Correction of one unstable embankment in Spain

During the years 1992-1996 a climatic change took place in the Iberian Peninsula, changing from dry years to humid years, giving place to numerous and abundant rainfalls that, in the zone of Andalusia caused enough problems in embankments of the roads.

Prevention of one landslide in the Motorway A-231 in Spain

The present article exposes a series of measures to avoid the slide of the terraces of the highway A-231 in the province of Palencia in Spain.

Stabilization of hillside in the work terraces of Alcaidesa in San Roque(Cádiz)

In the locality of The Hills of Alcaidesa in San Roque (Cádiz) has been constructed three blocks of housing called "The Terraces Alcaidesa" in a hillside in part virgin and in part with a refilling terrain without compaction with a width of 50 m and with a difference of levels between the most extreme points of 10 m.

Strengthening and rehabilitation of two damaged bridges in the motorway M-410 in Madrid (Spain)

The new highway M-410 in Madrid was constructed in the year 2007. This motorway near to Parla city crosses the road from Madrid to Toledo. To solve this crossing it was needed to constructed three bridges, the central with two spans over the existing motorway and the other two with one span at each side of the previous one.

Optimización del diseño geométrico de glorietas mediante algoritmos genéticos

El funcionamiento de las glorietas es sensible a las características geométricas de los elementos que componen el diseño. Generalmente el diseño geométrico es llevado a cabo mediante procedimientos manuales e iterativos, lo que genera un elevado consumo de tiempo del proyectista. Durante el proceso, los ingenieros tratan de encontrar una solución satisfactoria al problema, tanto en planta como en alzado, aplicando unos criterios derivados de normativas y de la propia experiencia del proyectista. Esta tarea es compleja y laboriosa debido al elevado número de variables, y puede ser simplificada mediante la elaboración de unos algoritmos adecuados. En este artículo se presenta el planteamiendo de una metodología que servirá de base para el desarrollo de un modelo de optimización que proporcione la geometría de la glorieta en planta en base a dos objetivos: la consistencia de las velocidades de circulación y la eficiencia operativa. La eficiencia operativa se caracteriza mediante la demora media de los vehículos y su estudio determina el número de carriles necesarios en las entradas y en la calzada anular. La optimización de la consistencia de las velocidades tiene como objetivo reducir los conflictos y la accidentalidad, además de contribuir a la mejora de la eficiencia de la circulación, ya que permite simplificar la tarea de incorporación de los vehículos en el flujo de la calzada anular. Para su cálculo es necesario determinar previamente las trayectorias de los vehículos y los perfiles de velocidades de las trayectorias más rápidas. Una buena consistencia debe minimizar la variación de velocidad entre los elementos geométricos consecutivos y la velocidad relativa entre corrientes de tráfico en conflicto. Para resolver el problema de optimización se plantea un procedimiento heurístico basado en algoritmos genéticos. El modelo requiere de unos procedimientos para la generación de forma aleatoria de la geometría de la glorieta y para el cálculo de las trayectorias de los vehículos y de las funciones objetivo a partir de la geometría, junto al diseño de unos operadores genéticos que tengan en consideración las interacciones que se presentan entre los elementos que definen la geometría de la glorieta.

Método bayesiano de estimación del potencial de reducción de costes de la accidentalidad en los tramos de una red de carreteras

La directiva europea sobre gestión de la seguridad de las infraestructuras viarias establece el requerimiento de implantar un procedimiento de clasificación de los tramos de la red en función del ahorro potencial en costes derivados de los accidentes en las carreteras que forman parte de la Red Transeuropea. El potencial de mejora de la seguridad debe reflejar la reducción en coste de accidentalidad que podría alcanzarse a través de medidas de mejora de la infraestructura y puede estimarse como la diferencia entre el coste por km de la accidentalidad del tramo durante el período considerado y el coste esperado para carreteras del mismo tipo que dispongan de las condiciones de seguridad alcanzables mediante actuaciones preventivas de mejora de las infraestructuras. En la ponencia se describe un procedimiento para mejorar la precisión de la estimación del potencial de reducción de la accidentalidad en los tramos de una red de carreteras a partir de la calibración de modelos lineales generalizados de estimación de la frecuencia de accidentes y de su combinación con la información registrada de accidentalidad aplicando un procedimiento bayesiano empírico.

Great marquee for high-speed trains in the new railway station of Malaga

The commercial centre VIALIA and the new railway station of the AVE (high speed train) in Malaga was inaugurated in November 2006, just on the place of the former railway station. The new railway station with an investment of 134,7 million Euros occupies a surface of 51.377 m2, five times the surface of the former station. The enclosure is the biggest intermodal and commercial centre of Spain which comprises a parking of 21.000 m2 for 1300 parking places, one commercial area and a hotel with a total extension constructed of approximately 100.000 m2. The spaces of leisure contain cinemas, shops, restaurants, bowling, gymnasium, swimming pool and zones of passenger's traffic.

Chamber of valves in the Arenoso reservoir

Of the south of Spain, near the province of Cordova, in a tributary of the Guadalquivir River it has been constructed during the years 2004 to 2007 the reservoir called El Arenoso. El Arenoso reservoir that belongs to Environment Ministry is destined to downstream Guadalquivir’s water supply and the general regulation of the river. The dam is located on the same name river and it is next to the Montoro’s municipal district, 41 km northeast of Cordova. The main work consists on an embankment dam, with central clay core, and slates and greywacke shoulders. The core is covered downstream with a filter material and upstream with a transition material. The dimensions of the dam are 80 m high, 1.480 m long at its crest, and it has been needed more than 3 million m3 of materials, creating a waterproof barrier able to keep 160 hm3 as a useful reservoir. In the zone of the core is located the chamber of valves with a horizontal clearance of 10 m and a vertical clearance of 14,517 m. The present article exposes the most important characteristics of project and construction, of valves chamber of the Arenoso reservoir.

Bridge for the airbus A-380 in Barajas airport (Spain)

During the years 2004 and 2005 is has been constructed in Barajas airport of Madrid a special bridge for the new plane AIRBUS A380. This new airplane has a weight of 1,500,000 pounds and 18 wheels with a reaction of 39.2 tonnes per each one and the braking force is about 600 tonnes. The enormous loads transmitted for the airplane made this bridge a special structure. The present article exposes the most important characteristics of project and construction, of one of the special bridges in the airport Brajas of Madri. This bridge was constructed for the access to the hangar of airplanes in Barajas, known "La Muñoza". The structure has a width of 48m, two spans of 13 m each one and a vertical clearance of 5.50 m to allow passing vehicles under it, along thhe new motorway in Brajas (Madrid).

Great roof marquee in the new railway station for high speed trains of Málaga

The new railway station of María Zambrano for AVE (Spanish high-speed trains) located in Malaga, has been inaugurated in November 2006, just on the site of the former railway station. The new railway station with an investment of 134.7 million Euros occupies a surface of 51.377 m2, five times the surface of the former station. The enclosure is the biggest intermodal transport and commercial center of Spain which comprises a parking of 21,000 m2 for 1,300 parking places, one commercial area and a hotel of 35 m height, with a total extension constructed of approximately 100,000 m2.

Rehabilitation of two bridges in construction in the motorway M-410 in Madrid (Spain)

Rehabilitation of two bridges in construction in the motorway M-410 in Madrid (Spain)

Dynamics interaction between rails and structure in a composite bridge of 120 m length

Dynamics interaction between rails and structure in a composite bridge of 120 m length

Effect of solute and matric potential on growth rate of fungal species isolated from cheese

The effect of water potential ( J w ) on the growth of 15 fungal species isolated from cheeses was analysed. The species, identified mainly by analysis of DNA sequences, belonged to genera Penicillium , Geotrichum , Mucor , Aspergillus , Microascus and Talaromyces . Particularly, the effect of matric potential ( J m ), and ionic (NaCl) and non-ionic (glycerol) solute potentials ( J s ) on growth rate was studied. The response of strains was highly dependent on the type of J w . For J s , clear profiles for optimal, permissive and marginal conditions for growth were obtained, and differences in growth rate were achieved comparing NaCl and glycerol for most of the species. Conversely, a sustained growth was obtained for J m in all the strains, with the exception of Aspergillus pseudoglaucus , whose growth increased proportionally to the level of water stress. Our results might help to understand the impact of environmental factors on the ecophysiology and dynamics of fungal populations associated to cheeses.

Acondicionamiento de la M-302 desde el cruce con la M-311 a Perales de Tajuña. Variante de Morata de Tajuña

En el presente documento se estudia el acondicionamiento de la M-302 entre la M-311 y Perales de Tajuña así como la variante de población de Morata de Tajuña. El termino municipal de Morata de Tajuña se encuentra al sureste de la Comunidad de Madrid, limitando al oeste con San Martín de la Vega, al este con Perales de Tajuña, al norte con Arganda del Rey y al sur con Chichón y Valdelaguna, en el valle del rió Tajuña, segundo rió de mayor longitud de la Cuenca del Tajo. Este proyecto se enmarcaba dentro de la última fase de un Plan de Variantes de la Comunidad de Madrid, que comprendía la construcción de 12 circunvalaciones en distintas localidades, con el objetivo de mejorar la seguridad vial y la calidad de vida de los vecinos de las mismas. Este proyecto se desarrolla a partir de la petición por parte del Ayuntamiento de Morata de Tajuña a la Dirección General de Carreteras del inicio de los trámites para la construcción de una variante por el norte del pueblo. El objeto del presente Proyecto es la definición completa con el nivel de detalle suficiente de las obras conducentes al acondicionamiento de la M-302 entre la M-311 y Perales de Tajuña para mejorar principalmente las condiciones de seguridad en la vía, así como la construcción de la variante de la M-302 a su paso por Morata de Tajuña, para desviar el trafico de paso por el pueblo.

Structure Variation And Dynamics of the Nuclear Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Region in Key Gibberella Fujikuroi Complex Species

The intergenic spacer (IGS) region of the ribosomal DNA was cloned and sequenced in eight species within the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex with anamorphs in the genus Fusarium , a group that includes the most relevant toxigenic species. DNA sequence analyses revealed two categories of repeated elements: long repeats and short repeats of 125 and 8 bp, respectively. Long repeats were present in two copies and were conserved in all the species analyzed, whereas different numbers of short repeat elements were observed, leading to species-specific IGS sequences with different length. In Fusarium subglutinans and Fusarium nygamai , these differences seemed to be the result of duplication and deletion events. Here, we propose a model based on unequal crossing over that can explain these processes. The partial IGS sequence of 22 Fusarium proliferatum isolates was also obtained to study variation at the intraspecific level. The results revealed no differences in terms of number or pattern of repeated elements and detected frequent gene conversion events. These results suggest that the homogenization observed at the intraspecific level might not be achieved primarily by unequal crossing-over events but rather by processes associated with recombination such as gene conversion events.