Génesis y transformaciones del Estado nación en Colombia. Una mirada topológica a los estudios sociales desde la filosofía política

El presente libro es el resultado de una apuesta metodológica que aborda el problema del Estado en Colombia teniendo en cuenta las variables políticas e institucionales de su consistencia interna: el adentro y las condiciones externas de su desarrollo en el contexto de dependencia económica y violencia recurrente que lo han caracterizado durante la mayor parte de su existencia histórica: el afuera, ha sido utilizada para dar cuenta de los estudios sociales que se han ocupado del tema, los cuales son abordados como una información de saber que aglutina la investigación económica, antropológica, sociológica, histórica y politológica realizada desde los años sesenta.Los autores se han restringido al archivo planteando hipótesis propias sobre algunos problemas neurálgicos de nuestra estabilidad: la idea de que el Estado Colombiano encuentre su matriz fundacional en el paso de la Conquista a la Colonia.

Anàlisi de l'activitat enoturística dels cellers de la D.O. Empordà

Anàlisi sobre l’activitat enoturística dels cellers adscrits a la Denominació d’Origen Empordà. Es pretén saber quina és la realitat dels cellers de l’Empordà que pertanyen a aquesta denominació d’origen, en quant al seu nivell i model de desenvolupament en matèria turística

Analisi comparata delle produzioni vitivinicole : un confronto Emilia Romagna-Catalogna

In questo elaborato finale verrà affrontato uno studio comparato dei vini dell'Emilia Romagna e della Catalogna. La tesi spazierà dall'ottenimento del vino fino ai tempi attuali. Prima perciò, si parlerà delle origini del vino fino all'attualità, della situazione mondiale del vino, così in produzione come in coltivazione, consumo, etc. Dopo si concentrarà nell'Europa, dove si analizzeranno i diversi paesi produttori, passando dopo alla produzione italiana e spagnola e infine alle regioni dell'Emilia Romagna (Italia) e della Catalogna (Spagna) dove ci sarà un analisi più dettagliata in tutti gli aspetti

Detecció de compostos volàtils, clorofenols, cloroanisoles i 2,4,6-tribromoanisole, relacionats amb el "gust del suro"

D'entre els defectes organolèptics associats al vi, en destaca l'anomenat "gust de suro" habitualment vinculat a la presència de cloroanisoles, els quals són productes de l'activitat microbiana formats a partir dels corresponents clorofenols. La present tesi doctoral recull, en primer lloc, metodologies analítiques adreçades principalment a la determinació dels compostos clorofenòlics (2,4,6-triclorofenol, 2,3,4,6-tetraclorofenol i pentaclorofenol) en el control de qualitat dels taps suro, emprant dissolucions hidroalcohòliques com a medi de maceració o d'extracció i utilitzant les tècniques d'extracció en fase sòlida (SPE) i microextracció en fase sòlida (SPME) acoblades a la cromatografia de gasos (GC). En segon lloc, per tal de dur a terme l'anàlisi de cloroanisoles juntament amb els seus precursors en matrius de suro s'ha avaluat un mètode basat en l'extracció amb dissolvent orgànic, el qual ha estat aplicat per a l'estudi de diferents sistemes d'eliminació d'aquests anàlits en la matriu citada. En darrer lloc, s'han proposat metodologies per l'anàlisi de mostres de vi, en les quals d'una banda s'han determinat els compostos clorofenòlics utilitzant la SPME i de l'altra el 2,4,6-tricloroanisole i el 2,4,6-tribromoanisole mitjançant l'acoblament de la SPE i la injecció de grans volums (LVI) en el sistema cromatogràfic.

Crisis, endeudamiento y desposesión en el mundo rural catalán de finales del siglo XIX

Esta tesis doctoral examina las repercusiones de la llamada "Gran Depresión" de finales del siglo XIX sobre la sociedad rural catalana a partir del análisis del que puede ser visto como uno de los síntomas más característicos de cualquier crisis agraria: la pérdida de derechos de propiedad sobre la tierra o sobre otros inmuebles de carácter rural como consecuencia de reclamaciones de deudas, promovidas por particulares o por el Estado, que culminaron en subasta pública. El trabajo ha sido dividido en dos secciones. En la primera se analiza la desposesión causada por procedimientos ejecutivos impulsados por la Administración de Hacienda por impuestos impagados. En la segunda se ha estudiado la actividad judicial que concluyó en subasta pública de bienes inmuebles, y se han mostrado sus relaciones con la situación agraria, especialmente en los sectores del trigo y de la vid.

Auto-relato da frequência de consumo de álcool numa amostra representativa da população adulta portuguesa : associações com a obesidade e o perímetro da cintura

São vários, e ainda mal compreendidos, os factores que contribuem para a obesidade. Em Portugal, há simultaneamente uma elevada prevalência de obesidade e um elevado consumo de bebidas alcoólicas. A associação entre consumo de álcool e obesidade não é clara. Este artigo analisa a associação entre a frequência auto-relatada de consumo de bebidas alcoólicas (vinho, cerveja e bebidas brancas/espirituosas) e a prevalência de pré-obesidade e/ou obesidade na população adulta (entre os 18 e os 64 anos) em Portugal. Trata-se de um estudo observacional e transversal, representativo a nível de Portugal continental. No total, recolheram-se dados relativamente a 8116 portugueses. As frequências de consumo das várias bebidas estão fortemente correlacionadas entre si. Foi encontrada uma associação significativa entre as frequências auto-relatadas de consumo de álcool e o excesso de peso, a obesidade e as medidas do perímetro da cintura. A frequência auto-relatada de consumo para todas as bebidas aumenta com as categorias de índice de massa corporal. As categorias de perímetro da cintura associadas a risco cardiovascular estão associadas a maior frequência auto-relatada de consumo de todas as bebidas alcoólicas em estudo, à excepção das bebidas brancas/espirituosas. Embora a associação entre álcool e obesidade ainda esteja por clarificar, vários estudos revelaram associações positivas entre o consumo de álcool e a obesidade. Esta descoberta é apoiada pelos dados aqui descritos, recolhidos em Portugal continental, que sugerem um efeito sinergético do consumo (auto-relatado) do vinho e da cerveja tanto no IMC como no perímetro da cintura. Os resultados sugerem uma ligação importante entre a frequência autorelatada de consumo de álcool e o peso excessivo e a obesidade abdominal na população adulta portuguesa.

Porto e Bordéus – cidades do vinho e do mundo

Esta abordagem à história das cidades do Porto e Bordéus pretende mostrar a identidade entre elas a partir de um elemento comum ao seu desenvolvimento – o vinho. Pontos de contacto existem desde a Idade Média, pelas ligações comerciais à Inglaterra, mas também pela afirmação no seio de ambas as urbes de uma burguesia enriquecida que deixa marcas na cultura, no diálogo entre as cidades e as respectivas áreas de influência.

Moderate Champagne consumption promotes an acute improvement in acute endothelial-independent vascular function in healthy human volunteers

Epidemiological studies have suggested an inverse correlation between red wine consumption and the incidence of CVD. However, Champagne wine has not been fully investigated for its cardioprotective potential. In order to assess whether acute and moderate Champagne wine consumption is capable of modulating vascular function, we performed a randomised, placebo-controlled, cross-over intervention trial. We show that consumption of Champagne wine, but not a control matched for alcohol, carbohydrate and fruit-derived acid content, induced an acute change in endothelium-independent vasodilatation at 4 and 8 h post-consumption. Although both Champagne wine and the control also induced an increase in endothelium-dependent vascular reactivity at 4 h, there was no significant difference between the vascular effects induced by Champagne or the control at any time point. These effects were accompanied by an acute decrease in the concentration of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9), a significant decrease in plasma levels of oxidising species and an increase in urinary excretion of a number of phenolic metabolites. In particular, the mean total excretion of hippuric acid, protocatechuic acid and isoferulic acid were all significantly greater following the Champagne wine intervention compared with the control intervention. Our data suggest that a daily moderate consumption of Champagne wine may improve vascular performance via the delivery of phenolic constituents capable of improving NO bioavailability and reducing matrix metalloproteinase activity.

Recovery of gallic acid with colloidal gas aphrons (CGA)

In the present paper the potential application of colloidal gas aphrons (CGA) to the recovery of antioxidants from wine-making waste extracts is investigated. CGA were generated by stirring a buffered solution (400 ml) of a cationic surfactant(cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB) at 8000 rpm for 10 minutes. Trials were carried out on standard solutions (2 ml) of gallic acid (GA) 200 mg/l with varying volumes of colloidal gas aphrons (20-60 ml) generated with varying concentrations of CTAB (2 and 4 mM). Influence of pH, solvent (buffered aqueous solution and ethanol), CTAB to GA molar ratio on recovery were studied. Best recovery (63%) was achieved from an aqueous solution of GA and at a CTAB to GA molar ratio of 16. Separation is mainly driven by electrostatic interactions but pH conditions are to be optimised to preserve the GA antioxidant power.

Isolation of culturable yeasts from market wines and evaluation of the 5 center dot 8S-ITS rDNA sequence analysis for identification purposes

Aims: To test the possibility that wines available in the marketplace may contain culturable yeasts and to evaluate the 5.8S-ITS rDNA sequence analysis as adequate means for the identification of isolates. Methods and Results: As a case study, typical Greek wines were surveyed. Sequence analysis of the 5.8S-ITS rDNA was tested for its robustness in species or strain identification. Sixteen isolates could be assigned into the species Brettanomyces bruxellensis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Rhodotorula pinicola, whereas four isolates could not be safely identified. B. bruxellensis was the dominant species present in house wines, while non-Saccharomyces sp. were viable in aged wines of high alcohol content. Conclusions: Yeast population depends on postfermentation procedures or storage conditions. Although 5.8S-ITS rDNA sequence analysis is generally a rapid method to identify wine yeast isolates at the species level, or even below that, it may not be sufficient for some genera. Significance and Impact of the Study: This is the first report to show that commercial wines may possess diverse and potentially harmful yeast populations. The knowledge of yeasts able to reside in this niche environment is essential towards integrated quality assurance programmes. For selected species, the 5.8S-ITS rDNA sequence analysis is a rapid and accurate means.

Ingestion of quercetin inhibits platelet aggregation and essential components of the collagen-stimulated platelet activation pathway in humans

Background: Quercetin, a flavonoid present in the human diet, which is found in high levels in onions, apples, tea and wine, has been shown previously to inhibit platelet aggregation and signaling in vitro. Consequently, it has been proposed that quercetin may contribute to the protective effects against cardiovascular disease of a diet rich in fruit and vegetables. Objectives: A pilot human dietary intervention study was designed to investigate the relationship between the ingestion of dietary quercetin and platelet function. Methods: Human subjects ingested either 150 mg or 300 mg quercetin-4'-O-beta-D-glucoside Supplement to determine the systemic availability of quercetin. Platelets were isolated from subjects to analyse collagen-stimulated cell signaling and aggregation. Results: Plasma quercetin concentrations peaked at 4.66 mum (+/-0.77) and 9.72mum (+/-1.38) 30min after ingestion of 150-mg and 300-mg doses of quercefin-4'-O-beta-D-glucoside, respectively, demonstrating that quercetin was bioavailable, with plasma concentrations attained in the range known to affect platelet function in vitro. Platelet aggregation was inhibited 30 and 120 min after ingestion of both doses of quercetin-4'-O-beta-D-glucoside. Correspondingly, collagen-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of total platelet proteins was inhibited. This was accorripanied by reduced tyrosine phosphorylation of the tyrosine kinase Syk and phospholipase Cgamma2, components of the platelet glycoprotein VI collagen receptor signaling pathway. Conclusions: This study provides new evidence of the relatively high systemic availability of quercetin in the form of quercetin-4'-O-beta-D-glucoside by supplementation, and implicates quercetin as a dietary inhibitor of platelet cell signaling and thrombus formation.

Influence of habitual diet on antioxidant status: a study in a population of vegetarians and omnivores

Background: Antioxidant status can be used as a biomarker to assess chronic disease risk and diet can modulate antioxidant defence. Objective: To examine effects of vegetarian diet and variations in the habitual intakes of foods and nutrients on blood antioxidants. Subjects and Setting: Thirty-one vegetarians (including six vegans) and 58 omnivores, non-smokers, in Northern Ireland. Design: A diet history method was used to assess habitual diet. Antioxidant vitamins, carotenoids, uric acid, zinc-and ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) were measured in fasting plasma and activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase ( SOD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) and level of reduced glutathione (GSH) were measured in erythrocytes. Results: Vegetarians had approximately 15% higher levels of plasma carotenoids compared with omnivores, including lutein (P <= 0.05), a-cryptoxanthin (P <= 0.05), lycopene (NS), alpha-carotene (NS) and beta-carotene (NS). The levels/activities of all other antioxidants measured were similar between vegetarians and omnivores. Total intake of fruits, vegetables and fruit juices was positively associated with plasma levels of several carotenoids and vitamin C. Intake of vegetables was positively associated with plasma lutein, alpha-cryptoxanthin, alpha-carotene and beta-carotene, whereas intake of fruits was positively associated with plasma beta-cryptoxanthin. Intake of tea and wine was positively associated with FRAP value, whereas intake of herbal tea associated positively with plasma vitamin C. Intakes of meat and fish were positively associated with plasma uric acid and FRAP value. Conclusions: The overall antioxidant status was similar between vegetarians and omnivores. Good correlations were found between intakes of carotenoids and their respective status in blood.

Antioxidant and cellular activities of anthocyanins and their corresponding vitisins A - studies in platelets, monocytes, and human endothelial cells

During red wine aging, there is a loss of anthocyanins and the formation of various other pigments, so-called vitisins A, which are formed through the chemical interaction of the original anthocyanins with pyruvic acid. The objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activities of the most abundant anthocyanins present in red wine (glycosides of delphinidin, petunidin, and malvidin) and their corresponding vitisins A. Anthocyanins exhibited a higher iron reducing as well as 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) and peroxyl radical scavenging activity than their corresponding vitisins A. Delphinidin showed the highest antioxidant effect of the tested compounds in all of the assays used. Furthermore, we studied the effect of anthocyanins and vitisins A on platelet aggregation and monocyte and endothelial function. Anthocyanins and vitisins did not affect nitric oxide production and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) secretion in lipopolysaccharide plus interferon-gamma-activated macrophages. Furthermore, anthocyanins and vitisins did not change collagen-induced platelet aggregation in vitro. However, anthocyanins and to a lesser extent vitisins exhibited protective effects against TNF-alpha-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein production in primary human endothelial cells.

Effects of beverage alcohol taxes and prices on drinking: a meta-analysis of 1003 estimates from 112 studies

Aims: We conducted a systematic review of studies examining relationships between measures of beverage alcohol tax or price levels and alcohol sales or self-reported drinking. A total of 112 studies of alcohol tax or price effects were found, containing 1003 estimates of the tax/price–consumption relationship. Design: Studies included analyses of alternative outcome measures, varying subgroups of the population, several statistical models, and using different units of analysis. Multiple estimates were coded from each study, along with numerous study characteristics. Using reported estimates, standard errors, t-ratios, sample sizes and other statistics, we calculated the partial correlation for the relationship between alcohol price or tax and sales or drinking measures for each major model or subgroup reported within each study. Random-effects models were used to combine studies for inverse variance weighted overall estimates of the magnitude and significance of the relationship between alcohol tax/price and drinking. Findings: Simple means of reported elasticities are -0.46 for beer, -0.69 for wine and -0.80 for spirits. Meta-analytical results document the highly significant relationships (P < 0.001) between alcohol tax or price measures and indices of sales or consumption of alcohol (aggregate-level r = -0.17 for beer, -0.30 for wine, -0.29 for spirits and -0.44 for total alcohol). Price/tax also affects heavy drinking significantly (mean reported elasticity = -0.28, individual-level r = -0.01, P < 0.01), but the magnitude of effect is smaller than effects on overall drinking. Conclusions: A large literature establishes that beverage alcohol prices and taxes are related inversely to drinking. Effects are large compared to other prevention policies and programs. Public policies that raise prices of alcohol are an effective means to reduce drinking.