Bone apposition and surface treatment in dental implants: histomorphometric pilot evaluation in rabbits

The surface of dental implants is an important factor for osseointegration process and different methods of surface treatment have been described. Objective: To investigate the bone apposition in implant surface treated with sandblasting and acid-etching. Material and methods: Ten rabbits were selected and received one implant treated with method I in the left tibia and one implant treated with method II in the right tibia. Then, twenty implants were divided in two groups, according to methods of sandblasting and acid-etching (method I and method II). After 7, 14, 30, 45 and 60 days, tibias were retrieved and submitted to histotechnical procedures. The percentages of bone–implant contact (BIC) and bone area between threads (BABT) were determined throughout histomorphometric analysis and bone apposition was detected in implants of both groups. Results: In BABT measurements, an increase was observed after 45 and 60 days in the method II, compared to method I and no differences were found after 7, 14 and 30 days. In BIC measurements, an increase was detected with method II at 45 days when compared to method I. No differences between groups in BIC values were observed after 7, 14, 30 and 60 days. Conclusion: Our data demonstrated that implants treated with the method II presented increase in the contact between bone and implant after 45 days compared to method I. Moreover, with concern to bone area between threads, it was observed an increased in the method II after 45 and 60 days. However, both groups can be successfully used as a therapeutic strategy to rehabilitation of edentulous patients. Then, further experiments are needed to evaluate, in depth, the putative differential role of each surface treatment.

Development of a comprehensive method for analyzing clerodane-type diterpenes and phenolic compounds from Casearia sylvestris Swartz (Salicaceae) based on ultra high performance liquid chromatography combined with chemometric tools

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Q-angle static or dynamic measurements, which is the best choice for patellofemoral pain?

The elevated Q-angle seems to be one of the most suggested factors contributing to patellofemoral pain. Females with patellofemoral pain are often evaluated through static clinical tests in clinical practice. However, the adaptations seem to appear more frequently in dynamic conditions. Performing static vs. dynamic evaluations of widely used measures would add to the knowledge in this area. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the reliability and discriminatory capability of three Q-angle measurements: a static clinical test, peak dynamic knee valgus during stair ascent and a static measurement using a three-dimensional system. Twenty-nine females with patellofemoral pain and twenty-five pain-free females underwent clinical Q-angle measurement and static and dynamic knee valgus measurements during stair ascent, using a three-dimensional system. All measurements were obtained and comparisons between groups, reliability and discriminatory capability were calculated. Peak dynamic knee valgus was found to be greater in the patellofemoral pain group. On the other hand, no significant effects were found for static knee valgus or clinical Q-angle measurements between groups. The dynamic variable demonstrated the best discriminatory capability. Low values of reliability were found for clinical Q-angle, in contrast to the high values found for the three-dimensional system measurements. Based on our findings, avoiding or correcting dynamic knee valgus during stair ascent may be an important component of rehabilitation programs in females with patellofemoral pain who demonstrate excessive dynamic knee valgus. Q-angle static measurements were not different between groups and presented poor values of discriminatory capability.

Aprimoramento da sistemática U-Pb através do método de traços de fissão e técnicas de caracterização: termocronologia da faixa Brasília e sua correlação com a bacia do Paraná

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Improving the performance of a glucose biosensor using an ionic liquid for enzyme immobilization. On the chemical interaction between the biomolecule, the ionic liquid and the cross-linking agent

The effect of the room temperature ionic liquid (1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMMI][BF4])) on the immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOx) was studied. The electrochemical performance of biosensors prepared following different protocols indicated a beneficial effect of the ionic liquid on the analytical parameters. The chemical interaction between GOx, [BMMI][BF4] and glutaraldehyde was investigated using UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) and circular dichroism (CD). Structural changes of the biomolecule were observed to depend on the method used for the immobilization. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Interfacial concentrations of chloride and bromide in zwitterionic micelles with opposite dipoles: Experimental determination by chemical trapping and a theoretical description

Interfacial concentrations of chloride and bromide ions, with Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, trimethylammonium (TMA(+)), Ca2+, and Mg2+ as counterions, were determined by chemical trapping in micelles formed by two zwitterionic surfactants, namely N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate (HPS) and hexadecylphosphorylcholine (HDPC) micelles. Appropriate standard curves for the chemical trapping method were obtained by measuring the product yields of chloride and bromide salts with 2,4,6-trimethyl-benzenediazonium (BF4) in the presence of low molecular analogs (N,N,N-trimethyl-propane sulfonate and methyl-phosphorylcholine) of the employed surfactants. The experimentally determined values for the local Br- (Cl-) concentrations were modeled by fully integrated non-linear Poisson Boltzmann equations. The best fits to all experimental data were obtained by considering that ions at the interface are not fixed at an adsorption site but are free to move in the interfacial plane. In addition, the calculation of ion distribution allowed the estimation of the degree of ion coverage by using standard chemical potential differences accounting for ion specificity. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography method for quantification of egonol and homoegonol in Styrax species

Styrax camporum Pohl, known in Brazil as estoraque do campo or cuia de brejo, has been used in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. The therapeutic action of S. camporum has been attributed to the ethyl acetate fraction, although the chemical composition of this fraction has not yet been analyzed. In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatography photodiode array detection (HPLC-PAD) method for analysis of Brazilian Styrax species has been developed. The compounds egonol (1) and homoegonol (2) were found to be present in all the samples investigated by HPLC. These compounds were isolated by open column chromatography followed by preparative TLC, and were identified by 1H NMR. Compounds 1 and 2 were thus proposed as phytochemical markers for Styrax, owing to their biological properties and presence in other Styrax species. The developed method has been validated and successfully applied for quantification of 1 and 2 in S. camporum dried leaves and crude ethanolic extracts from S. ferrugineus and S. pohlii aerial parts. Copyright (c) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Continuity and Change in New Products

This doctoral dissertation is triggered by an emergent problem: how can firms reinvent themselves? Continuity- and change-oriented decisions fundamentally shape overtime the activities and potential revenues of organizations and other adaptive systems, but both types of actions draw upon limited resources and rely on different organizational routines and capabilities. Most organizations appear to have difficulties in making tradeoffs, so that it is easier to overinvest in one of them than to successfully achieve a mixture of both. Nevertheless, theory and empirical evidence suggest that too little of either may reduce performance, indicating a need to learn more about how organizations reconcile these tensions. In the first paper, I moved from the consideration that rapid changes in competitive environments increasingly require firms to be “ambidextrous” implementing organizational mechanisms and structures that allow continuity- and change-oriented activities to be engaged at the same time. More specifically, I show that continuity- and change-related decisions can’t be confined either inside or outside the firm, but span overtime across distinct decision domains located within and beyond the organizational boundaries. Reconciling static and dynamic perspectives of ambidexterity, I conceptualize a firm’s strategy as a bundle of decisions about product attributes and components of the production team, proposing a multidimensional and dynamic model of structural ambidexterity that explains why and how firms could manage conflicting pressures for continuity and change in the context of new products. In the second study I note how rigorous systematic evidence documenting the success of ambidextrous organizations is lacking, and there has been very little investigation of how firms deal with continuity and change in new products. How to manage the transition form a successful product to another? What to change and what to keep? Incumbents that deal with series of products over time need to update their offerings in order to have the most relevant attributes to prospect clients without disappoint the current customer base. They need to both match and anticipate consumers’ preferences, blending something old with something new to satisfy the current demand and enlarge the herd by appealing to newer audiences. This paper contributes to strategic renewal and ambidexterity-related research with the first empirically assessment of a positive consumer response to ambidexterity in new products. Also, this study provides a practical method to monitor overtime the degree to which a brand or a firm is continuity- or change- oriented and evaluate different strategy profiles across two decision domains that play a pivotal role in new products: product attributes and components of the production team.

Multi-level models and infrastructures for simulating biological system development

The hierarchical organisation of biological systems plays a crucial role in the pattern formation of gene expression resulting from the morphogenetic processes, where autonomous internal dynamics of cells, as well as cell-to-cell interactions through membranes, are responsible for the emergent peculiar structures of the individual phenotype. Being able to reproduce the systems dynamics at different levels of such a hierarchy might be very useful for studying such a complex phenomenon of self-organisation. The idea is to model the phenomenon in terms of a large and dynamic network of compartments, where the interplay between inter-compartment and intra-compartment events determines the emergent behaviour resulting in the formation of spatial patterns. According to these premises the thesis proposes a review of the different approaches already developed in modelling developmental biology problems, as well as the main models and infrastructures available in literature for modelling biological systems, analysing their capabilities in tackling multi-compartment / multi-level models. The thesis then introduces a practical framework, MS-BioNET, for modelling and simulating these scenarios exploiting the potential of multi-level dynamics. This is based on (i) a computational model featuring networks of compartments and an enhanced model of chemical reaction addressing molecule transfer, (ii) a logic-oriented language to flexibly specify complex simulation scenarios, and (iii) a simulation engine based on the many-species/many-channels optimised version of Gillespie’s direct method. The thesis finally proposes the adoption of the agent-based model as an approach capable of capture multi-level dynamics. To overcome the problem of parameter tuning in the model, the simulators are supplied with a module for parameter optimisation. The task is defined as an optimisation problem over the parameter space in which the objective function to be minimised is the distance between the output of the simulator and a target one. The problem is tackled with a metaheuristic algorithm. As an example of application of the MS-BioNET framework and of the agent-based model, a model of the first stages of Drosophila Melanogaster development is realised. The model goal is to generate the early spatial pattern of gap gene expression. The correctness of the models is shown comparing the simulation results with real data of gene expression with spatial and temporal resolution, acquired in free on-line sources.

The grain-scale distribution and behaviour of melt and fluid in crystalline analogue systems

The production, segregation and migration of melt and aqueous fluids (henceforth called liquid) plays an important role for the transport of mass and energy within the mantle and the crust of the Earth. Many properties of large-scale liquid migration processes such as the permeability of a rock matrix or the initial segregation of newly formed liquid from the host-rock depends on the grain-scale distribution and behaviour of liquid. Although the general mechanisms of liquid distribution at the grain-scale are well understood, the influence of possibly important modifying processes such as static recrystallization, deformation, and chemical disequilibrium on the liquid distribution is not well constrained. For this thesis analogue experiments were used that allowed to investigate the interplay of these different mechanisms in-situ. In high-temperature environments where melts are produced, the grain-scale distribution in “equilibrium” is fully determined by the liquid fraction and the ratio between the solid-solid and the solid-liquid surface energy. The latter is commonly expressed as the dihedral or wetting angle between two grains and the liquid phase (Chapter 2). The interplay of this “equilibrium” liquid distribution with ongoing surface energy driven recrystallization is investigated in Chapter 4 and 5 with experiments using norcamphor plus ethanol liquid. Ethanol in contact with norcamphor forms a wetting angle of about 25°, which is similar to reported angles of rock-forming minerals in contact with silicate melt. The experiments in Chapter 4 show that previously reported disequilibrium features such as trapped liquid lenses, fully-wetted grain boundaries, and large liquid pockets can be explained by the interplay of the liquid with ongoing recrystallization. Closer inspection of dihedral angles in Chapter 5 reveals that the wetting angles are themselves modified by grain coarsening. Ongoing recrystallization constantly moves liquid-filled triple junctions, thereby altering the wetting angles dynamically as a function of the triple junction velocity. A polycrystalline aggregate will therefore always display a range of equilibrium and dynamic wetting angles at raised temperature, rather than a single wetting angle as previously thought. For the deformation experiments partially molten KNO3–LiNO3 experiments were used in addition to norcamphor–ethanol experiments (Chapter 6). Three deformation regimes were observed. At a high bulk liquid fraction >10 vol.% the aggregate deformed by compaction and granular flow. At a “moderate” liquid fraction, the aggregate deformed mainly by grain boundary sliding (GBS) that was localized into conjugate shear zones. At a low liquid fraction, the grains of the aggregate formed a supporting framework that deformed internally by crystal plastic deformation or diffusion creep. Liquid segregation was most efficient during framework deformation, while GBS lead to slow liquid segregation or even liquid dispersion in the deforming areas.

New regularization method for EXAFS analysis: Application to uranium and plutonium sorption onto kaolinite

Die Röntgenabsorptionsspektroskopie (Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy) ist eine wichtige Methode zur Speziation von Schwermetallen in einem weiten Bereich von umweltrelevanten Systemen. Um Strukturparameter wie Koordinationszahl, Atomabstand und Debye-Waller Faktoren für die nächsten Nachbarn eines absorbierenden Atoms zu bestimmen, ist es für experimentelle EXAFS-Spektren üblich, unter Verwendung von Modellstrukturen einen „Least-Squares-Fit“ durchzuführen. Oft können verschiedene Modellstrukturen mit völlig unterschiedlicher chemischer Bedeutung die experimentellen EXAFS-Daten gleich gut beschreiben. Als gute Alternative zum konventionellen Kurven-Fit bietet sich das modifizierte Tikhonov-Regularisationsverfahren an. Ergänzend zur Tikhonov-Standardvariationsmethode enthält der in dieser Arbeit vorgestellte Algorithmus zwei weitere Schritte, nämlich die Anwendung des „Method of Separating Functionals“ und ein Iterationsverfahren mit Filtration im realen Raum. Um das modifizierte Tikhonov-Regularisationsverfahren zu testen und zu bestätigen wurden sowohl simulierte als auch experimentell gemessene EXAFS-Spektren einer kristallinen U(VI)-Verbindung mit bekannter Struktur, nämlich Soddyit (UO2)2SiO4 x 2H2O, untersucht. Die Leistungsfähigkeit dieser neuen Methode zur Auswertung von EXAFS-Spektren wird durch ihre Anwendung auf die Analyse von Proben mit unbekannter Struktur gezeigt, wie sie bei der Sorption von U(VI) bzw. von Pu(III)/Pu(IV) an Kaolinit auftreten. Ziel der Dissertation war es, die immer noch nicht voll ausgeschöpften Möglichkeiten des modifizierten Tikhonov-Regularisationsverfahrens für die Auswertung von EXAFS-Spektren aufzuzeigen. Die Ergebnisse lassen sich in zwei Kategorien einteilen. Die erste beinhaltet die Entwicklung des Tikhonov-Regularisationsverfahrens für die Analyse von EXAFS-Spektren von Mehrkomponentensystemen, insbesondere die Wahl bestimmter Regularisationsparameter und den Einfluss von Mehrfachstreuung, experimentell bedingtem Rauschen, etc. auf die Strukturparameter. Der zweite Teil beinhaltet die Speziation von sorbiertem U(VI) und Pu(III)/Pu(IV) an Kaolinit, basierend auf experimentellen EXAFS-Spektren, die mit Hilfe des modifizierten Tikhonov-Regularisationsverfahren ausgewertet und mit Hilfe konventioneller EXAFS-Analyse durch „Least-Squares-Fit“ bestätigt wurden.

Ab initio quantum mechanical investigation of structural and chemical-physical properties of selected minerals for minero-petrological, structural ceramic and biomaterial applications

The purpose of this thesis is the atomic-scale simulation of the crystal-chemical and physical (phonon, energetic) properties of some strategically important minerals for structural ceramics, biomedical and petrological applications. These properties affect the thermodynamic stability and rule the mineral-environment interface phenomena, with important economical, (bio)technological, petrological and environmental implications. The minerals of interest belong to the family of phyllosilicates (talc, pyrophyllite and muscovite) and apatite (OHAp), chosen for their importance in industrial and biomedical applications (structural ceramics) and petrophysics. In this thesis work we have applicated quantum mechanics methods, formulas and knowledge to the resolution of mineralogical problems ("Quantum Mineralogy”). The chosen theoretical approach is the Density Functional Theory (DFT), along with periodic boundary conditions to limit the portion of the mineral in analysis to the crystallographic cell and the hybrid functional B3LYP. The crystalline orbitals were simulated by linear combination of Gaussian functions (GTO). The dispersive forces, which are important for the structural determination of phyllosilicates and not properly con-sidered in pure DFT method, have been included by means of a semi-empirical correction. The phonon and the mechanical properties were also calculated. The equation of state, both in athermal conditions and in a wide temperature range, has been obtained by means of variations in the volume of the cell and quasi-harmonic approximation. Some thermo-chemical properties of the minerals (isochoric and isobaric thermal capacity) were calculated, because of their considerable applicative importance. For the first time three-dimensional charts related to these properties at different pressures and temperatures were provided. The hydroxylapatite has been studied from the standpoint of structural and phonon properties for its biotechnological role. In fact, biological apatite represents the inorganic phase of vertebrate hard tissues. Numerous carbonated (hydroxyl)apatite structures were modelled by QM to cover the broadest spectrum of possible biological structural variations to fulfil bioceramics applications.

Laboratory and field measurements of enantiomeric and non-enantiomeric biogenic VOCs and anthropogenic BTEX compounds

This doctoral thesis was focused on the investigation of enantiomeric and non-enantiomeric biogenic organic compound (BVOC) emissions from both leaf and canopy scales in different environments. In addition, the anthropogenic compounds benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) were studied. BVOCs are emitted into the lower troposphere in large quantities (ca. 1150 Tg C ·yr-1), approximately an order of magnitude greater than the anthropogenic VOCs. BVOCs are particularly important in tropospheric chemistry because of their impact on ozone production and secondary organic aerosol formation or growth. The BVOCs examined in this study were: isoprene, (-)/ (+)-α-pinene, (-)/ (+)-ß-pinene, Δ-3-carene, (-)/ (+)-limonene, myrcene, eucalyptol and camphor, as these were the most abundant BVOCs observed both in the leaf cuvette study and the ambient measurements. In the laboratory cuvette studies, the sensitivity of enantiomeric enrichment change from the leaf emission has been examined as a function of light (0-1600 PAR) and temperature (20-45°C). Three typical Mediterranean plant species (Quercus ilex L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Pinus halepensis Mill.) with more than three individuals of each have been investigated using a dynamic enclosure cuvette. The terpenoid compound emission rates were found to be directly linked to either light and temperature (e.g. Quercus ilex L.) or mainly to temperature (e.g. Rosmarinus officinalis L., Pinus halepensis Mill.). However, the enantiomeric signature showed no clear trend in response to either the light or temperature; moreover a large variation of enantiomeric enrichment was found during the experiment. This enantiomeric signature was also used to distinguish chemotypes beyond the normal achiral chemical composition method. The results of nineteen Quercus ilex L. individuals, screened under standard conditions (30°C and 1000 PAR) showed four different chemotypes, whereas the traditional classification showed only two. An enclosure branch cuvette set-up was applied in the natural boreal forest environment from four chemotypes of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and one chemotype of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and the direct emissions compared with ambient air measurements above the canopy during the HUMPPA-COPEC 2010 summer campaign. The chirality of a-pinene was dominated by (+)-enantiomers from Scots pine while for Norway spruce the chirality was found to be opposite (i.e. Abstract II (-)-enantiomer enriched) becoming increasingly enriched in the (-)-enantiomer with light. Field measurements over a Spanish stone pine forest were performed to examine the extent of seasonal changes in enantiomeric enrichment (DOMINO 2008). These showed clear differences in chirality of monoterpene emissions. In wintertime the monoterpene (-)-a-pinene was found to be in slight enantiomeric excess over (+)-a-pinene at night but by day the measured ratio was closer to one i.e. racemic. Samples taken the following summer in the same location showed much higher monoterpene mixing ratios and revealed a strong enantiomeric excess of (-)-a-pinene. This indicated a strong seasonal variance in the enantiomeric emission ratio which was not manifested in the day/night temperature cycles in wintertime. A clear diurnal cycle of enantiomeric enrichment in a-pinene was also found over a French oak forest and the boreal forest. However, while in the boreal forest (-)-a-pinene enrichment increased around the time of maximum light and temperature, the French forest showed the opposite tendency with (+)-a-pinene being favored. For the two field campaigns (DOMINO 2008 and HUMPPA-COPEC 2010), the BTEX were also investigated. For the DOMINO campaign, mixing ratios of the xylene isomers (meta- and para-) and ethylbenzene, which are all well resolved on the ß-cyclodextrin column, were exploited to estimate average OH radical exposures to VOCs from the Huelva industrial area. These were compared to empirical estimates of OH based on JNO2 measured at the site. The deficiencies of each estimation method are discussed. For HUMPPA-COPEC campaign, benzene and toluene mixing ratios can clearly define the air mass influenced by the biomass burning pollution plume from Russia.

Vertebral body stenting: a new method for vertebral augmentation versus kyphoplasty

Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty are well-established minimally invasive treatment options for compression fractures of osteoporotic vertebral bodies. Possible procedural disadvantages, however, include incomplete fracture reduction or a significant loss of reduction after balloon tamp deflation, prior to cement injection. A new procedure called "vertebral body stenting" (VBS) was tested in vitro and compared to kyphoplasty. VBS uses a specially designed catheter-mounted stent which can be implanted and expanded inside the vertebral body. As much as 24 fresh frozen human cadaveric vertebral bodies (T11-L5) were utilized. After creating typical compression fractures, the vertebral bodies were reduced by kyphoplasty (n = 12) or by VBS (n = 12) and then stabilized with PMMA bone cement. Each step of the procedure was performed under fluoroscopic control and analysed quantitatively. Finally, static and dynamic biomechanical tests were performed. A complete initial reduction of the fractured vertebral body height was achieved by both systems. There was a significant loss of reduction after balloon deflation in kyphoplasty compared to VBS, and a significant total height gain by VBS (mean +/- SD in %, p < 0.05, demonstrated by: anterior height loss after deflation in relation to preoperative height [kyphoplasty: 11.7 +/- 6.2; VBS: 3.7 +/- 3.8], and total anterior height gain [kyphoplasty: 8.0 +/- 9.4; VBS: 13.3 +/- 7.6]). Biomechanical tests showed no significant stiffness and failure load differences between systems. VBS is an innovative technique which allows for the possibly complete reduction of vertebral compression fractures and helps maintain the restored height by means of a stent. The height loss after balloon deflation is significantly decreased by using VBS compared to kyphoplasty, thus offering a new promising option for vertebral augmentation.

Long-Range Pollution Transport: Trans-Atlantic Mechanisms and Lagrangian Modeling Methods

Over the past several decades, it has become apparent that anthropogenic activities have resulted in the large-scale enhancement of the levels of many trace gases throughout the troposphere. More recently, attention has been given to the transport pathway taken by these emissions as they are dispersed throughout the atmosphere. The transport pathway determines the physical characteristics of emissions plumes and therefore plays an important role in the chemical transformations that can occur downwind of source regions. For example, the production of ozone (O3) is strongly dependent upon the transport its precursors undergo. O3 can initially be formed within air masses while still over polluted source regions. These polluted air masses can experience continued O3 production or O3 destruction downwind, depending on the air mass's chemical and transport characteristics. At present, however, there are a number of uncertainties in the relationships between transport and O3 production in the North Atlantic lower free troposphere. The first phase of the study presented here used measurements made at the Pico Mountain observatory and model simulations to determine transport pathways for US emissions to the observatory. The Pico Mountain observatory was established in the summer of 2001 in order to address the need to understand the relationships between transport and O3 production. Measurements from the observatory were analyzed in conjunction with model simulations from the Lagrangian particle dispersion model (LPDM), FLEX-PART, in order to determine the transport pathway for events observed at the Pico Mountain observatory during July 2003. A total of 16 events were observed, 4 of which were analyzed in detail. The transport time for these 16 events varied from 4.5 to 7 days, while the transport altitudes over the ocean ranged from 2-8 km, but were typically less than 3 km. In three of the case studies, eastward advection and transport in a weak warm conveyor belt (WCB) airflow was responsible for the export of North American emissions into the FT, while transport in the FT was governed by easterly winds driven by the Azores/Bermuda High (ABH) and transient northerly lows. In the fourth case study, North American emissions were lofted to 6-8 km in a WCB before being entrained in the same cyclone's dry airstream and transported down to the observatory. The results of this study show that the lower marine FT may provide an important transport environment where O3 production may continue, in contrast to transport in the marine boundary layer, where O3 destruction is believed to dominate. The second phase of the study presented here focused on improving the analysis methods that are available with LPDMs. While LPDMs are popular and useful for the analysis of atmospheric trace gas measurements, identifying the transport pathway of emissions from their source to a receptor (the Pico Mountain observatory in our case) using the standard gridded model output, particularly during complex meteorological scenarios can be difficult can be difficult or impossible. The transport study in phase 1 was limited to only 1 month out of more than 3 years of available data and included only 4 case studies out of the 16 events specifically due to this confounding factor. The second phase of this study addressed this difficulty by presenting a method to clearly and easily identify the pathway taken by only those emissions that arrive at a receptor at a particular time, by combining the standard gridded output from forward (i.e., concentrations) and backward (i.e., residence time) LPDM simulations, greatly simplifying similar analyses. The ability of the method to successfully determine the source-to-receptor pathway, restoring this Lagrangian information that is lost when the data are gridded, is proven by comparing the pathway determined from this method with the particle trajectories from both the forward and backward models. A sample analysis is also presented, demonstrating that this method is more accurate and easier to use than existing methods using standard LPDM products. Finally, we discuss potential future work that would be possible by combining the backward LPDM simulation with gridded data from other sources (e.g., chemical transport models) to obtain a Lagrangian sampling of the air that will eventually arrive at a receptor.