Seasonal Effects on Transient Evoked Otoacoustic Emission Screening Outcomes in Infants versus 6-Year-Old Children

The purpose of this study was to compare transient evoked otoacoustic emission (TEOAE) screening outcomes (pass/fail) across the seasons (spring, autumn, and winter) between infants and schoolchildren. A total of 526 infants (275 boys, 251 girls) with a mean age of 2.0 months (SD = 0.38 months) and 975 schoolchildren (513 boys, 462 girls) with a mean age of 6.2 years (SD = 0.36 years) were screened using the ILO Otodynamics Quickscreen program. The same TEOAE pass/fail criterion was applied to the two groups. The results indicated a significant difference in pass rates between infants (91.2% of 1052 ears) and schoolchildren (86.0% of 1950 ears). A seasonal effect was found only for schoolchildren, with a significantly lower pass rate in winter than in spring or autumn. There was no difference in pass rates between spring and autumn. Implications for the seasonal effect on TEOAE screening outcomes for infants and schoolchildren are discussed.

Combined chemical separation of Lu, Hf, Sm, Nd, and REEs from a single rock digest: Precise and accurate isotope Determinations of Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd using multicollector-ICPMS

A combined procedure for separating Lu, Hf, Sm, Nd, and rare earth elements (REEs) from a single sample digest is presented. The procedure consists of the following five steps: (1) sample dissolution via sodium peroxide sintering; (2) separation of the high field strength elements from the REEs and other matrix elements by a HF-free anion-exchange column procedure; (3) purification of Hf on a cation-exchange resin; (4) separation of REEs from other matrix elements by cation exchange; (5) Lu, Sm, and Nd separation from the other REEs by reversed-phase ion chromatography. Analytical reproducibilities of Sm-Nd and Lu-Hf isotope systematics are demonstrated for standard solutions and international rock reference materials. Results show overall good reproducibilities for Sm-Nd systematics independent of the rock type analyzed. For the Lu-Hf systematics, the reproducibility of the parent/daughter ratio is much better for JB-1 (basalt) than for two analyzed felsic crustal rocks (DR-N and an Archaean granitoid). It is demonstrated that this poorer reproducibility of the Lu/Hf ratio is truly caused by sample heterogeneity; thus, results are geologically reasonable.

A cassette ligation strategy with thioether replacement of three Gly-Gly peptide bonds: Total chemical synthesis of the 101 residue protein early pregnancy factor [psi(CH2S)(28-29,56-57,76-77)]

The 101 residue protein early pregnancy factor (EPF), also known as human chaperonin 10, was synthesized from four functionalized, but unprotected, peptide segments by a sequential thioether ligation strategy. The approach exploits the differential reactivity of a peptide-NHCH2CH2SH thiolate with XCH2CO-peptides, where X = Cl or I/Br. Initial model studies with short functionalized (but unprotected) peptides showed a significantly faster reaction of a peptide-NHCH2CH2SH thiolate with a BrCH2CO-peptide than with a CICH2CO-peptide, where thiolate displacement of the halide leads to chemoselective formation of a thioether surrogate for the Gly-Gly peptide bond. This rate difference was used as the basis of a novel sequential ligation approach to the synthesis of large polypeptide chains. Thus, ligation of a model bifunctional N-alpha-chloroacetyl, C-terminal thiolated peptide with a second N-alpha-bromoacetyl peptide demonstrated chemoselective bromide displacement by the thiol group. Further investigations showed that the relatively unreactive N-alpha-chloroacetyl peptides could be activated by halide exchange using saturated KI solutions to yield the highly reactive No-iodoacetyl peptides. These findings were used to formulate a sequential thioether ligation strategy for the synthesis of EPF, a 101 amino acid protein containing three Gly-Gly sites approximately equidistantly spaced within the peptide chain. Four peptide segments or cassettes comprising the EPF protein sequence (BrAc-[EPF 78-101] 12, ClAc-[EPF 58-75]-[NHCH2CH2SH] 13, ClAc-[EPF 30-55]-[NHCH2CH2SH] 14, and Ac-[EPF 1-27]-[NHCH2CH2SH] 15) of EPF were synthesized in high yield and purity using Boc SPPS chemistry. In the stepwise sequential ligation strategy, reaction of peptides 12 and 13 was followed by conversion of the N-terminal chloroacetyl functional group to an iodoacetyl, thus activating the product peptide for further ligation with peptide 14. The process of ligation followed by iodoacetyl activation was repeated to yield an analogue of EPF (EPF psi(CH2S)(28-29,56-57,76-77)) 19 in 19% overall yield.

Organic microcavity light-emitting diodes with metal mirrors: dependence of the emission wavelength on the viewing angle

Organic microcavity light-emitting diodes typically exhibit a blueshift of the emitting wavelength with increasing viewing angle. We have modeled the shift of the resonance wavelength for several metal mirrors. Eight metals (Al, Ag, Cr, Ti, Au, Ni, Pt, and Cu) have been considered as top or bottom mirrors, depending on their work functions. The model fully takes into account the dependence of the phase change that occurs on reflection on angle and wavelength for both s and p polarization, as well as on dispersion in the organic layers. Different contributions to the emission wavelength shift are discussed. The influence of the thickness of the bottom mirror and of the choice and thickness of the organic materials inside the cavity has been investigated. Based on the results obtained, guidelines for a choice of materials to reduce blueshift; are given. (C) 2002 Optical Society of America.

QCD thermal phase transition in the presence of a small chemical potential

We propose a new method to investigate the thermal properties of QCD with a small quark chemical potential mu. Derivatives of quark and gluonic observables with respect to mu are computed at mu=0 for two flavors of p4 improved staggered fermions with ma=0.1,0.2 on a 16(3)x4 lattice, and used to calculate the leading order Taylor expansion in mu of the location of the pseudocritical point about mu=0. This expansion should be well behaved for the small values of mu(q)/T(c)similar to0.1 relevant for BNL RHIC phenomenology, and predicts a critical curve T-c(mu) in reasonable agreement with estimates obtained using exact reweighting. In addition, we contrast the case of isoscalar and isovector chemical potentials, quantify the effect of munot equal0 on the equation of state, and comment on the complex phase of the fermion determinant in QCD with munot equal0.

Capillaries within compartments: Microvascular interpretation of dynamic positron emission tomography data

Measurement of exchange of substances between blood and tissue has been a long-lasting challenge to physiologists, and considerable theoretical and experimental accomplishments were achieved before the development of the positron emission tomography (PET). Today, when modeling data from modern PET scanners, little use is made of earlier microvascular research in the compartmental models, which have become the standard model by which the vast majority of dynamic PET data are analysed. However, modern PET scanners provide data with a sufficient temporal resolution and good counting statistics to allow estimation of parameters in models with more physiological realism. We explore the standard compartmental model and find that incorporation of blood flow leads to paradoxes, such as kinetic rate constants being time-dependent, and tracers being cleared from a capillary faster than they can be supplied by blood flow. The inability of the standard model to incorporate blood flow consequently raises a need for models that include more physiology, and we develop microvascular models which remove the inconsistencies. The microvascular models can be regarded as a revision of the input function. Whereas the standard model uses the organ inlet concentration as the concentration throughout the vascular compartment, we consider models that make use of spatial averaging of the concentrations in the capillary volume, which is what the PET scanner actually registers. The microvascular models are developed for both single- and multi-capillary systems and include effects of non-exchanging vessels. They are suitable for analysing dynamic PET data from any capillary bed using either intravascular or diffusible tracers, in terms of physiological parameters which include regional blood flow. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The influence of key chemical constituents in activated sludge on surface and flocculating properties

This paper examines the influence of the chemical constituents of activated sludge and extracted extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on the surface properties, hydrophobicity, surface charge (SC) and flocculating ability (FA) of activated sludge floes. Activated sludge samples from 7 different full-scale wastewater treatment plants were examined. Protein and humic substances were found to be the dominant polymeric compounds in the activated sludges and the extracted EPS, and they significantly affected the FA and surface properties, hydrophobicity and SC, of the sludge floes. The polymeric compounds proteins, humic substances and carbohydrates in the sludge floes and the extracted EPS contributed to the negative SC, but correlated negatively to the hydrophobicity of sludge floes. The quantity of protein and carbohydrate within the sludge and the extracted EPS was correlated positively to the FA of the sludge floes, while increased amounts of humic substances resulted in lower FA. In contrast, increased amounts of total extracted EPS had a negative correlation to FA. The results reveal that the quality and quantity of the polymeric compounds within the sludge floes is more informative, with respect to understanding the mechanisms involved in flocculation, than if only the extracted EPS are considered. This is an important finding as it indicates that extracting EPS may be insufficient to characterise the EPS. This is due to the low extraction efficiency and difficulties involved in the separation of EPS from other organic compounds. Correlations were observed between the surface properties and FA of the sludge floes., This confirms that the surface properties of the, sludge flocs play an important role in the bioflocculation process but that also other interactions like polymer entanglement are important. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Chemical characterisation of deep profile Ferrosols under sugarcane in wet tropical northern Queensland

The chemical properties of deep profile samples ( up to 12 m) of Ferrosols from northern Queensland were investigated to provide an understanding of the accumulation of nitrate ( NO3) within these soil profiles. The influence of other cations and anions present in the soil solution or on the exchange and the charge chemistry of the profiles were examined with respect to the NO3 accumulations. The major ions in the soil solution were Na, NO3, and chloride ( Cl). Distinct regions of anion accumulation were observed; SO4 accumulated in the upper profile of all cores, whereas NO3 and Cl accumulations were restricted to the lower profile of cores with appreciable AEC (> 1 cmol(c)/kg). Gaines-Thomas selectivity coefficients were used to indicate exchange preference for cations and anions, and are as follows: Al > Ca similar to Mg > K > Na and sulfate (SO4) > Cl similar to NO3. The selectivity of SO4 increased and the extractable SO4 decreased in the lower profile of all cores. This has important implications for the adsorption of NO3 and Cl. The NO3 and Cl accumulations were shown to correspond to a region of low SO4 occupancy of the exchange sites in the lower profile. Along with the high SO4 selectivity, this suggests that SO4 may control the positioning of the NO3 accumulations. It was concluded that the NO3 accumulations were relatively stable under current management practices, although the reduction in NO3 inputs would likely see the gradual replacement of NO3 with Cl as a result of their comparable selectivity for exchange sites.

Assessing forest fire as a potential PCDD/F source in Queensland, Australia

Forest fires are suggested as a potential and significant source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), even though no studies to date provide sufficient evidence to confirm forest fires as a source of PCDD/Fs. Recent investigations in Gueensland, Australia have identified a widespread contamination of PCDDs (in particular OND) in soils and sediments in the coastal region from an unknown source of PCDD/Fs. Queensland is predominately rural; it has few known anthropogenic sources of PCDD/Fs, whereas forest fires are a frequent occurrence. This study was conducted to assess forest fires as a potential source of the unknown PCDD/F contamination in Queensland. A combustion experiment was designed to assess the overall mass of PCDD/Fs before and after a simulated forest fire. The results from this study did not identify an increase in Sigma-PCDD/Fs or OCDD after the combustion process. However, specific non-2,3,7,8 substituted lower chlorinated PCDD/Fs were elevated after the combustion process, suggesting formation from a precursor. The results from this study indicate that forest fires are unlikely to be the source of the unknown PCDD contamination in Gueensland, rather they are a key mechanism for the redistribution of PCDD/Fs from existing sources and precursors.

Synthesis of optically complex core-shell colloidal suspensions: Pathways to multiplexed biological screening

The ability to generate enormous random libraries of DNA probes via split-and-mix synthesis on solid supports is an important biotechnological application of colloids that has not been fully utilized to date. To discriminate between colloid-based DNA probes each colloidal particle must be 'encoded' so it is distinguishable from all other particles. To this end, we have used novel particle synthesis strategies to produce large numbers of optically encoded particle suitable for DNA library synthesis. Multifluorescent particles with unique and reproducible optical signatures (i.e., fluorescence and light-scattering attributes) suitable for high-throughput flow cytometry have been produced. In the spectroscopic study presented here, we investigated the optical characteristics of multi-fluorescent particles that were synthesized by coating silica 'core' particles with up to six different fluorescent dye shells alternated with non-fluorescent silica 'spacer' shells. It was observed that the diameter of the particles increased by up to 20% as a result of the addition of twelve concentric shells and that there was a significant reduction in fluorescence emission intensities from inner shells as an increasing number of shells were deposited.

A technique to assess small-scale heterogeneity of chemical properties in soil aggregates

A new method is presented which allows the separation of the soil aggregate exterior from the aggregate core. The method employs a combination of aggregate freezing with rapid separation of aggregate exteriors using ultrasonic energy. The factors influencing the thickness of the removed aggregate surface layer include water content of the aggregate prior to freezing, temperature difference between that of the frozen aggregate and that of the liquid it is submerged in during sonification, sonification time and energy, and the type of the immersion liquid. The success of the method and the thickness of the removed aggregate surface were examined using barium ( Ba2+) as a tracer. Barium ( as BaCl2) is rapidly absorbed by soil and is present at only very low levels in natural soils. Surface layers of 0.2 - 0.4 cm thickness were successfully removed from aggregates of 1 - 4 cm diameter. Two examples are given from soils in northern NSW to demonstrate the occurrence of small- scale heterogeneity in soil chemical properties. Compared with the surface fraction, a 4 - 7% higher calcium concentration was found in the core fraction of a clay loam soil ( Dermosol). Conversely, on a cracking clay soil ( Vertosol), atrazine concentration was around 15 times greater in the aggregate surface fractions compared with core fractions. Compared with the traditional estimation of soil chemical properties on homogenised bulk soil samples, it is suggested that separate analysis of aggregate surface and core fractions could provide useful additional information on the relationships between soil properties and environmental responses.

Síntese, aplicação e avaliação da toxicidade aguda de complexo orgânico à base de európio proposto como marcador fotoluminescente para a Identificação de resíduos de tiro

Um complexo de alta fotoluminescência é proposto como marcador óptico para a identificação de resíduos de tiro (GSR). O marcador é o complexo [Eu(PIC)3(NMK)3], de fórmula molecular Eu(C6H2N3O7)3.(C7H13NO)3, que apresenta o íon Eu3+ e os ligantes ácido pícrico (PIC) e n-metil-Ɛ-caprolactama (NMK). Foi realizada a caracterização quimicamente através de espectroscopia de emissão, espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), termogravimetria e análise térmica diferencial (TG/DTA), e espectrometria de massas com ionização por eletrospray e ressonância ciclotrônica de íons por transformada de Fourier (ESI-FT-ICR MS), e, em seguida, foram adicionadas diferentes massas do complexo a munições convencionais (de 2 a 50 mg por cartucho). Após os tiros, o GSR marcado foi visualmente e quimicamente detectado por irradiação UV (ʎ = 395 nm) e ESI-FT-ICR MS, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram uma fotoluminescência eficiente e duradoura, sendo facilmente visível sobre a superfície do alvo, no ambiente, no cartucho deflagrado, na arma de fogo, e sobre as mãos e braços do atirador quando utilizada massa a partir de 25 mg do marcador em cartuchos .38 e 50 mg em cartuchos .40. Sua toxicidade aguda também foi avaliada empregando-se o Protocolo 423 da Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OECD) e apresentou DL50 de 1000 mg.kg-1, sendo classificado como de categoria 4 na escala do Sistema Globalmente Harmonizado de Classificação e Rotulagem de Produtos Químicos (GHS), considerado, portanto, de média toxicidade. O composto mostrou ser menos tóxico do que os componentes inorgânicos de munições convencionais (em especial o Pb), justificando o seu emprego como marcador de GSR.

Estudo da corrosão e inibição dos aços carbono AISI 1010, inoxidável AISI 316 e duplex UNS S31803 em meio de solução de íons cloreto

O comportamento da corrosão e inibição à corrosão dos aços carbono AISI 1010, inox AISI 316 e duplex UNS S31803 foi estudado em meio de solução de íons cloreto à 3,0% (m/v), na ausência e presença do benzimidazol e imidazol como inibidores. A caracterização química e morfológica dos aços foi realizada por meio das técnicas de espectrometria de emissão ótica, difração de raios X (DRX), microscopia ótica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e energia dispersiva de raios X (EDX). As análises eletroquímicas foram realizadas através das técnicas de polarização potenciodinâmica e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica. As análises de DRX e de metalografia mostraram as fases presentes em cada aço, sendo o aço AISI 1010 composto pela fase ferrita, o aço AISI 316 pelas fases de FeNi e Cr e o aço UNS S31803 pelas fases austenita e ferrita. Além disso, a metalografia e as análises de MEV e EDX permitiram identificar regiões e certos elementos presentes nos aços que propiciam à ocorrência da corrosão, tais como inclusões. Os inibidores foram testados em diferentes concentrações (25 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 500 ppm e 1000 ppm) para os três aços, através das curvas de polarização e impedância eletroquímica, e verificou-se que para todas as concentrações houve aumento da resistência à corrosão dos aços. Pelas curvas de polarização verificou-se que o benzimidazol proporcionou aos aços AISI 1010, AISI 316 e UNS S31803, eficiências de inibição de cerca de 51%, 71% e 75%, respectivamente. Enquanto que o imidazol apresentou eficiência de cerca de 73%, 95% e 86%, respectivamente. Os resultados de impedância eletroquímica mostraram que as eficiências de inibição do benzimidazol foram de aproximadamente 52%, 73% e 71%, respectivamente, para os aços AISI 1010, AISI 316 e UNS S31803. E por sua vez, o imidazol apresentou eficiências de aproximadamente 96% para os aços AISI 1010 e AISI 316 e 85% para o aço UNS S31803. O teste de perda de massa mostrou que para o aço AISI 1010 tanto o benzimidazol quanto e o imidazol inibiram a corrosão, sendo que reduziram a corrosão em cerca de 17% e 24%, respectivamente. Nas análises das curvas de polarização em estudos com a água do mar observou-se que os inibidores foram menos eficientes do que em meio de solução de cloreto. O benzimidazol obteve eficiências de cerca de 14%, 50% e 33%, respectivamente, para os aços AISI 1010, AISI 316 e UNS S31803. Enquanto que o imidazol apresentou eficiências de aproximadamente 21%, 59% e 34%, respectivamente. Em todas as análises eletroquímicas e análise de perda de massa, o imidazol se mostrou o melhor inibidor para os aços estudados.

Desenvolvimento de metodologia para determinação de Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Se e V em amostras de água produzida da indústria do petróleo através da técnica ICP OES utilizando digestão por micro-ondas

O descarte ou reutilização da água produzida da indústria do petróleo é difícil por causa dos impactos ambientais causados devido à presença de alta salinidade e componentes tóxicos, ou pelo risco de obstrução nas colunas de produção devido à formação de incrustações que causam redução na produção de petróleo e enormes perdas no processo de extração. Assim, o conhecimento da composição química da água produzida é muito importante. O método proposto por este trabalho visa a determinação de elementos traço (Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Se e V) em amostras de água produzida de petróleo por espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP OES) utilizando a digestão ácida assistida por micro-ondas para o preparo das amostras (15 g de amostra e 2 mL de HNO3 concentrado). A curva analítica construída em HNO3 2% v v-1 foi adotada para o método após verificar que não é necessário o uso de salinidade para equiparação de matriz. Para o elemento Ni, não há necessidade do uso de padrão interno, para os elementos Co, Cr, Fe, Mn e V os melhores resultados foram obtidos usando Sc como padrão interno. Para o elemento Se é recomendado o uso de Y como padrão interno. Os limites de detecção obtidos foram Co 0,67, Cr 1,2, Fe 2,3, Mn 0,49, Ni 1,9, Se 3,7 e V 5,5 μg L-1; e os limites de quantificação foram Co 2,2, Cr 4,0, Fe 7,7, Mn 1,6, Ni 6,5, Se 12,4 e V 18,3 μg L-1. A exatidão do procedimento foi verificada através de testes de recuperação em dois níveis de concentração (40 e 80 μg L-1) e análise dos materiais certificados de referência de água estuarina SLEW-2 e de água do mar NASS-5. Bons valores de recuperação foram obtidos e não houve diferença significativa (95% de confiança) entre os resultados obtidos e os valores certificados dos materiais de referência.

Matéria orgânica do solo e emissão de C-CO2 em diferentes manejos e cultivos agrícolas

O manejo do solo deve ser realizado de tal forma que garanta a produção sustentável ao longo dos anos. Dentre as técnicas empregas, o manejo agroecológico e o plantio direto favorecem a manutenção da cobertura do solo e o aporte de matéria orgânica. Partindo da hipótese de que o maior aporte de resíduos culturais aumenta o conteúdo e estoque de matéria orgânica no solo, bem como reduz a emissão de C-CO2, o objetivo geral da pesquisa foi avaliar o impacto do manejo na matéria orgânica do solo e na emissão de C-CO2, nos períodos secos e chuvosos em diferentes cultivos agrícolas. O capítulo 1 foi desenvolvido na comunidade de Feliz Lembrança, Alegre–ES, onde foram avaliados sistemas de manejo em pastagem (PAST), café a pleno sol (PS) e café em sistema agroflorestal (SAF) e uma mata nativa (MN). O capítulo 2 foi desenvolvido no Incaper de Domingos Martins, onde se avaliou tratamentos de plantio direto de hortaliças sob palhada de gramínea (PD-G), leguminosa (PD-L), consórcio gramínea/leguminosa (PD-GL) e convencional utilizando enxada rotativa no pré-plantio (PC)em um delineamento de blocos casualizados. Amostras de solos em diferentes camadas foram coletadas para caracterização química e da matéria orgânica. Foram realizadas medições de emissão de C-CO2, temperatura do solo, umidade do solo e C biomassa microbiana do solo in situ. Foi utilizada análise de variância multivariada, vinculada a teste de aleatorização e aplicação de contrastes ortogonais no capítulo 1 e análise de variância aplicando teste F e teste de médias no capítulo 2. O SAF apresentou maior conteúdo de C orgânico total (19,8 g/kg) na camada de 0 a 5 cm e a PAST em subsuperfície. O menor estoque de C e N e os maiores valores de quociente metabólico foram encontrados no PS. O SAF reduziu a emissão de C-CO2 em 1,93 Mg ha-1 ano-1 em relação ao PS. O C orgânico total variou de 34,94 a 50,48 g/kg no PD-GL enquanto no sistema PC essa variação foi de 27,11 a 43,74 g/kg no perfil amostrado. A emissão média anual foi de 15,89 Mg C-CO2 ha-1 ano-1para a PD-G enquanto o PD-GL foi de 13,77; PD-L de 13,09 e PC de 11,20 Mg C-CO2 ha-1 ano-1. No PC, o balanço de C foi negativo (-2,15Mg ha-1), além de apresentar as menores médias anuais de umidade do solo e C biomassa microbiana e maior Qmet anual. Sistemas com contínuo e diversificado aporte de matéria orgânica promovem redução na emissão de C-CO2, bem como atuam no sequestro de C atmosférico.