósseo, da tíbia proximal, um estudo experimental em ratos foi realizado. Inicialmente, foi desenvolvida uma máquina para a produção de impactos repetitivos na tíbia dos ratos. Os impactos repetitivos foram produzidos na tíbia direita em uma amostra de 60 ratos wistar, divididos em 6 grupos de 10 cada, sendo a esquerda o controle. A magnitude de impacto foi de aproximadamente 3,5 vezes a massa corporal dos ratos. Após os dias de impacto, os ratos foram sacrificados e as tíbias foram medidas. Em seguida um estudo histológico da placa de crescimento foi realizado. Foram medidas, a espessura total da placa de crescimento, a espessura da zona de repouso, de proliferação e hipertrófica e de calcificação juntas. Os resultados mostraram diferença significativa no comprimento da tíbia nos testes intra-grupos para os grupos 3, 4,e 5 (p≤0,05), e intergrupos para a tíbia direita e esquerda (p≤0,05). A placa de crescimento mostrou uma menor espessura significativa na tíbia direita (p≤0,05). Na esquerda não houve alteração significativa da espessura da placa (p=0,109). As zonas de repouso e proliferativa da placa da tíbia direita, e o número médio de células nas colunas da zona proliferativa apresentaram diferenças significativas intergrupos (p= 0,013, p=0,042 e p=0,017, respectivamente). As zonas hipertrófica e de calcificação apresentaram diferença significativas nas tíbias direita e esquerda (p 0,048 e 0=0,020, respectivamente). As análises múltiplas confirmaram que não existiram evidências de calcificação precoce da placa, com a magnitude de impacto produzida. Não houve mudança significativa nas zonas hipertrófica e de calcificação. A conclusão é de que os impactos repetitivos diminuem a espessura da placa de crescimento proximal da tíbia durante a puberdade, principalmente quando o tempo de impacto ultrapassa a metade do período de puberdade. Com a interrupção de 10 dias na produção dos impactos, permaneceu a diminuição da espessura da placa proximal da tíbia. A cargas de impactos de aproximadamente 3,5 vezes a massa corporal não são suficientes para exibir evidências de calcificação precoce da placa de crescimento.

Experimental toxoplasmosis in pregnant bitches

Three Toxoplasma gondii free bitches (No, 3-5) were fed 15 000 sporulated T. gondii oocysts at 56, 40 and 32 day of gestation and the outcome of the pregnancy was monitored. Two of the three dogs infected during pregnancy showed evidence of congenital infection and one aborted. Two control bitches not fed oocysts delivered eight uninfected healthy pups. This study demonstrated that I gondii can be congenitally transmitted in dogs when bitches are infected during pregnancy. (C) 1999 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Toxoplasma gondii: Evidence for the transmission by semen in dogs

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Evidence of ecotypic differentiation between populations of the tree species Parapiptadenia rigida due to flooding

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Experimental myocardial hypertrophy induced by a minimally invasive ascending aorta coarctation

Ascending aorta coarctation was produced by a minimally invasive technique in rabbits. Animal mortality was 5%. Morphometric and hemodynamic parameters were evaluated. A parabiotically isolated heart model was used to assess the hemodynamic parameters. Left ventricular weight/body weight ratio and muscle area showed clear evidence of hypertrophy when compared to control. The hemodynamic changes in the isolated heart model suggested decreased diastolic and systolic function in the coarcted group. The present model produced hypertrophy with low mortality rates as a result of its less invasive nature.

Perfil eletroforético e concentração de imunoglobulinas G (IgG) do soro sanguíneo de cabras Saanen com mastite experimental induzida por Staphylococcus aureus suplementadas com vitamina E

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Effects of Lidocaine Infusion during Experimental Endotoxemia in Horses

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Immunotherapy against experimental canine visceral leishmaniasis with the saponin enriched-Leishmune((R)) vaccine

In order to assess the immunotherapeutic potential on canine visceral leishmaniasis of the Leishmune (R) vaccine, formulated with an increased adjuvant concentration (1 mg of saponin rather than 0.5 mg), 24 mongrel dogs were infected with Leishmania (L.) chagasi. The enriched-Leishmune (R) vaccine was injected on month 6, 7 and 8 after infection, when animals were seropositive and symptomatic. The control group were injected with a saline solution. Leishmune (R)-treated dogs showed significantly higher levels of anti-FML IgG antibodies (ANOVA; p < 0.0001), a higher and stable IgG2 and a decreasing IgG I response, pointing to a TH1 T cell mediated response. The vaccine had the following effects: it led to more positive delayed type hypersensitivity reactions against Leishmania lysate in vaccinated dogs (75%) than in controls (50%), to a decreased average of CD4+ Leishmania-specific lymphocytes in saline controls (32.13%) that fell outside the 95% confidence interval of the vaccinees (41.62%, CI95% 43.93-49.80) and an increased average of the clinical scores from the saline controls (17.83) that falls outside the 95% confidence interval for the Leishmune (R) immumotherapy-treated dogs (15.75, CI95% 13.97-17.53). All dogs that received the vaccine were clustered, and showed lower clinical scores and normal CD4+ counts, whereas 42% of the untreated dogs showed very diminished CD4+ and higher clinical score. The increase in clinical signs of the saline treated group was correlated with an increase in anti-FML antibodies (p < 0.0001), the parasitological evidence (p = 0.038) and a decrease in Leishinania-specific CD4+ lymphocyte proportions (p = 0.035). These results confirm the immunotherapeutic potential of the enriched-Leishmune (R) vaccine. The vaccine reduced the clinical symptoms and evidence of parasite, modulating the outcome of the infection and the dog's potential infectiosity to phlebotomines. The enriched-Leishmune (R) vaccine was subjected to a safety analysis and found to be well tolerated and safe. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Epicatechin Used in the Treatment of Intestinal Inflammatory Disease: An Analysis by Experimental Models

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Effects of Rhizophora mangle on Experimental Colitis Induced by TNBS in Rats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Tissue evidence of the testosterone role on the abnormal growth and aging effects reversion in the gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) prostate

Prostate differentiation during embryogenesis and its further homeostatic state maintenance during adult life depend on androgens. Abundant biological data suggest that androgens play an important role in the development of the prostate cancer and other prostatic diseases. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the testosterone supplementation in gerbil (a new experimental model) at different ages. Tissues from experimental animals were studied by histological and histochemistry procedures, androgen receptor immunohistochemistry assay, morphometric-stereological analysis, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). After the treatment were observed increase of prostate weight and epithelium height in all ages studied. In some adult and aged treated animals, hyperplasic and displasic process were observed, including prostatic intraepithelial neoplasias and adenocarcinomas. Increase of the thickness of the smooth muscle cell (SMC) layer was observed in pubescent and adult animals and TEM revealed apparent SMC hypertrophy. An apparent increase in the frequency of blood vessels distributed by the subepithelial stroma in the treated animals was noticed. Reversion of the natural effects of aging on the prostate was observed in the aged treated animals in some acini of the gland. These data demonstrate that the gerbil prostate is susceptible to androgenic action at the studied ages and it can serve, for example, as experimental model to studies of prostate neoplasic process induction and hormonal therapy in aged animals.

Pharmacological evidence for beta(2)-adrenoceptor in right atria from stressed female rats

The purpose of the present study was to demonstrate a physiological response to TA2005, a potent beta(2)-adrenoceptor (beta(2)-AR) selective agonist, in right atria isolated from stressed female rats under the influence of the estrous cycle. We obtained concentration-response curves to the agonist in the presence and in the absence of selective antagonists in right atria isolated from female rats submitted to three daily foot-shock sessions (30 min duration, 120 pulses of 1.0 mA, 1.0 s, applied at random intervals of 5-25 s) and sacrificed at estrus or diestrus. Our results showed that the pD(2), values of TA2005 were not influenced by estrous cycle phase or foot-shock stress. However, in right atria from stressed rats sacrificed during diestrus, the concentration-response curve to TA2005 was biphasic, with a response being obtained at concentrations of 0.1 nM, whereas during estrus no response was observed at doses lower than 3 nM. ICI118,551, a beta(2)-AR antagonist, abolished the response to nanomolar concentrations of TA2005 in right atria from stressed rats at diestrus, with no changes in a,agonist pot values in right atria from control rats (7.47 +/- 0.09, p > 0.05) but a 3-fold decrease in pD(2), values of TA2005 in right atria from foot shock stressed rats (7.90 +/- 0.07, p less than or equal to 0.05). Concentration-response curves to TA2005 in the presence of ICI118,551 were best fitted by a one-site model equation. The beta(1)-AR antagonist, CGP20712A, shifted to the right only the second part of the concentration-response curves to the agonist, unmasking the putative Pz-AR-mediated response to the agonist in tissues isolated from stressed rats at diestrus. Under this condition, concentration-response curves to the agonist were best fitted by a two-site model equation. pot and maximum response of TA2005 interaction with beta(1)- and putative Pz-adrenoceptor components were calculated. Schild analyses gave a pK(B) value for CGP20712A that was typical for the interaction with beta(1)-AR in each experimental group. pK(B), values for ICI118,551 could not be obtained in stressed rats sacrificed at diestrus since Schild plot slopes were lower than 1.0. In right atria from control rats, ICI118,551 pK(B), values were similar to reported values for the interaction of the antagonist with beta(1)-AR. These results confirm that a heterogenous PAR population mediating the chronotropic response to catecholamines can be demonstrated in right atria from foot shock stressed female rats sacrificed at diestrus. The stress-induced response seems to be mediated by the beta(2)-AR subtype. Right atria from rats sacrificed during estrus are protected against stress-induced alterations on the homogeneity of PAR population.

Evidence for a respiratory component, similar to mammalian respiratory sinus arrhythmia, in the heart rate variability signal from the rattlesnake, Crotalus durissus terrificus

Autonomic control of heart rate variability and the central location of vagal preganglionic neurones (VPN) were examined in the rattlesnake ( Crotalus durissus terrificus), in order to determine whether respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) occurred in a similar manner to that described for mammals. Resting ECG signals were recorded in undisturbed snakes using miniature datalogging devices, and the presence of oscillations in heart rate (f(H)) was assessed by power spectral analysis (PSA). This mathematical technique provides a graphical output that enables the estimation of cardiac autonomic control by measuring periodic changes in the heart beat interval. At fH above 19 min(-1) spectra were mainly characterised by low frequency components, reflecting mainly adrenergic tonus on the heart. By contrast, at f(H) below 19 min(-1) spectra typically contained high frequency components, demonstrated to be cholinergic in origin. Snakes with a f(H) > 19 min(-1) may therefore have insufficient cholinergic tonus and/or too high an adrenergic tonus acting upon the heart for respiratory sinus arrhythmia ( RSA) to develop. A parallel study monitored f(Hd) simultaneously with the intraperitoneal pressures associated with lung inflation. Snakes with a fH < 19 min(-1) exhibited a high frequency (HF) peak in the power spectrum, which correlated with ventilation rate (f(V)). Adrenergic blockade by propranolol infusion increased the variability of the ventilation cycle, and the oscillatory component of the f(H) spectrum broadened accordingly. Infusion of atropine to effect cholinergic blockade abolished this HF component, confirming a role for vagal control of the heart in matching f(H) and f(V) in the rattlesnake. A neuroanatomical study of the brainstem revealed two locations for vagal preganglionic neurones (VPN). This is consistent with the suggestion that generation of ventilatory components in the heart rate variability (HRV) signal are dependent on spatially distinct loci for cardiac VPN. Therefore, this study has demonstrated the presence of RSA in the HRV signal and a dual location for VPN in the rattlesnake. We suggest there to be a causal relationship between these two observations.

NO EVIDENCE of PATHOLOGICAL AUTOIMMUNITY FOLLOWING MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE HEAT-SHOCK PROTEIN 65-DNA VACCINATION IN MICE

Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) are currently one of the most promising targets for the development of immunotherapy against tumours and autoimmune disorders. This protein family has the capacity to activate or modulate the function of different immune system cells. They induce the activation of monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells, and contribute to cross-priming, an important mechanism of presentation of exogenous antigen in the context of MHC class I molecules, These various immunological properties of HSP have encouraged their use in several clinical trials. Nevertheless, an important issue regarding these proteins is whether the high homology among HSPs across different species may trigger the breakdown of immune tolerance and induce autoimmune diseases. We have developed a DNA vaccine codifying the Mycobacterium leprae Hsp65 (DNAhsp65), which showed to be highly immunogenic and protective against experimental tuberculosis. Here, we address the question of whether DNAhsp65 immunization could induce pathological autoimmunity in mice. Our results show that DNAhsp65 vaccination induced antibodies that can recognize the human Hsp60 but did not induce harmful effects in 16 different organs analysed by histopathology up to 210 days after vaccination. We also showed that anti-DNA antibodies were not elicited after DNA vaccination. The results are important for the development of both HSP and DNA-based immunomodulatory agents.