L'Avaluació de la cooperació i la responsabilitat individual en els treballs autogestionats a través de rúbriques

En el present treball, membres de la Xarxa d'Innovació Docent sobre Aprenentatge Cooperatiu de la UdG analitzen els requisits de les rúbriques que garanteixen la seva eficàcia a l'hora d'avaluar el treball cooperatiu, i com aquesta eina pot ser usades per a fomentar la responsabilitat individual en els treballs autogestionats per estudiants. També es fa una proposta de rúbrica i es debaten les opcions que planteja la possibilitat que no sigui el professorat qui decideixi els elements que ha de contenir una rúbrica, sinó que aquesta sigui pactada amb l'alumnat en funció dels objectius del treball

Procedures for selecting hearing aid compression ratios based on individual loudness judgements

This paper examines the selection of compression ratios for hearing aids.

The relationship between performance on the Stanford Achievement Test and the Peabody Individual Achievement test for a group of hearing-impaired children

This paper discusses the Stanford and Peabody tests for achievement and which test is more efficient for hearing impaired children.

Enfoque diferencial de edad en la política de reparación individual dirigida a niños, niñas y adolescentes víctimas del conflicto armado en Colombia

Teniendo en cuenta que la reparación es un derecho con características particulares, especialmente para la infancia y la adolescencia, la presente investigación revisa los alcances del enfoque diferencial de edad en esta política en Colombia. Para cumplir este objetivo se realizó un análisis de la legislación internacional, legislación nacional actual y como un caso tipo, el Decreto de Reparación Individual Administrativa (Decreto 1290 de 2008). De esta forma, se ubica respecto a la reparación desde una visión subjetivista de los derechos humanos, entendiéndola no solo como una obligación del Estado sino como un derecho en sí mismo, y por lo tanto en este marco, revalora el enfoque diferencial de edad como un reto de la política concibiéndolo como la intencionalidad de la sociedad y el Estado de consolidar legislaciones y prácticas sociales sensibles a las subjetividades, necesidades y demandas de los niños, las niñas y los adolescentes como respuesta al principio de igualdad para incluirles como ciudadanos y superar la hegemonía del discurso adultocéntrico. De este modo, se constituye como aporte para las instituciones que tienen el deber de incluir el derecho a la reparación integral de la infancia y la adolescencia en la formulación y ejecución de la política pública y contribuye para que los niños, niñas y adolescentes sean visibilizados de manera efectiva en los mecanismos y procedimientos diseñados para tal fin en Colombia.

Individual differences in the effects of perceived controllability on pain perception: critical role of the prefrontal cortex

The degree to which perceived controllability alters the way a stressor is experienced varies greatly among individuals. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the neural activation associated with individual differences in the impact of perceived controllability on self-reported pain perception. Subjects with greater activation in response to uncontrollable (UC) rather than controllable (C) pain in the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pACC), periaqueductal gray (PAG), and posterior insula/SII reported higher levels of pain during the UC versus C conditions. Conversely, subjects with greater activation in the ventral lateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) in anticipation of pain in the UC versus C conditions reported less pain in response to UC versus C pain. Activation in the VLPFC was significantly correlated with the acceptance and denial subscales of the COPE inventory [Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 267–283, 1989], supporting the interpretation that this anticipatory activation was associated with an attempt to cope with the emotional impact of uncontrollable pain. A regression model containing the two prefrontal clusters (VLPFC and pACC) predicted 64% of the variance in pain rating difference, with activation in the two additional regions (PAG and insula/SII) predicting almost no additional variance. In addition to supporting the conclusion that the impact of perceived controllability on pain perception varies highly between individuals, these findings suggest that these effects are primarily top-down, driven by processes in regions of the prefrontal cortex previously associated with cognitive modulation of pain and emotion regulation.

Individual Differences in Amygdala and Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Activity are Associated with Evaluation Speed and Psychological Well-being

Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examined whether individual differences in amygdala activation in response to negative relative to neutral information are related to differences in the speed with which such information is evaluated, the extent to which such differences are associated with medial prefrontal cortex function, and their relationship with measures of trait anxiety and psychological well-being (PWB). Results indicated that faster judgments of negative relative to neutral information were associated with increased left and right amygdala activation. In the prefrontal cortex, faster judgment time was associated with relative decreased activation in a cluster in the ventral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC, BA 24). Furthermore, people who were slower to evaluate negative versus neutral information reported higher PWB. Importantly, higher PWB was strongly associated with increased activation in the ventral ACC for negative relative to neutral information. Individual differences in trait anxiety did not predict variation in judgment time or in amygdala or ventral ACC activity. These findings suggest that people high in PWB effectively recruit the ventral ACC when confronted with potentially aversive stimuli, manifest reduced activity in subcortical regions such as the amygdala, and appraise such information as less salient as reflected in slower evaluative speed.

Individual differences in some (but not all) medial prefrontal regions reflect cognitive demand while regulating unpleasant emotion.

The present study investigated the premise that individual differences in autonomic physiology could be used to specify the nature and consequences of information processing taking place in medial prefrontal regions during cognitive reappraisal of unpleasant pictures. Neural (blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging) and autonomic (electrodermal [EDA], pupil diameter, cardiac acceleration) signals were recorded simultaneously as twenty-six older people (ages 64–66 years) used reappraisal to increase, maintain, or decrease their responses to unpleasant pictures. EDA was higher when increasing and lower when decreasing compared to maintaining. This suggested modulation of emotional arousal by reappraisal. By contrast, pupil diameter and cardiac acceleration were higher when increasing and decreasing compared to maintaining. This suggested modulation of cognitive demand. Importantly, reappraisal-related activation (increase, decrease > maintain) in two medial prefrontal regions (dorsal medial frontal gyrus and dorsal cingulate gyrus) was correlated with greater cardiac acceleration (increase, decrease > maintain) and monotonic changes in EDA (increase > maintain > decrease). These data indicate that these two medial prefrontal regions are involved in the allocation of cognitive resources to regulate unpleasant emotion, and that they modulate emotional arousal in accordance with the regulatory goal. The emotional arousal effects were mediated by the right amygdala. Reappraisal-related activation in a third medial prefrontal region (subgenual anterior cingulate cortex) was not associated with similar patterns of change in any of the autonomic measures, thus highlighting regional specificity in the degree to which cognitive demand is reflected in medial prefrontal activation during reappraisal.