Impacto da Insuficiência Renal no Prognóstico dos Doentes Submetidos a Reparação de Aneurisma da Aorta Abdominal - Cirurgia Convencional vs. Tratamento Endovascular do Aneurisma da Aorta

Introdução: A correção cirúrgica do aneurisma da aorta abdominal (AAA), por Endovascular Aneurysm Repair (EVAR) ou cirurgia convencional (CC), pode agravar a função renal a curto prazo. Esta complicação, mais frequente nos doentes com insuficiência renal crónica (IRC), associa-se a pior prognóstico a longo prazo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar o agravamento da função renal após reparação do AAA em doentes com IRC prévia e demonstrar o consequente aumento da morbimortalidade. Métodos: Estudo retrospetivo em doentes com IRC estádios Chronic Kidney Disease 3-4 (TFGe 15-59ml/min), submetidos a correção eletiva de AAA entre fevereiro/2011 e fevereiro/2015 numa instituição terciária. Variáveis estudadas: idade, sexo, tipo de intervenção (convencional/EVAR) e estádio CKD. Endpoints: variação da creatinina e taxa de filtração glomerular com a cirurgia, complicações renais pós-operatórias, necessidade de reintervenção cirúrgica e mortalidade. A análise estatística foi realizada em SPSS. Resultados: Foram incluídos 71doentes. Quinze doentes (21%) foram operados por CC e 56 (78%) por EVAR. À data da intervenção, os doentes encontravam-se nos seguintes estádios da DRC: CKD 3 --- 65 (91%) e CKD 4 --- 6 (9%). A variac¸ão da TFG com a cirurgia foi −1,08±18,01mg/dl. Verificou-se IRC agudizada pós-operatória em 22 (31%) doentes e necessidade de diálise em 5 (7%). A mortalidade global foi 8,5%. Os doentes operados por EVAR tinham DRC mais avançada pré-operatoriamente, mas apresentaram menor agravamento da função renal. Variação TFG: EVAR 1,14±16,26ml/min vs. CC 9,40±22,11ml/min (p=0,022); variação creatinina: EVAR 0,17±1,03mg/dl vs. CC 0,81±1,47mg/dl (p=0,02). A agudização da IRC pós-operatória foi superior no grupo CC (53,3 vs. 28,6%; p=0,072), assim como a necessidade de diálise (20 vs. 3,6%, p=0,06). Os 6 doentes que faleceram (EVAR: 3; CC: 3) apresentaram maior agravamento da função renal (variação da creatinina: 1,41±1,63mg/dl vs. 0,20±1,07mg/dl, p=0,001; variação da TFG: −19,0±16,55ml/min; 0,57±17,34ml/min, p=0,007) e necessidade de diálise (50 vs. 3,1%, p=0,003). Conclusão: Os resultados demonstraram uma tendência para uma menor probabilidade de IRA, menor necessidade de diálise pós-operatória e menor mortalidade nos doentes tratados por EVAR. Contudo, o impacto da administração de contraste a médio/longo prazo, decorrente dos programas de vigilância pós-EVAR, deve ser considerado. Julgamos ser possível considerar que a realização de EVAR para o tratamento de doentes com AAA e IRC é um procedimento pelo menos tão seguro como a CC.

Adhésion au traitement de la maladie rénale chronique chez les québécois âgés de 18 ans ou plus

Introduction La progression de la maladie rénale chronique (MRC) augmente le risque des maladies cardiovasculaires. L’hypertension, le diabète et la dyslipidémie sont à la fois des facteurs de risque et des comorbidités de la MRC. Chez les individus souffrant de MRC, la persistance et l’observance du traitement de ces facteurs de risque, i.e. le traitement antihypertenseur (TAH), le traitement hypolipémiant (THL) et le traitement antidiabétique (TAD) contribuent à réduire le risque de mortalité et de morbidité cardiovasculaires. Néanmoins, la persistance et l’observance de ces traitements restent encore peu étudiées chez les individus ayant la MRC. Objectifs: Spécifiquement pour chacun des trois traitements (TAH, THL et TAD), une étude de cohorte a été menée dans le but : 1) d’estimer la persistance à prendre le traitement un an après le début du traitement; 2) d’estimer l’observance du traitement au cours de l’année suivant le début du traitement chez les persistants; 3) d’identifier les facteurs associés à la persistance; et 4) d’identifier les facteurs associés à l’observance. Méthodologie: Nous avons utilisé les banques de données administratives de la Régie de l’assurance maladie du Québec (RAMQ) pour mener trois études de cohorte chez les personnes âgées de 18 ans ou plus. Une étude a été conduite chez les individus qui ont commencé un TAH, l’autre conduite chez les patients ayant commencé un THL et la dernière menée chez les nouveaux utilisateurs de TAD. Les individus qui poursuivaient encore leur traitement un an après son début ont été considérés persistants. Parmi les persistants, les patients qui ont eu une proportion de jours couverts (PJC) ≥ 80 % ont été considérés observants. Les facteurs associés à la persistance et ceux associés à l’observance ont été identifiés à l’aide d’une régression de Poisson modifiée. Résultats: Parmi les 7 119 patients ayant débuté un TAH, 78,8 % ont été persistants et 87,7 % des persistants ont été observants. Les individus qui étaient plus susceptibles d’être persistants se trouvaient dans le groupe des utilisateurs de monothérapie d’inhibiteurs de l’enzyme de conversion de l’angiotensine (IECA) (Rapport de prévalences (RP) : 1,20; intervalle de confiance (IC) à 95 % : 1,13-1,27), d’antagonistes du récepteur de l’angiotensine II (ARA) (1,22; 1,14-1,31), de bloquants des canaux calciques (BCC) (1,20; 1,14-1,26), de bêta-bloquants (BB) (1,16; 1,10-1,23) et de multithérapie (1,31; 1,25-1,38) (référence : monothérapie de diurétiques (DIU)). Les individus qui étaient plus susceptibles d’être observants étaient les utilisateurs de monothérapie d’IECA (1,08; 1,03-1,04), de BB (1,10; 1,05-1,15), de BCC (1,10; 1,05-1,15) et de multithérapie. Des 14 607 individus ayant débuté un THL, 80,7 % ont persisté à le prendre; de ces derniers, 88,7 % étaient observants du THL. Les patients qui étaient plus susceptibles d’être persistants étaient ceux ayant un statut socio-économique (SSE) faible (1,03; 1,01-1,06) (référence : SSE élevé) et ceux dont le traitement initial avait été prescrit par un néphrologue (1,06; 1,04-1,09) (référence : omnipraticien). Les individus qui étaient plus susceptibles d’être observants étaient ceux âgés ≥ 66 ans (référence : 18-65) (1,04; 1,01-1,07), ceux ayant un SSE faible (1,08; 1,06-1,10) et ceux qui avaient pris plus de 12 médicaments différents (référence : <7) (1,03; 1.00-1,05). Sur un total de 6 671 individus ayant débuté un TAD, 76,9 % ont persisté à prendre le traitement. Parmi les persistants, 87,9 % étaient observants. Les individus ayant un SSE faible (1,04; 1,01-1,07) (référence : SSE élevé) ou une multithérapie (1,12; 1,08-1,16) (référence : monothérapie de metformine) étaient plus susceptibles d’être persistants, tout comme ceux ayant une comorbidité dont l’hypertension artérielle (1,04; 1,01-1,07), la dyslipidémie (1,06; 1,03-1,10), l’accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC) (1,05; 1,01-1,11) ou la maladie coronarienne (1,03; 1,01-1,06). Les individus plus susceptibles d’être observants étaient ceux ayant un SSE moyen (1,03; 1,01-1,07) ou une multithérapie (1,06; 1,03-1,09). Conclusion: Peu importe le traitement initié par les individus souffrant de MRC, environ 30% des patients ne seraient pas persistants un an après le début du traitement ou observants dans l’année suivant l’initiation. Certains facteurs sont associés de façon consistante à la persistance, par exemple l’AVC, la maladie coronarienne et le nombre de visites médicales, alors que l’âge et le SSE sont associés à l’observance peu importe que le traitement initial soit un TAH, un THL ou un TAD.

Heart failure in young adults

Heart failure (HF) is a major health concern affecting 15 million people in Europe and around 900 000 people in the U.K. HF predominantly affects the elderly, with the mean age of patients with a diagnosis of HF between 70 and 80 years. Most previous HF studies have accordingly focused on older patients. Although HF is less common in younger adults (<65 years), 15% to 20% of patients hospitalised with HF are younger than 60 years of age. Very few studies have described the characteristics of younger adults with HF and its outcome. The aims of this thesis are to describe the clinical characteristics of younger adults with HF, explore the epidemiology of HF in younger adults and determine their short- and long-term outcomes. This was made possible by access multiple databases consisting of large patient cohorts with HF. The first chapter is a systematic literature review of younger adults with HF. Gaps in the current literature were identified and the thesis focused on some of these. The CHARM study allows detail characterisations of younger adults with HF. It recorded characteristics of patients with HF, including symptoms and signs of HF, electrocardiographic changes, chest radiographic findings, and also left ventricular ejection fraction. HF hospitalisations and its precipitating factors were also recorded systematically. Younger adults were more likely to have a third heart sound and hepatomegaly, but less likely to have pulmonary crackles and peripheral oedema. Similarly, radiological findings in younger adults were less likely to show interstitial pulmonary oedema or pleural effusion. Interestingly, younger adults aged <40 years not only have similar HF hospitalisation rate to older patients, however during their presentation with decompensated HF, they were less likely to have clinical pulmonary oedema and radiological signs of HF. Physicians managing younger adults with HF need to be aware of this. Younger adults were also less compliant with medications and lifestyle restriction resulting in hospitalisation with decompensated HF. Fortunately, despite these challenges, mortality rates in younger adults with HF were lower compared to older patients. To further substantiate the findings from the CHARM study, the MAGGIC study, a meta-analysis consists of over 40 000 patients with HF from large observational studies and randomised controlled trials, was examined. In both databases, the commonest aetiology of HF in younger adults was dilated cardiomyopathy. The ejection fraction was the lowest in younger adults. Similar to the CHARM study, mortality rates in younger adults were lower compared to older patients. However, in the MAGGIC study, by stratifying mortality into patients with preserved ejection fraction and with reduced ejection fraction, younger patients with preserved ejection fraction have a much lower mortality rate compared to patients with reduced ejection fraction. Findings from clinical trials are not always reflective of the real life clinical practice. The U.K. Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD), a large and well-validated primary care database with 654 practices contributing information into the database representing approximated 8% of the U.K. population, is a rich dataset offering a unique opportunity to examine the characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of younger adults with HF in the community. In contrast to the CHARM and MAGGIC studies, younger adults aged <40 years were stratified into 20-29 and 30-39 years in the CPRD analysis. This is possible due to the larger number of younger adults with HF. Further stratifying the younger age groups demonstrated heterogeneity among younger adults with HF. In contrast to previous data showing younger adults have lower co-morbidities, the proportions of depression, chronic kidney disease, asthma, and any connective tissue disease were high among patients aged 20-29 years in the analysis from the CPRD. Surprisingly, the treatment rates for angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, and aldosterone antagonist were the lowest in patients aged 20-29 years. With the exception of patients aged ≥80 years, treatment rate with beta-blocker was also the lowest in patients aged 20-29 years. With over two decades of follow up, long-term mortality rates in younger adults with HF can be determined. The mortality rates continued to decline from 1988 to 2011. Physicians managing younger adults with HF can now use this contemporary data to provide prognostic information to patients and their family. A hospital administrative database is the logical next platform to explore younger adults with HF. The Alberta Ministry of Health database links an outpatient database to a hospitalisation database providing ample data to examine the relationship between outpatient clinic visits and hospital admissions in younger adults with HF. Following a diagnosis of HF in the outpatient setting, younger adults were admitted to the hospital with decompensated HF much sooner than older patients. Younger adults also presented to emergency department more frequently following their first hospitalisation for HF. In conclusion, this thesis presented the characteristics and outcomes of younger adults with HF, and helped to extend our current understanding on this important topic. I hope the data presented here will benefit not only physicians looking after younger adults with HF, but also patients and their family.

Identifying health inequalities in individuals with major mental illness (MMI) using routine data

Abstract and Summary of Thesis: Background: Individuals with Major Mental Illness (such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder) experience increased rates of physical health comorbidity compared to the general population. They also experience inequalities in access to certain aspects of healthcare. This ultimately leads to premature mortality. Studies detailing patterns of physical health comorbidity are limited by their definitions of comorbidity, single disease approach to comorbidity and by the study of heterogeneous groups. To date the investigation of possible sources of healthcare inequalities experienced by individuals with Major Mental Illness (MMI) is relatively limited. Moreover studies detailing the extent of premature mortality experienced by individuals with MMI vary both in terms of the measure of premature mortality reported and age of the cohort investigated, limiting their generalisability to the wider population. Therefore local and national data can be used to describe patterns of physical health comorbidity, investigate possible reasons for health inequalities and describe mortality rates. These findings will extend existing work in this area. Aims and Objectives: To review the relevant literature regarding: patterns of physical health comorbidity, evidence for inequalities in physical healthcare and evidence for premature mortality for individuals with MMI. To examine the rates of physical health comorbidity in a large primary care database and to assess for evidence for inequalities in access to healthcare using both routine primary care prescribing data and incentivised national Quality and Outcome Framework (QOF) data. Finally to examine the rates of premature mortality in a local context with a particular focus on cause of death across the lifespan and effect of International Classification of Disease Version 10 (ICD 10) diagnosis and socioeconomic status on rates and cause of death. Methods: A narrative review of the literature surrounding patterns of physical health comorbidity, the evidence for inequalities in physical healthcare and premature mortality in MMI was undertaken. Rates of physical health comorbidity and multimorbidity in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder were examined using a large primary care dataset (Scottish Programme for Improving Clinical Effectiveness in Primary Care (SPICE)). Possible inequalities in access to healthcare were investigated by comparing patterns of prescribing in individuals with MMI and comorbid physical health conditions with prescribing rates in individuals with physical health conditions without MMI using SPICE data. Potential inequalities in access to health promotion advice (in the form of smoking cessation) and prescribing of Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) were also investigated using SPICE data. Possible inequalities in access to incentivised primary healthcare were investigated using National Quality and Outcome Framework (QOF) data. Finally a pre-existing case register (Glasgow Psychosis Clinical Information System (PsyCIS)) was linked to Scottish Mortality data (available from the Scottish Government Website) to investigate rates and primary cause of death in individuals with MMI. Rate and primary cause of death were compared to the local population and impact of age, socioeconomic status and ICD 10 diagnosis (schizophrenia vs. bipolar disorder) were investigated. Results: Analysis of the SPICE data found that sixteen out of the thirty two common physical comorbidities assessed, occurred significantly more frequently in individuals with schizophrenia. In individuals with bipolar disorder fourteen occurred more frequently. The most prevalent chronic physical health conditions in individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder were: viral hepatitis (Odds Ratios (OR) 3.99 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 2.82-5.64 and OR 5.90 95% CI 3.16-11.03 respectively), constipation (OR 3.24 95% CI 3.01-3.49 and OR 2.84 95% CI 2.47-3.26 respectively) and Parkinson’s disease (OR 3.07 95% CI 2.43-3.89 and OR 2.52 95% CI 1.60-3.97 respectively). Both groups had significantly increased rates of multimorbidity compared to controls: in the schizophrenia group OR for two comorbidities was 1.37 95% CI 1.29-1.45 and in the bipolar disorder group OR was 1.34 95% CI 1.20-1.49. In the studies investigating inequalities in access to healthcare there was evidence of: under-recording of cardiovascular-related conditions for example in individuals with schizophrenia: OR for Atrial Fibrillation (AF) was 0.62 95% CI 0.52 - 0.73, for hypertension 0.71 95% CI 0.67 - 0.76, for Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) 0.76 95% CI 0.69 - 0.83 and for peripheral vascular disease (PVD) 0.83 95% CI 0.72 - 0.97. Similarly in individuals with bipolar disorder OR for AF was 0.56 95% CI 0.41-0.78, for hypertension 0.69 95% CI 0.62 - 0.77 and for CHD 0.77 95% CI 0.66 - 0.91. There was also evidence of less intensive prescribing for individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder who had comorbid hypertension and CHD compared to individuals with hypertension and CHD who did not have schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Rate of prescribing of statins for individuals with schizophrenia and CHD occurred significantly less frequently than in individuals with CHD without MMI (OR 0.67 95% CI 0.56-0.80). Rates of prescribing of 2 or more anti-hypertensives were lower in individuals with CHD and schizophrenia and CHD and bipolar disorder compared to individuals with CHD without MMI (OR 0.66 95% CI 0.56-0.78 and OR 0.55 95% CI 0.46-0.67, respectively). Smoking was more common in individuals with MMI compared to individuals without MMI (OR 2.53 95% CI 2.44-2.63) and was particularly increased in men (OR 2.83 95% CI 2.68-2.98). Rates of ex-smoking and non-smoking were lower in individuals with MMI (OR 0.79 95% CI 0.75-0.83 and OR 0.50 95% CI 0.48-0.52 respectively). However recorded rates of smoking cessation advice in smokers with MMI were significantly lower than the recorded rates of smoking cessation advice in smokers with diabetes (88.7% vs. 98.0%, p<0.001), smokers with CHD (88.9% vs. 98.7%, p<0.001) and smokers with hypertension (88.3% vs. 98.5%, p<0.001) without MMI. The odds ratio of NRT prescription was also significantly lower in smokers with MMI without diabetes compared to smokers with diabetes without MMI (OR 0.75 95% CI 0.69-0.81). Similar findings were found for smokers with MMI without CHD compared to smokers with CHD without MMI (OR 0.34 95% CI 0.31-0.38) and smokers with MMI without hypertension compared to smokers with hypertension without MMI (OR 0.71 95% CI 0.66-0.76). At a national level, payment and population achievement rates for the recording of body mass index (BMI) in MMI was significantly lower than the payment and population achievement rates for BMI recording in diabetes throughout the whole of the UK combined: payment rate 92.7% (Inter Quartile Range (IQR) 89.3-95.8 vs. 95.5% IQR 93.3-97.2, p<0.001 and population achievement rate 84.0% IQR 76.3-90.0 vs. 92.5% IQR 89.7-94.9, p<0.001 and for each country individually: for example in Scotland payment rate was 94.0% IQR 91.4-97.2 vs. 96.3% IQR 94.3-97.8, p<0.001. Exception rate was significantly higher for the recording of BMI in MMI than the exception rate for BMI recording in diabetes for the UK combined: 7.4% IQR 3.3-15.9 vs. 2.3% IQR 0.9-4.7, p<0.001 and for each country individually. For example in Scotland exception rate in MMI was 11.8% IQR 5.4-19.3 compared to 3.5% IQR 1.9-6.1 in diabetes. Similar findings were found for Blood Pressure (BP) recording: across the whole of the UK payment and population achievement rates for BP recording in MMI were also significantly reduced compared to payment and population achievement rates for the recording of BP in chronic kidney disease (CKD): payment rate: 94.1% IQR 90.9-97.1 vs.97.8% IQR 96.3-98.9 and p<0.001 and population achievement rate 87.0% IQR 81.3-91.7 vs. 97.1% IQR 95.5-98.4, p<0.001. Exception rates again were significantly higher for the recording of BP in MMI compared to CKD (6.4% IQR 3.0-13.1 vs. 0.3% IQR 0.0-1.0, p<0.001). There was also evidence of differences in rates of recording of BMI and BP in MMI across the UK. BMI and BP recording in MMI were significantly lower in Scotland compared to England (BMI:-1.5% 99% CI -2.7 to -0.3%, p<0.001 and BP: -1.8% 99% CI -2.7 to -0.9%, p<0.001). While rates of BMI and BP recording in diabetes and CKD were similar in Scotland compared to England (BMI: -0.5 99% CI -1.0 to 0.05, p=0.004 and BP: 0.02 99% CI -0.2 to 0.3, p=0.797). Data from the PsyCIS cohort showed an increase in Standardised Mortality Ratios (SMR) across the lifespan for individuals with MMI compared to the local Glasgow and wider Scottish populations (Glasgow SMR 1.8 95% CI 1.6-2.0 and Scotland SMR 2.7 95% CI 2.4-3.1). Increasing socioeconomic deprivation was associated with an increased overall rate of death in MMI (350.3 deaths/10,000 population/5 years in the least deprived quintile compared to 794.6 deaths/10,000 population/5 years in the most deprived quintile). No significant difference in rate of death for individuals with schizophrenia compared with bipolar disorder was reported (6.3% vs. 4.9%, p=0.086), but primary cause of death varied: with higher rates of suicide in individuals with bipolar disorder (22.4% vs. 11.7%, p=0.04). Discussion: Local and national datasets can be used for epidemiological study to inform local practice and complement existing national and international studies. While the strengths of this thesis include the large data sets used and therefore their likely representativeness to the wider population, some limitations largely associated with using secondary data sources are acknowledged. While this thesis has confirmed evidence of increased physical health comorbidity and multimorbidity in individuals with MMI, it is likely that these findings represent a significant under reporting and likely under recognition of physical health comorbidity in this population. This is likely due to a combination of patient, health professional and healthcare system factors and requires further investigation. Moreover, evidence of inequality in access to healthcare in terms of: physical health promotion (namely smoking cessation advice), recording of physical health indices (BMI and BP), prescribing of medications for the treatment of physical illness and prescribing of NRT has been found at a national level. While significant premature mortality in individuals with MMI within a Scottish setting has been confirmed, more work is required to further detail and investigate the impact of socioeconomic deprivation on cause and rate of death in this population. It is clear that further education and training is required for all healthcare staff to improve the recognition, diagnosis and treatment of physical health problems in this population with the aim of addressing the significant premature mortality that is seen. Conclusions: Future work lies in the challenge of designing strategies to reduce health inequalities and narrow the gap in premature mortality reported in individuals with MMI. Models of care that allow a much more integrated approach to diagnosing, monitoring and treating both the physical and mental health of individuals with MMI, particularly in areas of social and economic deprivation may be helpful. Strategies to engage this “hard to reach” population also need to be developed. While greater integration of psychiatric services with primary care and with specialist medical services is clearly vital the evidence on how best to achieve this is limited. While the National Health Service (NHS) is currently undergoing major reform, attention needs to be paid to designing better ways to improve the current disconnect between primary and secondary care. This should then help to improve physical, psychological and social outcomes for individuals with MMI.

Dose-Adjusted Beta-Lactam Antibiotic-Induced Encephalopathy in a Patient with End-Stage Renal Impairment: A Case Report

Introduction: Despite adherence to current guidelines regarding dose adjustment and drug-level monitoring, beta-lactam-induced encephalopathy can still occur in the setting of chronic renal impairment. Case Report: We report what we believe is the first case of piperacillin- and tazobactam-induced encephalopathy in a patient with pre-existing cefepime-induced encephalopathy in the context of end-stage kidney disease despite adequate dose adjustment for renal impairment.

Separation and identification fresh water leeches of waters resources in Kordistan Province

In the primary studying, known leeches have included into free living and parasitic which the parasitic group, besides of direct impacts like: growth detraction, anemia, making wound in the connecting part with the skin, with making plat for secondary bacterial and molding infections in the toll place, is able to cause to transfer blood flagellate and virus to the fish too. Therefore, by accusing information related to fauna leeches of each area a risk factor from the viewpoint of the possibility of being or accusing transferred diseases by these leeches, one can predict and forehand about them. Freshwater leeches of Iran to present accurate recognition (morphological, molecular) have not been, and there are some limited reports from different parts of the country about them. One of the areas that its leeches have not been identified yet is Kurdistan, By having five latrines and big permanent rivers and 32000 springs and a lot of deep and semi-deep wells and this province is a convenient bed for growing aquatics in the country. Therefore, identifying risk factors for development of aquaculture on water resources is one important factor to access achieving development goals. For recognizing leeches of this province, some samples from 10 stands were token. Samples from under stones, sticking to the fish, turtles, plants and solid substances in the water were separated and after recording their physical characteristics, calming with 10% ethylic alcohol with 10% formalin become fixed and after painting with Carmen acetic acid by standard keys for 7 species of Helobdella stagnalis, Placobdella costata, Hemiclepsis marginata, Erpobdella octoculata, Hirudo medicinalis, Dina lineate lineata have been identified and described. Which Helobdella stagnalis has the highest distribution in the province and the minimum one is Hirudo medicinalis. However, that the data obtained in leeches in Kurdistan is a relatively complete collection in this research, recognizing fauna of these areas needs more studying. The Placobdella costata and Hemiclepsis marginata sticking to the fish were separated among identified species which showed that these are parasites for the fish. The sticking area of those leeches to the skin was accompanied with scales cast, damage to mucous membranes beneath the parasite and bleeding Was associated with Histopathology studying effect includes observing break and disconnection in the leech connecting place to the epithelial layer of epidermis in the skin, destroyed nucleus in skin Epithelial cells with observing necrosis in ulcerative place become of the leech and the sub acute inflammated penetration until acute necrosis with opening in Dermis layer is observable. Kidney of this fish have changes such as: proliferation, like proliferative kidney disease with increasing proliferative glomerular cells and increasing in membranous cells in Capillary corpuscle, observing necrotic cells in haematopoietic tissue of kidney along with increasing in infiltration of leukocyte's cells generally mono nucluars such as lymphocytes and less poly morpho nucluars such as neutrophiles that are symptoms of disorders causing anemia become of nourishing and sucking blood by the leech and creating a chronic kidney infection that originally root is in another place like the skin. Also Hemorrhagic anemia causes losing RBC's is because of using the host blood by the leech. (In this situation, one can see immature RBC red cells in Peripheral blood. To identify potential carriers of the leech to the viruses, after finding them in recorded stands and putting them in 75% ethanol for viruses cause IPN, VHS, IHN, they were tested by PCR that the conclusion of these experiments approved IPN virus in Hemiclepsis marginata and Hirudo medicinalis. This kind of leeches can act like a mechanical carrier and causing spreading the agent of this disease. It is worth mentioning that studying the pathogenicity of this virus for aquaculture sources, mentioned before needs more research. During the study of infected fish with leeches that was done after preparing bloody slides and staining them, no case blood parasites was observed. During a research about infecting fish experimentally to known leeches it become clear that 5 days after being in aquarium including leeches, samples of sticking Hirudo medicinalis leech to the golden carp with scales cast were observed. Including leeches to the fish started with molting the scales in the sticking area in the fish and fish become too uneasy and by rubbing themselves to the malls and things inside the aquarium, tried to separate them. Finally, after around 30 hours, leeches penetrate the skin, feeding from blood and tissue liquids and cause mortality the fish and then they become separated from them. If the corpse of these fish stayed in the aquarium, the Helobdella stagnalis and Erpobdella octoculata would start feeding them.

Doença renal infantil : qualidade de vida

Introdução: A crescente incidência de doenças crónicas, nomeadamente a patologia renal, dificulta o desfrutar de uma vida normal, dadas as modificações ocorridas no quotidiano. Objetivos: Caracterizar a qualidade de vida percebida pelas crianças com patologia renal que frequentam campos de férias e analisar a relação entre as variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas. Metodologia: Estudo Ibérico descritivo-correlacional e transversal, misto: quantitativo e qualitativo. A amostra é composta por 29 crianças espanholas e 13 portuguesas, com patologia renal crónica, que frequentaram campos de férias com idades entre 7 e 17 anos. Utilizou-se a escala KINDL (Bullinger & Ravens-Sieberer, 1998a, 1998b), que contempla 7 dimensões: Bem-estar Físico, Bem-Estar Emocional, Autoestima, Família, Amigos, Escola e Situação Clínica. Agregaram-se 6 questões sociodemográficas e um bloco de notas. Resultados: Os participantes revelaram uma perceção positiva da qualidade de vida. A dimensão “Autoestima” foi a melhor percecionada e o “Bem-estar Emocional” a pior. As crianças de nacionalidade espanhola percecionaram melhor qualidade de vida. Relativamente às restantes variáveis, as diferenças não foram estatisticamente significativas. Pela análise de conteúdo efetuada aos testemunhos, emergiram sentimentos positivos, o que nos permite inferir que o campo de férias foi uma atividade que contribuiu para a socialização e melhoria da qualidade de vida das crianças. Conclusão: Estes dados revelam que seria benéfico um acompanhamento individualizado, mais direcionado às necessidades específicas de cada criança, por uma equipa multidisciplinar. Os campos de férias enquanto formativos e lúdicos são essenciais. Palavras-chave: Qualidade de vida; Doença renal; Acampamento.

Avaliação dos valores séricos de troponina cardíaca I (cTnI) e capacidade antioxidante total (TAC) em felídeos com doença renal crónica e seu valor de prognóstico : estudo preliminar

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária

Caracterização da variação do índice de resistência renal e o seu potencial papel como fator de diagnóstico precoce na doença renal em Felis catus

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária

L'hepcidine : un possible lien entre l'inflammation chronique et le métabolisme du fer dans les maladies rénales chroniques félines

Le rôle de l'inflammation dans le développement et la progression des maladies rénales chroniques (MRC) chez le chat a été peu étudié. L'hepcidine est une protéine de la phase aigue (PPA) de l'inflammation qui contribue au développement des anémies lors de MRC chez l'homme. Les objectifs de cette étude sont de comparer les concentrations en PPAs, en erythropoietine (EPO) ainsi que le statut en fer entre un groupe de chats sains et en MRC. 18 chats sains et 38 chats en MRC ont été recrutés de façon prospective. Les examens réalisés incluaient hématologie, biochimie, analyse d'urine, Serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobine (HAP), EPO, hepcidine,fer, TIBC et ferritinne. Nous avons observé une augmentation significative des concentrations en SAA et en hepcidine ainsi qu'une diminution significative du fer et du TIBC dans le groupe MRC (P < .05). Une corrélation positive entre la créatinine et certaines PPAs (SAA and hepcidin; P < .05) était présente. L'augmentation de SAA et hepcidine était significativement associé avec une diminution du TIBC et de l'hématocrite dans le groupe MRC. Les 14 (37%) chats anémiques du groupe MRC avaient une concentration significativement plus basse en fer et en TIBC (P < .05), changements compatibles avec une déficience fonctionelle en fer. Aucun chat n'avait un panel de fer compatible avec une carence en fer absolue. En conclusion, les résultats de cette étude suggèrent que les MRC chez le chat sont des conditions pro-inflammatoires, ayant un impact sur le métabolisme du fer.

L’évaluation des déterminants des paramètres hémodynamiques centraux à l’aide de la cohorte populationnelle CARTaGENE.

Les maladies cardiovasculaires ont un impact considérable sur la vie des Canadiens, et de nombreux efforts ont permis d’identifier différents facteurs de risque associés à cette condition. L’hypertension artérielle représente un de ces facteurs modifiables les plus importants. Quoique l’hypertension est définie à l’aide de mesures de pression artérielle en périphérie, il devient de plus en plus apparent que la mesure de pression centrale et de ses composantes auraient des avantages au niveau de la prédiction de la survenue d’événements cardiovasculaires. Le présent mémoire vise à mieux caractériser deux déterminants de cette pression centrale, le traitement antihypertenseur à base de bêtabloqueurs et l’insuffisance rénale chronique précoce. En utilisant les données recueillies dans la banque de données populationnelle CARTaGENE, il a été possible à l’aide d’analyses statistiques par appariement basé sur le coefficient de propension de démontrer que l’utilisation d’agents antihypertensifs de type bêtabloqueurs était associée à un profil hémodynamique central défavorable. Ainsi, les individus recevant ces agents avaient une pression centrale et une amplification artérielle plus élevées que des individus du groupe contrôle apparié et ce, malgré une pression périphérique identique. Cet effet semblait être incomplètement expliqué par la réduction du rythme cardiaque associé à l’utilisation de bêtabloqueurs. Aussi, il a été démontré que l’insuffisance rénale chronique de stade 3 (débit de filtration glomérulaire estimé entre 30 et 60 mL/min/1.73m2) n’était pas associée à une élévation des paramètres hémodynamiques centraux, contrairement à ce qui avait déjà été décrit chez des individus avec insuffisance rénale chronique plus avancée. De plus, le niveau d’albuminurie ne serait également pas associé à un changement du profil central dans un sous-groupe de la cohorte CARTaGENE.

Rôle de l’urée dans la dysfonction de la cellule bêta-pancréatique au cours de l’insuffisance rénale chronique

L’insuffisance rénale chronique (IRC) se définit par un défaut de filtration glomérulaire et est associée à plusieurs désordres. La perturbation de l’homéostasie glucidique en fait partie. L’homéostasie glucidique est contrôlée principalement par l’insuline, soit l’hormone sécrétée en réponse au glucose par les cellules bêta-pancréatiques contenues dans les îlots de Langerhans. La préservation de la fonction de la cellule bêta est essentielle au maintien de l’homéostasie glucidique. Il a été démontré que la sécrétion de l'insuline est altérée au cours l'IRC, cependant les mécanismes demeurent peu connus. Au cours de l’IRC, l’accumulation chronique de toxines urémiques pourrait contribuer à la défaillance de la cellule bêta. L’urée est une toxine urémique majeure et sa toxicité a été récemment rapportée dans plusieurs tissus. Le but de ce mémoire était donc de vérifier le rôle de l’urée dans la dysfonction de la cellule bêta-pancréatique au cours de l’IRC. Nous avons démontré que l’exposition des îlots de souris à des concentrations pathologiques d’urée entraîne une diminution de la sécrétion d’insuline via l’augmentation du stress oxydant et des O-glycosylations. Ce défaut est dû à une perturbation du métabolisme intracellulaire du glucose. Entre autres, nous avons observé une baisse de la glycolyse associée à la réduction de l’activité enzymatique de la phosphofructokinase-1. Ces résultats démontrent un effet toxique direct de l’urée sur la sécrétion d’insuline et permettent de mieux comprendre le mécanisme de dysfonction de la cellule bêta-pancréatique au cours de l’IRC.

Dialyse à domicile : évaluation du modèle de dialyse à domicile intégrée

Les modalités de dialyse à domicile, soit la dialyse péritonéale (DP) et l’hémodialyse à domicile (HDD), offrent plusieurs avantages aux patients avec insuffisance rénale terminale (IRT), que ce soit par rapport à la qualité de vie ou à une diminution des complications liées à l’IRT. Peu de données sont toutefois disponibles quant aux répercussions cliniques de l’initiation de la thérapie de suppléance rénale via la DP ou l’HDD et de l’optimisation subséquente du traitement à domicile. Le présent mémoire visait donc à répondre aux trois questions suivantes soit (1) la comparaison entre la survie des patients débutant la thérapie de suppléance rénale par une ou l’autre des modalités à domicile, (2) l’évaluation du modèle de dialyse à domicile intégrée (c’est la dire l’initiation de la suppléance rénale en DP avec un transfert subséquent en HDD) et (3) l’évaluation des prédicteurs dudit modèle de dialyse à domicile intégrée. L’évaluation de 11 416 patients ayant débuté la suppléance rénale en Australie et Nouvelle-Zélande entre 2000 et 2012 a montré une association entre une mortalité globale inférieure chez les patients traités par HDD comparativement à ceux traités par DP (rapport des risques [hazard ratio - HR] 0.47, intervalle de confiance [IC] de 95%, 0.38-0.59). Par contre, les patients ayant débuté la suppléance rénale en DP et ayant ensuite été transférés en HDD (modèle de dialyse à domicile intégrée) avaintt une survie en dialyse à domicile similaire à ceux directement traités par l’HDD (HR 0.92, IC de 95%, 0.52-1.62). Finalement, les caractéristiques démographiques de base (jeune âge, sexe masculin, ethnie), les comorbidités, la cause de l’insuffisance rénale terminale, la durée du traitement et la raison de l’arrêt de la DP étaient des prédicteurs du modèle de dialyse à domicile intégrée.

UTILIZING DIELECTROPHORESIS TO DETERMINE THE PHYSIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Type 1 diabetes affects over 108,000 children, and this number is steadily increasing. Current insulin therapies help manage the disease but are not a cure. Over a child’s lifetime they can develop kidney disease, blindness, cardiovascular disease and many other issues due to the complications of type 1 diabetes. This autoimmune disease destroys beta cells located in the pancreas, which are used to regulate glucose levels in the body. Because there is no cure and many children are affected by the disease there is a need for alternative therapeutic options that can lead to a cure. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are an important cell source for stem cell therapeutics due to their differentiation capacity, self-renewal, and trophic activity. hMSCs are readily available in the bone marrow, and act as an internal repair system within the body, and they have been shown to differentiate into insulin producing cells. However, after isolation hMSCs are a heterogeneous cell population, which requires secondary processing. To resolve the heterogeneity issue hMSCs are separated using fluorescent- and magnetic-activate cell sorting with antigen labeling. These techniques are efficient but reduce cell viability after separation due to the cell labeling. Therefore, to make hMSCs more readily available for type 1 diabetes therapeutics, they should be separated without diminishing there functional capabilities. Dielectrophoresis is an alternative separation technique that has the capability to separated hMSCs. This dissertation uses dielectrophoresis to characterize the dielectric properties of hMSCs. The goal is to use hMSCs dielectric signature as a separation criteria rather than the antigen labeling implemented with FACS and MACS. DEP has been used to characterize other cell systems, and is a viable separation technique for hMSCs.

The impact of bariatric surgery on estimated glomerular filtration rate in patients with type 2 diabetes:a retrospective cohort study

Background: Diabetes mellitus is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease, which is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The impact of bariatric surgery on chronic kidney disease is unclear. Objectives: Our primary aim was to assess the impact of bariatric surgery on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. Our secondary aim was to compare the impact of bariatric surgery versus routine care on eGFR in patients with T2D. Setting: University Hospital, United Kingdom. Methods: A retrospective cohort analysis of adults with T2D who underwent bariatric surgery at a single center between January 2005 and December 2012. Data regarding eGFR were obtained from electronic patients records. eGFR was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula. Data regarding patients with T2D who did not undergo bariatric surgery ("routine care") were obtained from patients attending the diabetes clinic at the same center from 2009 to 2011. Results: One hundred sixty-three patients were included (mean age 48.5±8.8 yr; baseline body mass index 50.8±9.1 kg/m2) and were followed for 3.0±2.3 years. Bariatric surgery resulted in an improvement in eGFR (median [interquartile range] 86.0 [73.0-100.0] versus 92.0 [77.0-101.0] mL/min/1.73 m2 for baseline versus follow-up, respectively; P = .003), particularly in patients with baseline eGFR≤60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (48.0 [42.0-57.0] versus 61.0 [55.0-63.0] mL/min/1.73 m2; P = .004). After adjusting for baseline eGFR, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), body mass index, age, and gender, bariatric surgery was associated with higher study-end eGFR compared with routine care (B = 7.787; P< .001). Conclusion: Bariatric surgery results in significant improvements in eGFR in T2D patients, particularly those with an eGFR≤60 mL/min/1.73 m2, while routine care was associated with a decline in eGFR.