Diversidade ��tica e exclus��o social no processo da consolida����o da unidade nacional : o caso dos vendedores e vendedoras informais do Mercado de Estrela Vermelha : cidade de Maputo

O presente trabalho, estuda as rela����es sociais e interculturais dos vendedores informais do mercado de Estrela Vermelha- cidade de Maputo. Analisa os fatores que afetam a unidade nacional, entendida como o sentido de perten��a a uma identidade e a um destino comuns. H�� duas teses que explicam a crise da unidade nacional. A primeira argumenta que o que coloca em causa a unidade nacional �� a pretens��o de se querer construir uma na����o c��vica, excluindo e at�� mesmo hostilizando as identidades ��tnicas vistas como fator de divis��o e de conflitos. Prop��e por isso, o reconhecimento e a inclus��o dos diferentes grupos ��tnicos no poder (Magode, 1996; Cahen, 1996; Lundin, 1996). Na segunda, argumenta-se que as etnias perderam a sua relev��ncia em virtude das transforma����es sociopol��ticas e econ��micas havidas no pa��s (Castiano, 2010), ou como outros defendem, que objetivamente elas n��o existem, se n��o apenas como reflexo dos conflitos pelo acesso aos recursos e poder (Serra, 1996). Sendo assim, o obst��culo da unidade nacional s��o as desigualdades econ��micas e n��o as diferen��as ��tnicas. Mediante o trabalho de observa����o, que incluiu entrevistas, conversas, descri����o e fotografias, como t��cnicas de recolha de dados, combinado com a pesquisa documental, este trabalho argumenta que, existe no mercado uma conviv��ncia multicultural, mas regista-se ainda d��fice nas rela����es interculturais. Os vendedores do Sul, consideram-se culturalmente superiores em rela����o aos seus colegas do norte do Save. Tal como outras pessoas da regi��o sul, estes vendedores tratam os seus colegas pelo termo xingondo, que al��m da simples identifica����o, �� usado para desqualificar os seus colegas do norte. Assim, o sil��ncio em rela����o ao etnocentrismo das pessoas do sul, a timidez que ainda se verifica em rela����o ao uso oficial das l��nguas mo��ambicanas, que s��o o meio de comunica����o mais usado, bem como a incipiente provis��o dos direitos da cidadania, constituem os principais obst��culos �� unidade nacional. O estudo termina propondo a operacionaliza����o do conceito da unidade nacional, tendo em conta, por um lado o respeito pelas diferen��as culturais e a promo����o do di��logo intercultural e por outro, o combate contra as diferen��as abismais entre ricos e pobres.

Tecnologia, mercado e bem-estar humano: para um questionamento do discurso da inova����o

Desde meados dos anos oitenta do s��culo XX, um conjunto vasto de l��deres empresariais e pol��ticos, acompanhados por figuras e grupos oriundos sobretudo dos meios da gest��o, da economia e da tecnologia, come��aram a promover intensamente �� escala mundial uma no����o anunciada como motor das sociedades ��� ���inova����o���. Nas declara����es desses dirigentes, o termo inova����o surge geralmente associado a uma ideia entusiasta das novidades t��cnicas e impulsionadora do dinamismo econ��mico. A tais concep����es n��o ser��o alheias as teses da primeira metade do s��culo XX do economista Joseph Schumpeter, segundo as quais a inova����o tecnol��gica �� end��gena e fundamental ao desenvolvimento econ��mico, e n��o um factor externo. Os promotores da inova����o procuram implantar este conceito justificando-o com o papel que as conquistas tecnocient��ficas jogam na mudan��a econ��mica e nos reflexos que esta pode ter no bem-estar humano. Nos seus discursos encontram-se alus��es constantes �� import��ncia da inova����o como agente da prosperidade econ��mica e impulsionador de in��meras vantagens para a vida humana e social. Esse discurso �� amplamente reproduzido pelas universidades, designadamente, nos cursos de gest��o, muitas vezes de modo irreflectido quanto ��s fun����es e consequ��ncias das tecnologias.

Assessment of fungal contamination in a group of Lisbon's gymnasiums with a swimming pool

The study���s main purpose was the assessment of the environmental fungal contamination, the exploration of possible associations between related environmental variables and the study of the relationship between fungal contamination of air and surfaces. A descriptive study was developed based upon air and surfaces monitoring for fungal contamination in ten indoor gymnasiums with a swimming pool located in Lisbon���s urban area. Fifty 200 litres air samples and 120 surface swabs were collected. Surfaces samples were collected before and after cleaning and disinfection and temperature and relative humidity values were registered during the collection period. Twenty five different species of fungi were identified in the air samples, being the three most commonly isolated genera the following: Cladosporium (36.6%), Penicillium (19.0%) and Aspergillus (10.2%). Thirty-seven different species of fungi were identified in the surface samples. Fusarium sp. was the most frequent genera before (19.1%) and after (17.2%) cleaning and disinfection. There was a significant association between the numbers of visitors and the fungal contamination determined in the surface samples (p<0.05). There was no significant association (p>0.05) between the contamination encountered in the air samples and the one registered in the surface samples and between the fungal contamination and the temperature or relative humidity measured on location. The data obtained enabled the assessment of the establishment���s fungal contamination and led the authors to conclude, consequently, that physical activity, which generally promotes health, can in fact be challenged by this factor.

Prevalence of fungi in indoor air with reference to gymnasiums with swimming pools

Fungal contamination of air in 10 gymnasiums with swimming pools was monitored. Fifty air samples of 200 L each were collected, using a Millipore air tester, from the area surrounding the pool, in training studios, in showers and changing rooms for both sexes, and also, outside premises, since these are the places regarded as reference. Simultaneously, environmental parameters ��� temperature and humidity ��� were also monitored. Some 25 different species of fungi were identified. The six most commonly isolated genera were the following: Cladosporium sp. (36.6%), Penicillium sp. (19.0%), Aspergillus sp. (10.2%), Mucor sp. (7%), Phoma sp. and Chrysonilia sp. (3.3%). For yeasts, three different genera were identified, namely, Rhodotorula sp. (70%), Trichosporon mucoides and Cryptococcus uniguttulattus (10%).

Air fungal contamination in two elementary schools in Lisbon, Portugal

A descriptive study was developed to monitor air fungal contamination in two elementary schools in Lisbon, Portugal. Eight air samples of 250 litres through impaction method were collected in canteen, library, classrooms and also, outside premises as reference place. Simultaneously, were also monitored environmental parameters, including temperature, and humidity through the equipment Babouc, LSI Sistems and according to the International Standard ISO 7726 - 1998. Considering both schools, sixteen different species of fungi in air were identified, being the 2 most commonly isolated Cladosporium sp. (51,1%) and Penicillium sp. (27,5%). Besides these genera Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Chrysonilia, Botritys, Ulocladium, Athrium, Aureobasidium, Phoma, Scedosporium e Geotrichum were also isolated. Regarding yeasts, Candida sp., Cryptococcus sp. and Rhodotorula sp. were isolated. The youngest school, as well canteens in each school, presented the worst results concerning the air fungal contamination, maybe due to the higher number of occupants. There was no significant relationship (p>0,05) between fungal contamination and temperature and humidity.

Are air-borne mycotoxins a public health concern in Portugal?

Introduction - Microscopic filamentous fungi, under suitable environmental conditions, can lead to the production of highly toxic chemical substances, commonly known as mycotoxins. The most widespread and studied mycotoxins are metabolites of some genera of moulds such as Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium. Quite peculiar conditions may influence mycotoxin biosynthesis, such as climate, geographical location, cultivation practices, storage and type of substrate. Toxicity has been extensively investigated for the most important mycotoxins, such as aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and Fusarium toxins, and much information derived from toxicokinetics in animal models has also been obtained. The adverse effects are mainly related to genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity and immunotoxicity. Aim of the study - To identify fungal species able to produce important mycotoxins in different Portuguese settings.

Aflatoxinas: conceitos sobre mecanismos de toxicidade e seu envolvimento na etiologia do c��ncer hep��tico celular

Foram revistos os conceitos de maior relev��ncia sobre mecanismos de toxicidade e evid��ncias do envolvimento das aflatoxinas na etiologia do c��ncer hep��tico humano. A aflatoxina B1 (AFB1), principal metab��lito produzido por fungos do g��nero Aspergillus, manifesta seus efeitos t��xicos ap��s convers��o hep��tica em AFB1-ep��xido, o qual reage com macromol��culas celulares, incluindo prote��nas, RNA (��cido ribonucl��ico) e DNA (��cido desoxirribonucl��ico). A rea����o com o DNA ocorre atrav��s da liga����o com guaninas, ao n��vel do c��don 249, do gene supressor de tumores p53. Em seres humanos, estudos de biomonitoramento individual de derivados AFB1-N7-guanina tem demonstrado que as aflatoxinas constituem importantes fatores de risco, com uma prov��vel intera����o sinerg��stica com o v��rus da hepatite B, para o desenvolvimento do carcinoma hepatocelular em popula����es expostas. Considerando-se a ocorr��ncia freq��ente das aflatoxinas em produtos aliment��cios, no Brasil, ressalta-se a necessidade de estudos que avaliem criteriosamente o impacto dos n��veis de exposi����o a estas toxinas sobre a sa��de humana.

Agostinho, o roubo das p��ras e os porcos

Trata-se de um ensaio longo, em que se explora a quest��o da infelicidade da linguagem, e da consequente impossibilidade de enunciados un��vocos, na esteira das teses da Desconstru����o. Neste texto, contudo, essa quest��o �� mais acutilante porque o objecto de an��lise �� um texto de natureza confessional e autobiogr��fica, a saber: o Livro II das Confiss��es de S. Agostinho.

Air contaminants in animal production: the poultry case

A descriptive study was developed in order to assess air contamination caused by fungi and particles in seven poultry units. Twenty seven air samples of 25 litters were collected through impaction method. Air sampling and particle concentration measurement were performed in the pavilions��� interior and also outside premises, since this was the place regarded as reference. Simultaneously, temperature and relative humidity were also registered. Regarding fungal load in the air from the seven poultry farms, the highest value obtained was 24040 CFU/m3 and the lowest was 320 CFU/m3. Twenty eight species/genera of fungi were identified, being Scopulariopsis brevicaulis (39.0%) the most commonly isolated species and Rhizopus sp. (30.0%) the most commonly isolated genus. From the Aspergillus genus, Aspergillus flavus (74.5%) was the most frequently detected species. There was a significant correlation (r=0.487; p=0.014) between temperature and the level of fungal contamination (CFU/m3). Considering contamination caused by particles, in this study, particles with larger dimensions (PM5.0 and PM10) have higher concentrations. There was also a significant correlation between relative humidity and concentration of smaller particles namely, PM0.5 (r=0.438; p=0.025) and PM1.0 (r=0.537; p=0.005). Characterizing typical exposure levels to these contaminants in this specific occupational setting is required to allow a more detailed risk assessment analysis and to set exposure limits to protect workers��� health.

Avalia����o da qualidade qu��mica e microbiol��gica de tintas did��cticas do ensino pr��-escolar

As tintas utilizadas nas actividades did��cticas possuem na sua composi����o ingredientes que dada a sua natureza, modo de fabrico e de utiliza����o, podem representar um risco para a sa��de das crian��as. Neste ��mbito, procurou-se com este estudo avaliar a qualidade qu��mica e microbiol��gica das tintas utilizadas pelas crian��as no ensino pr��-escolar. Vinte e nove amostras de tintas, incluindo guaches, tintas de ��guas, digitintas e tintas para pinturas faciais foram recolhidas em oito estabelecimentos de ensino, nomeadamente, Jardins de Inf��ncia, do conselho de Vila Nova de Gaia. A avalia����o microbiol��gica envolveu n��o s�� a determina����o da concentra����o microbiana presente nas amostras, como tamb��m, a avalia����o da estabilidade microbiana nas tintas das esp��cies S.aureus e E.coli. Na avalia����o qu��mica procedeu-se �� determina����o da concentra����o dos metais chumbo (Pb), c��dmio (Cd), cr��mio (Cr), cobalto (Co), n��quel (Nq), mangan��s (Mn), cobre (Cu) e zinco (Zn) quer em algumas das amostras recolhidas nos estabelecimentos de ensino, quer em tintas adquiridas em tr��s estabelecimentos comerciais. Os resultados obtidos da avalia����o microbiol��gica revelam uma contamina����o est��tica na generalidade das tintas. Tr��s amostras de tintas apresentaram ainda elevada contamina����o por fungos, nomeadamente Aspergillus spp. e Trichophyton spp. Da avalia����o da estabilidade microbiana das esp��cies S.aureus e E.coli observou-se uma sensibilidade das mesmas ��s tintas, sendo evidenciado, em alguns casos, um decrescimento da concentra����o ao longo do tempo de exposi����o, e noutros, uma sensibilidade imediata. A esp��cie S.aureus revelou, contudo, maior capacidade de resist��ncia que a E.coli. Os resultados obtidos da avalia����o qu��mica revelaram a presen��a de Cr em todas as amostras, registando as tintas adquiridas em estabelecimentos comerciais concentra����es mais elevadas para este metal. Os metais Cu e Zn foram detectados, em algumas amostras de tintas art��sticas, em concentra����es acima dos valores limites. Nas tintas para a cara foram encontrados os metais Pb, Cd, Cr e Nq, cuja utiliza����o �� interdita nestes produtos. O conhecimento das caracter��sticas qu��micas e microbiol��gicas das tintas utilizadas por crian��as do ensino pr��-escolar revelou-se de grande import��ncia, nomeadamente, para a determina����o dos riscos a que este grupo de indiv��duos pode estar exposto no seu dia-a-dia quando utilizam estes produtos.

Fungal contamination of poultry litter: a public health problem

Although numerous studies have been conducted on microbial contaminants associated with various stages related to poultry and meat products processing, only a few reported on fungal contamination of poultry litter. The goals of this study were to (1) characterize litter fungal contamination and (2) report the incidence of keratinophilic and toxigenic fungi presence. Seven fresh and 14 aged litter samples were collected from 7 poultry farms. In addition, 27 air samples of 25 litters were also collected through impaction method, and after laboratory processing and incubation of collected samples, quantitative colony-forming units (CFU/m3) and qualitative results were obtained. Twelve different fungal species were detected in fresh litter and Penicillium was the most frequent genus found (59.9%), followed by Alternaria (17.8%), Cladosporium (7.1%), and Aspergillus (5.7%). With respect to aged litter, 19 different fungal species were detected, with Penicillium sp. the most frequently isolated (42.3%), followed by Scopulariopsis sp. (38.3%), Trichosporon sp. (8.8%), and Aspergillus sp. (5.5%). A significant positive correlation was found between litter fungal contamination (CFU/g) and air fungal contamination (CFU/m3). Litter fungal quantification and species identification have important implications in the evaluation of potential adverse health risks to exposed workers and animals. Spreading of poultry litter in agricultural fields is a potential public health concern, since keratinophilic (Scopulariopsis and Fusarium genus) as well as toxigenic fungi (Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium genus) were isolated.

Occupational exposure to aflatoxin (AFB1) in poultry production

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) has been recognized to produce cancer in human liver. In addition, epidemiological and laboratory studies demonstrated that the respiratory system was a target for AFB1. Exposure occurs predominantly through the food chain, but inhalation represents an additional route of exposure. The present study aimed to examine AFB1 exposure among poultry workers in Portugal. Blood samples were collected from a total of 31 poultry workers from six poultry farms. In addition, a control group (n = 30) was included comprised of workers who undertook administrative tasks. Measurement of AFB1 in serum was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). For examining fungi contamination, air samples were collected through an impaction method. Air sampling was obtained in pavilion interior and outside the premises, since this was the place regarded as the reference location. Using molecular methods, toxicogenic strains (aflatoxin-producing) were investigated within the group of species belonging to Aspergillus flavus complex. Eighteen poultry workers (59%) had detectable levels of AFB1 with values ranging from <1 ng/ml to4.23 ng/ml and with a mean value of 2 �� 0.98ng/ml. AFB1 was not detected in the serum sampled from any of the controls. Aspergillus flavus was the fungal species third most frequently found in the indoor air samples analyzed (7.2%) and was the most frequently isolated species in air samples containing only Aspergillus genus (74.5%). The presence of aflatoxigenic strains was only confirmed in outdoor air samples from one of the units, indicating the presence of a source inside the building in at least one case. Data indicate that AFB1 inhalation represents an additional risk in this occupational setting that needs to be recognized, assessed, and prevented.

Aspectos epidemiol��gicos do Helicobacter pylori na inf��ncia e adolesc��ncia

Realizou-se revis��o da epidemiologia da infec����o pelo Helicobacter pylori, com o objetivo de analisar sua import��ncia na inf��ncia e adolesc��ncia no que se refere �� incid��ncia, �� preval��ncia, ��s vias de transmiss��o e aos fatores de risco. Para tanto, realizou-se uma pesquisa nas bases de dados Lilacs (OPS/Bireme) e Medline (National Library of Medicine) e no banco de teses da Universidade de S��o Paulo dos anos de 1983 a 1999. A an��lise da literatura levou �� conclus��o de que a infec����o pelo Helicobacter pylori �� adquirida principalmente durante a inf��ncia, apresenta aumento da preval��ncia com a idade, os principais fatores de riscos est��o relacionados ao baixo n��vel socioecon��mico e o mecanismo de transmiss��o permanece desconhecido.

Fungal contamination in swine: a potential occupational health threat

Poor air quality in a pig-confinement building may potentially place farmers at higher health risk than other workers for exposure to airborne pollutants that may reach infectious levels. The aim of this study was to assess worker exposure to fungi in indoor environments in Portuguese swine buildings. Air samples from 7 swine farms were collected at a flow rate of 140 L/min, at 1 m height, onto malt extract agar supplemented with chloramphenicol (MEA). Surfaces samples of the same indoor sites were obtained by swabbing the surfaces. Samples from the floor covering were also collected from four of seven swine farms. All collected samples were incubated at 27��C for 5-7 days. After lab processing and incubation of obtained samples, quantitative colony-forming units (CFU)/m(3), CFU/cm(2), and CFU/g and qualitative results were determined with identification of isolated fungal species. Aspergillus versicolor was the most frequent species found in air (21%), followed by Scopulariopsis brevicaulis (17%) and Penicillium sp. (14%). Aspergillus versicolor was also the most frequent species noted on surfaces (26.6%), followed by Cladosporium sp. (22.4%) and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis (17.5%). Chrysosporium was the most frequently found genera in the new floor covering (38.5%), while Mucor was the most prevalent genera (25.1%) in used floor covering. Our findings corroborate a potential occupational health threat due to fungi exposure and suggest the need for a preventive strategy.

A responsabilidade social do auditor perante a fraude

Mestrado em Auditoria