Uma crítica à realidade e a Deus Um estudo exegético em Jó 24,1-12

O livro de Jó pertence à literatura sapiencial de Israel. Seu conteúdo é um grande debate entre sábios. Estes formavam um segmento educado da população: sabiam ler e escrever. A sabedoria era demasiadamente valorizada e concebida como orientação prudente para a vida. O texto 24,1-12 de Jó pertence à parte poética do livro. O poema foi escrito na primeira metade do século V a.C., no período do pós exílio, durante a dominação dos persas. Este império trouxe profundas modificações para a vida do povo em Judá. Apesar da aparente tolerância por parte de seus governantes, eles criaram métodos muito eficazes para alcançar seus objetivos de controle sobre os povos submetidos. Através de um forte aparelho burocrático, fiscal e militar controlavam e garantiam a ordem e o pagamento de tributos. O templo tornou-se o intermediário entre o império e o povo. A economia e a sociedade se estruturaram conforme o regime imposto pelos persas. Essa política econômica e administrativa favorecia o enriquecimento dos setores dominantes, e conseqüentemente o empobrecimento cada vez maior dos camponeses. Os sacerdotes eram os líderes do povo e a teologia da retribuição se fortaleceu muito nessa época. No entanto, a justiça de Deus explicada pela teologia da retribuição deparava-se com o problema do mal e do sofrimento do justo. É a partir da experiência e da observação da realidade que se origina um movimento de resistência à teologia da retribuição. No capítulo 24,1-12, Jó se lança numa contemplação sobre a sociedade dividida entre opressores e oprimidos. Desmonta o funcionamento da sociedade mostrando suas rupturas e conflitos graves. Sua intenção nesse texto é mostrar através da realidade, porque não concorda com as afirmações dos sábios que defendem a teologia da retribuição, sobre o castigo infalível para os ímpios ricos e sobre o sofrimento do pobre como indicação de castigo.(AU)

INDIFERENÇA OU INJUSTIÇA DIVINA? EM BUSCA DE UMA COMPREENSÃO DO SOFRIMENTO HUMANO: UMA EXEGESE DE JÓ 24,7-12

O livro de Jó, cujo tema principal é a dor humana, mostra que as provações que Jó foi obrigado a suportar são absurdas e cruéis. Diante da realidade de sua existência, Jó percebe o universo como uma ausência do Deus em quem crê. A vida humana aparece caótica e as desigualdades sociais não encontram solução, a não ser na morte. Na obra, a explicação a cerca do sofrimento do inocente continuou arbitrária e permaneceu irrespondida. Contudo, a aflição gerada pela miséria total, pelo abandono e pela solidão fez Jó compreender a aflição das pessoas com as quais ele se identificou: o pobre, a viúva, o órfão, o faminto, todos aqueles que de alguma forma sofriam injustamente. Foi a partir dessa identificação que Jó lançou seu grito de protesto e denunciou os crimes cometidos pelos poderosos aos trabalhadores do campo e da cidade na sociedade de sua época, como mostra o capítulo 24,7-12. Jó não desprezou o próximo, nem se omitiu diante da violência contra seres humanos, mas engajou-se no combate do mal. Mal que pode ser entendido como tudo aquilo que contraria o dom mais preciso de Deus, o dom da vida.(AU)

EXPERIÊNCIAS AFETIVAS NO CONTEXTO ORGANIZACIONAL E SEU IMPACTO SOBRE O BEM-ESTAR NO TRABALHO

Em ambiente de elevada pressão, competição e necessidade de criação de diferenciais consistentes que venham contribuir com a longevidade das organizações, nota-se a busca e, às vezes, radicais transformações nos modelos de gestão de negócios e gestão do ser humano no meio empresarial. No campo central dos estudos atuais acerca do comportamento humano e de suas relações com as diversas instituições em que o homem se vê inserido, figuram os esforços voltados à compreensão do papel e valor da contribuição do ser humano ao ambiente de trabalho e fortalecimento das organizações. Crescentes se mostram a preocupação e o entendimento sobre os fatores que impactam o bem-estar geral, o bem-estar no trabalho, a saúde dos trabalhadores e as variáveis emocionais oriundas das relações interpessoais comuns a todo organismo social. A combinação de temas emergentes e ricos em significância como bem-estar no trabalho, satisfação e envolvimento com o trabalho, comprometimento organizacional afetivo, emoções, afetos e sentimentos, caracterizam-se como um vasto e instigante campo de pesquisa para uma adaptação mais ampla do ser humano ao ambiente organizacional. O presente estudo teve como objetivo submeter ao teste empírico as relações entre experiências afetivas no contexto organizacional e três dimensões de bem-estar no trabalho - satisfação no trabalho, envolvimento com o trabalho e comprometimento organizacional afetivo. A amostra foi composta por 253 profissionais de uma indústria metalúrgica de autopeças na grande São Paulo, sendo 213 do sexo masculino e 29 do sexo feminino, com maior freqüência na faixa etária compreendida entre 26 a 30 anos, distribuída entre solteiros e casados. Para a coleta de dados foi utilizado um questionário de auto-preenchimento com quatro escalas que avaliaram afetos positivos e negativos, satisfação no trabalho, envolvimento com o trabalho e comprometimento organizacional afetivo. A análise dos dados foi feita por meio do SPSS, versão 16.0 e diversos sub-programas permitiram realizar análises descritivas bem como calcular modelos de regressão linear para verificar o impacto de afetos positivos e negativos sobre bem-estar no trabalho. Os resultados deste estudo revelaram que o principal preditor das dimensões de bem-estar no trabalho foram os afetos positivos. Assim, parece ser adequado afirmar que bem-estar no trabalho seja um estado psicológico sustentado, em especial, pela vivência de emoções positivas no contexto organizacional. Sugere-se que a promoção da saúde e do bem-estar dentro das organizações sejam focos de estudos futuros, representando valiosa contribuição aos campos de conhecimento da psicologia da saúde e da psicologia organizacional, bem como ao conseqüente fortalecimento dos vínculos entre empresa e trabalhadores.(AU)

The effects of the menstrual cycle on social decision making

The cyclic change in hormonal profiles between the two main phases of the menstrual cycle mediate shifts in mate preference. Males who advertise social dominance are preferred over other men by females in the follicular phase of the cycle. The present study explored assignment of high or low status resources to dominant looking men by females in either phase of the menstrual cycle. Thirteen females who reported that they were free from any kind of hormonal intervention and experienced a 28 day cycle, were invited to participate in a mock job negotiation scenario. Participants were asked to assign either a minimum, low, high or maximum social status job package to a series of male 'employees' that were previously rated to look either dominant or non-dominant. The results showed that during the follicular phase of the cycle participants assigned dominant looking men more high status job resources than the non-dominant looking men. However, during the luteal phase the participants assigned low status resources to the non-dominant looking men. Females are not merely passive observers of male status cues but actively manipulate the environment to assign status. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Cleavage initiation in the intercritically reheated coarse-grained heat affected zone:Part II. Failure criteria and statistical effects

In part 1 of this article, cleavage initiation in the intercritically reheated coarse-grained heat affected zone (IC CG HAZ) of high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels was determined to occur between two closely spaced blocky MA particles. Blunt notch, crack tip opening displacement (CTOD), and precracked Charpy testing were used in this investigation to determine the failure criteria required for cleavage initiation to occur by this mechanism in the IC CG HAZ. It was found that the attainment of a critical level of strain was required in addition to a critical level of stress. This does not occur in the case of high strain rate testing, for example, during precracked Charpy testing. A different cleavage initiation mechanism is then found to operate. The precise fracture criteria and microstructural requirements (described in part I of this article) result in competition between potential cleavage initiation mechanisms in the IC CG HAZ.

Encouraging the intellectual craft of living research:tattoos, theory and time

This chapter contributes to the anthology on learning to research - researching to learn because it emphases a need to design curricula that enables living research, and on-going researcher development, rather than one that restricts student and staff activities, within a marketised approach towards time. In recent decades higher education (HE) has come to be valued for its contribution to the global economy. Referred to as the neo-liberal university, a strong prioritisation has been placed on meeting the needs of industry by providing a better workforce. This perspective emphasises the role of a degree in HE to secure future material affluence, rather than to study as an on-going investment in the self (Molesworth , Nixon & Scullion, 2009: 280). Students are treated primarily as consumers in this model, where through their tuition fees they purchase a product, rather than benefit from the transformative potential university education offers for the whole of life.Given that HE is now measured by the numbers of students it attracts, and later places into well-paid jobs, there is an intense pressure on time, which has led to a method where the learning experiences of students are broken down into discrete modules. Whilst this provides consistency, students can come to view research processes in a fragmented way within the modular system. Topics are presented chronologically, week-by-week and students simply complete a set of tasks to ‘have a degree’, rather than to ‘be learners’ (Molesworth , Nixon & Scullion, 2009: 277) who are living their research, in relation to their own past, present and future. The idea of living research in this context is my own adaptation of an approach suggested by C. Wright Mills (1959) in The Sociological Imagination. Mills advises that successful scholars do not split their work from the rest of their lives, but treat scholarship as a choice of how to live, as well as a choice of career. The marketised slant in HE thus creates a tension firstly, for students who are learning to research. Mills would encourage them to be creative, not instrumental, in their use of time, yet they are journeying through a system that is structured for a swift progression towards a high paid job, rather than crafted for reflexive inquiry, that transforms their understanding throughout life. Many universities are placing a strong focus on discrete skills for student employability, but I suggest that embedding the transformative skills emphasised by Mills empowers students and builds their confidence to help them make connections that aid their employability. Secondly, the marketised approach creates a problem for staff designing the curriculum, if students do not easily make links across time over their years of study and whole programmes. By researching to learn, staff can discover new methods to apply in their design of the curriculum, to help students make important and creative connections across their programmes of study.

Is socioeconomic position early in life associated with physical activity during adulthood following the accumulation of risk model with additive effects?

L'activité physique améliore la santé, mais seulement 4.8% des Canadiens atteignent le niveau recommandé. La position socio-économique est un des déterminants de l'activité physique les plus importants. Elle est associée à l’activité physique de manière transversale à l’adolescence et à l’âge adulte. Cette thèse a tenté de déterminer s'il y a une association à long terme entre la position socio-économique au début du parcours de vie et l’activité physique à l’âge adulte. S'il y en avait une, un deuxième objectif était de déterminer quel modèle théorique en épidémiologie des parcours de vie décrivait le mieux sa forme. Cette thèse comprend trois articles: une recension systématique et deux recherches originales. Dans la recension systématique, des recherches ont été faites dans Medline et EMBASE pour trouver les études ayant mesuré la position socio-économique avant l'âge de 18 ans et l'activité physique à ≥18 ans. Dans les deux recherches originales, la modélisation par équations structurelles a été utilisée pour comparer trois modèles alternatifs en épidémiologie des parcours de vie: le modèle d’accumulation de risque avec effets additifs, le modèle d’accumulation de risque avec effet déclenché et le modèle de période critique. Ces modèles ont été comparés dans deux cohortes prospectives représentatives à l'échelle nationale: la 1970 British birth cohort (n=16,571; première recherche) et l’Enquête longitudinale nationale sur les enfants et les jeunes (n=16,903; deuxième recherche). Dans la recension systématique, 10 619 articles ont été passés en revue par deux chercheurs indépendants et 42 ont été retenus. Pour le résultat «activité physique» (tous types et mesures confondus), une association significative avec la position socio-économique durant l’enfance fut trouvée dans 26/42 études (61,9%). Quand seulement l’activité physique durant les loisirs a été considérée, une association significative fut trouvée dans 21/31 études (67,7%). Dans un sous-échantillon de 21 études ayant une méthodologie plus forte, les proportions d’études ayant trouvé une association furent plus hautes : 15/21 (71,4%) pour tous les types et toutes les mesures d’activité physique et 12/15 (80%) pour l’activité physique de loisir seulement. Dans notre première recherche originale sur les données de la British birth cohort, pour la classe sociale, nous avons trouvé que le modèle d’accumulation de risque avec effets additifs s’est ajusté le mieux chez les hommes et les femmes pour l’activité physique de loisir, au travail et durant les transports. Dans notre deuxième recherche originale sur les données canadiennes sur l'activité physique de loisir, nous avons trouvé que chez les hommes, le modèle de période critique s’est ajusté le mieux aux données pour le niveau d’éducation et le revenu, alors que chez les femmes, le modèle d’accumulation de risque avec effets additifs s’est ajusté le mieux pour le revenu, tandis que le niveau d’éducation ne s’est ajusté à aucun des modèles testés. En conclusion, notre recension systématique indique que la position socio-économique au début du parcours de vie est associée à la pratique d'activité physique à l'âge adulte. Les résultats de nos deux recherches originales suggèrent un patron d’associations le mieux représenté par le modèle d’accumulation de risque avec effets additifs.

Croire : une tendance lourde

Au moins trois motifs sont susceptibles d’expliquer pourquoi la raison baisse les bras devant la croyance quelle qu’en soit la nature (religieuse, paranormale) : la satisfaction de l’homme à l’égard de sa propre pensée, la prééminence des émotions sur la raison et la fabrication de sens inhérente au travail du cerveau humain.

Relief de Kantor

S’inspirant de la réflexion élaborée par le critique Guy Scarpetta dans « Kantor au présent », un recueil d’essais tournant autour du travail de l’homme de théâtre, artiste et peintre disparu en 1990, l’auteur interroge la question de la mémoire et de la transmission d’un art théâtral lui-même entièrement voué au travail de deuil et au recyclage des matériaux historiques, autobiographiques et culturels, un art de la mise en scène si lié à son créateur qu’il était destiné dès sa conception à disparaître avec lui. Contre la fascination pour un passé réifié ou les emprunts ludiques de la postmodernité, l’oeuvre de Kantor appelle au contraire à une réinscription critique de la mémoire, héritage qui ne va pas sans questionner en retour fortement la responsabilité du témoin-spectateur, d’autant qu’il n’aura plus accès à la représentation de ces oeuvres théâtrales.

Les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques, des biomarqueurs d'exposition à la mesure de la charge électrophile tissulaire

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Croire : une tendance lourde

Au moins trois motifs sont susceptibles d’expliquer pourquoi la raison baisse les bras devant la croyance quelle qu’en soit la nature (religieuse, paranormale) : la satisfaction de l’homme à l’égard de sa propre pensée, la prééminence des émotions sur la raison et la fabrication de sens inhérente au travail du cerveau humain.

Relief de Kantor

S’inspirant de la réflexion élaborée par le critique Guy Scarpetta dans « Kantor au présent », un recueil d’essais tournant autour du travail de l’homme de théâtre, artiste et peintre disparu en 1990, l’auteur interroge la question de la mémoire et de la transmission d’un art théâtral lui-même entièrement voué au travail de deuil et au recyclage des matériaux historiques, autobiographiques et culturels, un art de la mise en scène si lié à son créateur qu’il était destiné dès sa conception à disparaître avec lui. Contre la fascination pour un passé réifié ou les emprunts ludiques de la postmodernité, l’oeuvre de Kantor appelle au contraire à une réinscription critique de la mémoire, héritage qui ne va pas sans questionner en retour fortement la responsabilité du témoin-spectateur, d’autant qu’il n’aura plus accès à la représentation de ces oeuvres théâtrales.

Les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques, des biomarqueurs d'exposition à la mesure de la charge électrophile tissulaire

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Sex timmars arbetsdag –ett modigt beslut : För att bli en attraktiv arbetsgivare

I studien undersöks hur arbetstagarnas arbetstillfredsställelse förändrats vis en arbetstidsförkortning. Arbetstidsförkortningens art är i form av en övergång ifrån åtta timmars arbetsdag till sex timmars arbetsdag med bibehållen heltidslön. Studien har genomförts vid ett mindre privat tjänsteföretag. Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur denna typ av arbetstidsförkortning förhåller sig till arbetstagarnas arbetstillfredsställelse och därmed öka förståelsen för de båda fenomenen. Det framkommer att arbetstagarnas arbetstillfredsställelse har förändrats sedan arbetstidsförkortningen. Gällande enskilda faktorer i arbetet har somliga faktorer minskat medan somliga faktorer ökat. I diskussionen framkommer att det föreligger en risk för ohälsa för arbetstagarna då det råder brist på stöd, minskad kontroll och ökade krav sedan arbetstidsförkortningen införts. Den föreliggande risken för ohälsa kan dock ses som acceptabel med tanke på den varierande arbetsbelastningen vilket innebär att arbetstagarna under perioder får tid för återhämtning. Trots omständigheterna råder en hög global arbetstillfredsställelse vilket i sin tur borde innebära att teorierna som brukats innehåller vissa brister då hänsyn till svängningar i arbetsbelastningen inte tagits. I resultatanalysen framkom tre teman vilka sågs relevanta för arbetstagarna och dess arbetstillfredsställelse. Dessa teman bestod av förändringar i relationer, förändringar i arbetet och förändringar i belöningar. Den teoretiska referensramen för studien innehåller förväntningsteorin, tvåfaktor teorin, kravkontroll- stödmodellen samt ansträngning- belöning- obalansmodellen. Datainsamling har skett med hjälp av fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer då respondenterna bestått av arbetstagare på det valda fallet som studerats. Studien är uppbyggt efter kvalitativ metod och har en fenomenologisk ansats. Studien har utformats i form av en fallstudie.

The Performance Characteristics of a Surface-Modified Cutting Tool

In the past, many papers have been presented which show that the coating of cutting tools often yields decreased wear rates and reduced coefficients of friction. Although different theories are proposed, covering areas such as hardness theory, diffusion barrier theory, thermal barrier theory, and reduced friction theory, most have not dealt with the question of how and why the coating of tool substrates with hard materials such as Titanium Nitride (TiN), Titanium Carbide (TiC) and Aluminium Oxide (Al203) transforms the performance and life of cutting tools. This project discusses the complex interrelationship that encompasses the thermal barrier function and the relatively low sliding friction coefficient of TiN on an undulating tool surface, and presents the result of an investigation into the cutting characteristics and performance of EDMed surface-modified carbide cutting tool inserts. The tool inserts were coated with TiN by the physical vapour deposition (PVD) method. PVD coating is also known as Ion-plating which is the general term of the coating method in which the film is created by attracting ionized metal vapour in this the metal was Titanium and ionized gas onto negatively biased substrate surface. Coating by PVD was chosen because it is done at a temperature of not more than 5000C whereas chemical Vapour Deposition CVD process is done at very high temperature of about 8500C and in two stages of heating up the substrates. The high temperatures involved in CVD affects the strength of the (tool) substrates. In this study, comparative cutting tests using TiN-coated control specimens with no EDM surface structures and TiN-coated EDMed tools with a crater-like surface topography were carried out on mild steel grade EN-3. Various cutting speeds were investigated, up to an increase of 40% of the tool manufacturer’s recommended speed. Fifteen minutes of cutting were carried out for each insert at the speeds investigated. Conventional tool inserts normally have a tool life of approximately 15 minutes of cutting. After every five cuts (passes) microscopic pictures of the tool wear profiles were taken, in order to monitor the progressive wear on the rake face and on the flank of the insert. The power load was monitored for each cut taken using an on-board meter on the CNC machine to establish the amount of power needed for each stage of operation. The spindle drive for the machine is an 11 KW/hr motor. Results obtained confirmed the advantages of cutting at all speeds investigated using EDMed coated inserts, in terms of reduced tool wear and low power loads. Moreover, the surface finish on the workpiece was consistently better for the EDMed inserts. The thesis discusses the relevance of the finite element method in the analysis of metal cutting processes, so that metal machinists can design, manufacture and deliver goods (tools) to the market quickly and on time without going through the hassle of trial and error approach for new products. Improvements in manufacturing technologies require better knowledge of modelling metal cutting processes. Technically the use of computational models has a great value in reducing or even eliminating the number of experiments traditionally used for tool design, process selection, machinability evaluation, and chip breakage investigations. In this work, much interest in theoretical and experimental investigations of metal machining were given special attention. Finite element analysis (FEA) was given priority in this study to predict tool wear and coating deformations during machining. Particular attention was devoted to the complicated mechanisms usually associated with metal cutting, such as interfacial friction; heat generated due to friction and severe strain in the cutting region, and high strain rates. It is therefore concluded that Roughened contact surface comprising of peaks and valleys coated with hard materials (TiN) provide wear-resisting properties as the coatings get entrapped in the valleys and help reduce friction at chip-tool interface. The contributions to knowledge: a. Relates to a wear-resisting surface structure for application in contact surfaces and structures in metal cutting and forming tools with ability to give wear-resisting surface profile. b. Provide technique for designing tool with roughened surface comprising of peaks and valleys covered in conformal coating with a material such as TiN, TiC etc which is wear-resisting structure with surface roughness profile compose of valleys which entrap residual coating material during wear thereby enabling the entrapped coating material to give improved wear resistance. c. Provide knowledge for increased tool life through wear resistance, hardness and chemical stability at high temperatures because of reduced friction at the tool-chip and work-tool interfaces due to tool coating, which leads to reduced heat generation at the cutting zones. d. Establishes that Undulating surface topographies on cutting tips tend to hold coating materials longer in the valleys, thus giving enhanced protection to the tool and the tool can cut faster by 40% and last 60% longer than conventional tools on the markets today.