Management of faecal incontinence and constipation in adults with central neurological diseases.

BACKGROUND: People with neurological disease have a much higher risk of both faecal incontinence and constipation than the general population. There is often a fine dividing line between the two conditions, with any management intended to ameliorate, one risking precipitating the other. Bowel problems are observed to be the cause of much anxiety and may reduce quality of life in these people. Current bowel management is largely empirical with a limited research base. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of management strategies for faecal incontinence and constipation in people with neurological diseases affecting the central nervous system. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Incontinence Group Trials Register, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, MEDLINE, EMBASE and all reference lists of relevant articles. Date of the most recent searches: May 2000. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised or quasi-randomised trials evaluating any types of conservative, or surgical measure for the management of faecal incontinence and constipation in people with neurological diseases were selected. Specific therapies for the treatment of neurological diseases that indirectly affect bowel dysfunction have also been considered. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: All three reviewers assessed the methodological quality of eligible trials and two reviewers independently extracted data from included trials using a range of pre-specified outcome measures. MAIN RESULTS: Only seven trials were identified by the search strategy and all were small and of poor quality. Oral medications for constipation were the subject of four trials. Cisapride does not seem to have clinically useful effects in people with spinal cord injuries (two trials). Psyllium was associated with increased stool frequency in people with Parkinson's disease but not altered colonic transit time (one trial). Some rectal preparations to initiate defecation produced faster results than others (one trial). Different time schedules for administration of rectal medication may produce different bowel responses (one trial). Mechanical evacuation may be more effective than oral or rectal medication (one trial). The clinical significance of any of these results is difficult to interpret. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: It is not possible to draw any recommendation for bowel care in people with neurological diseases from the trials included in this review. Bowel management for these people must remain empirical until well-designed controlled trials with adequate numbers and clinically relevant outcome measures become available.

Ash Particle Erosion on Steam Boiler Convective Section

In this study, equations for the calculation of erosion wear caused by ash particles on convective heat exchanger tubes of steam boilers are presented. Anew, three-dimensional test arrangement was used in the testing of the erosion wear of convective heat exchanger tubes of steam boilers. When using the sleeve-method, three different tube materials and three tube constructions could be tested. New results were obtained from the analyses. The main mechanisms of erosionwear phenomena and erosion wear as a function of collision conditions and material properties have been studied. Properties of fossil fuels have also been presented. When burning solid fuels, such as pulverized coal and peat in steam boilers, most of the ash is entrained by the flue gas in the furnace. In bubbling andcirculating fluidized bed boilers, particle concentration in the flue gas is high because of bed material entrained in the flue gas. Hard particles, such as sharp edged quartz crystals, cause erosion wear when colliding on convective heat exchanger tubes and on the rear wall of the steam boiler. The most important ways to reduce erosion wear in steam boilers is to keep the velocity of the flue gas moderate and prevent channelling of the ash flow in a certain part of the cross section of the flue gas channel, especially near the back wall. One can do this by constructing the boiler with the following components. Screen plates can beused to make the velocity and ash flow distributions more even at the cross-section of the channel. Shield plates and plate type constructions in superheaters can also be used. Erosion testing was conducted with three types of tube constructions: a one tube row, an inline tube bank with six tube rows, and a staggered tube bank with six tube rows. Three flow velocities and two particle concentrations were used in the tests, which were carried out at room temperature. Three particle materials were used: quartz, coal ash and peat ash particles. Mass loss, diameter loss and wall thickness loss measurements of the test sleeves were taken. Erosion wear as a function of flow conditions, tube material and tube construction was analyzed by single-variable linear regression analysis. In developing the erosion wear calculation equations, multi-variable linear regression analysis was used. In the staggered tube bank, erosion wear had a maximum value in a tube row 2 and a local maximum in row 5. In rows 3, 4 and 6, the erosion rate was low. On the other hand, in the in-line tube bank the minimum erosion rate occurred in tube row 2 and in further rows the erosion had an increasing value, so that in a six row tube bank, the maximum value occurred in row 6.

Discovery of a 29-gene panel in peripheral blood mononuclear cells for the detection of colorectal cancer and adenomas using high throughput real-time PCR.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in developed countries. Early detection of CRC leads to decreased CRC mortality. A blood-based CRC screening test is highly desirable due to limited invasiveness and high acceptance rate among patients compared to currently used fecal occult blood testing and colonoscopy. Here we describe the discovery and validation of a 29-gene panel in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) for the detection of CRC and adenomatous polyps (AP). Blood samples were prospectively collected from a multicenter, case-control clinical study. First, we profiled 93 samples with 667 candidate and 3 reference genes by high throughput real-time PCR (OpenArray system). After analysis, 160 genes were retained and tested again on 51 additional samples. Low expressed and unstable genes were discarded resulting in a final dataset of 144 samples profiled with 140 genes. To define which genes, alone or in combinations had the highest potential to discriminate AP and/or CRC from controls, data were analyzed by a combination of univariate and multivariate methods. A list of 29 potentially discriminant genes was compiled and evaluated for its predictive accuracy by penalized logistic regression and bootstrap. This method discriminated AP >1cm and CRC from controls with a sensitivity of 59% and 75%, respectively, with 91% specificity. The behavior of the 29-gene panel was validated with a LightCycler 480 real-time PCR platform, commonly adopted by clinical laboratories. In this work we identified a 29-gene panel expressed in PBMC that can be used for developing a novel minimally-invasive test for accurate detection of AP and CRC using a standard real-time PCR platform.

Ruostumattoman teräksen TIG-hitsauksen hitsausnopeuden lisääminen

Diplomityön tavoitteena oli ruostumattoman teräksen koneellisen TIG-hitsauksen hitsausnopeuden lisääminen. Työssä tutkittiin suojakaasun koostumuksen vaikutusta hitsausnopeuteen sekä kahta uudehkoa prosessivariaatiota. Tutkitut prosessit olivat TIG-suurtaajuuspulssihitsaus sekä kaksoiskaasu-TIG-hitsaus. Kirjallisessa osassa perehdyttiin TIG-hitsauksen prosessiparametreihin ja -variaatioihin. Kokeellisessa osassa suoritettiin koehitsauksia hitsausnopeuksien selvittämiseksi. Tavoitteena oli tunkeuman kasvattaminen, mikä mahdollistaa hitsausnopeuden noston läpihitsattaessa. Suojakaasuina käytettiin sekä argonpohjaisia että heliumpohjaisia kaasuja, joihin oli lisätty vetyä. Vedyn avulla hitsausnopeus lisääntyi nykykäytäntöä suuremmillakin pitoisuuksilla. Uutena ilmiönä TIG-hitsauksessa havaittiin keyholen eli lävistysreiän syntyminen korkeita vetypitoisuuksia heliumpohjaisessa suojakaasussa käytettäessä. Keyhole oli kuitenkin erittäin epävakaa, joten jatkotutkimuksien tehtäväksi jää selvittää tarkemmin tämän ilmiön vaikutus. Tutkittuihin prosessivariaatioihin todettiin liittyvän useita laiteteknisiä ongelmia. Hitsausnopeuden suhteen tulokset jäivät vaatimattomiksi. Lähinnä keyholen aukaisemisessa ja aukipitämisessä menetelmistä havaittu hyöty antaa selvän aiheen jatkotutkimuksille.

Minimal requirements for parameters to be used for the development of predictive models for microbial source tracking. The example of the pair somatic coliphages and phages infecting Bacteroides

Several methods and approaches for measuring parameters to determine fecal sources of pollution in water have been developed in recent years. No single microbial or chemical parameter has proved sufficient to determine the source of fecal pollution. Combinations of parameters involving at least one discriminating indicator and one universal fecal indicator offer the most promising solutions for qualitative and quantitative analyses. The universal (nondiscriminating) fecal indicator provides quantitative information regarding the fecal load. The discriminating indicator contributes to the identification of a specific source. The relative values of the parameters derived from both kinds of indicators could provide information regarding the contribution to the total fecal load from each origin. It is also essential that both parameters characteristically persist in the environment for similar periods. Numerical analysis, such as inductive learning methods, could be used to select the most suitable and the lowest number of parameters to develop predictive models. These combinations of parameters provide information on factors affecting the models, such as dilution, specific types of animal source, persistence of microbial tracers, and complex mixtures from different sources. The combined use of the enumeration of somatic coliphages and the enumeration of Bacteroides-phages using different host specific strains (one from humans and another from pigs), both selected using the suggested approach, provides a feasible model for quantitative and qualitative analyses of fecal source identification.

Sähkömoottorin rakenteen analysointi tärisevässä käytössä

Tämän työn tavoitteena oli suunnitella esimerkkirakenne vaikeisiin olosuhteisiin tarkoitetusta sähkömoottorista. Ensisijaisesti tarkasteltavia osia sähkömoottorin rakenteessa olivat roottoriakseli, laakerointi sekä laakerikilvet. Laakeroinnista tarkasteltiin laakerivaurioiden syntymistä, tarvittavaa esijännitysvoimaa sekä jälkivoitelua. Lisäksi momenttiakselista tarkasteltiin sen vääntövärähtelyominaisuuksia sekä rungosta ja laakerikilvistä niiden jännityksiä B5-kiinnitysasennossa, eli laippakiinnityksessä. Työstä pyrittiin tekemään suunnitteluohje vastaavanlaisiin suunnittelutehtäviin. Tämän työn kirjallisessa osassa tarkasteltiin oikosulkumoottorin rakennetta ja laakerointia, josta perehdyttiin erityisesti erilaisiin kuormitustilanteisiin, voiteluun sekä kestoiänlaskentaan. Lisäksi tarkasteltiin roottoridynamiikkaa ja ominaismuotojen laskentaa. Kokonaisen roottorin, sisältäen roottoriakselin, –levypaketin, laakeroinnin ja ylikuormitussuojan, pienimmäksi ominaistaajuudeksi saatiin 62,1 Hz:ä, joka oli kuitenkin lähes kaksinkertainen verrattaessa roottorin käyntinopeuteen (33,3 Hz:ä). On siis varmaa, että roottorin kestoikä ei heikkene sen ominaistaajuuksien aiheuttamasta resonanssista. Pelkän roottoriakselin pienimmäksi ominaistaajuudeksi saatiin 448,0 Hz:ä. Verrattaessa tätä taajuutta roottorin käyntinopeuteen nähtiin, että roottoriakselin ominaistaajuuksien puolesta rakenne oli selvästi alikriittinen. Tarkasteltaessa roottoriakselin vääntövärähtelyn ominaistaajuutta 12,6 Hz:ä nähtiin, että se oli pienempi kuin moottorin pyörimisnopeus. Tämä ei kuitenkaan ollut moottorin kestoiän kannalta vakavaa. Koska todellisista sähkömoottorin käyttöolosuhteista ei ollut tarkkaa tietoa, tutkittiin laakeroinnin kestoikää kahdessa ääriolosuhteessa, joko moottoriin kohdistuva tärinä oli kokoajan suurin mahdollinen tunnettu tai tärinää ei ollut ollenkaan. Todellinen tilanne on jossakin näiden kahden ääriolosuhteen välissä. Oli kuitenkin varmaa, että tarkasteltava rakenne kestää halutun kestoiän eli 10000 tuntia laakeroinnin puolesta. Laakerikilpien ominaistaajuudet olivat korkeita eikä niillä ollut vaikutusta rakenteen kestoikään. Laakerikilpien korkeat ominaistaajuudet johtuivat niiden jäykästä rakenteesta ja suuresta materiaalipaksuudesta. Tarkasteltaessa momenttiakselin vääntövärähtelyn ominaistaajuutta 7,2 Hz:ä nähtiin, että se oli pienempi kuin moottorin pyörimisnopeus. Tämä ei kuitenkaan ollut moottorin kestoiän kannalta vakavaa, jos ominaistaajuus ja sen kerrannaiset ohitettaisiin sähkömoottorin käytössä hetkellisesti eikä moottoria käytettäisi vääntövärähtelyn taajuudella. Tarkasteltaessa B5-asennon jännityksiä nähdään, että ne kasvoivat rungon ja laakerikilven välisissä kiinnitysruuveissa yllättävän suuriksi. Normaalin ruuvin murtoraja on 640 MPa:a, kun jännitys rungon ja laakerikilven välisissä kiinnitysruuveissa oli suurimmillaan 400 MPa:a. Rakenne oli kuitenkin varmalla puolella kestävyyden suhteen, koska keskimääräinen vetojännitys ruuveissa oli noin 200 MPa:a. Ruuvien jännityksiä voidaan pienentää lisäämällä kiinnitys-ruuvien lukumäärää tai kasvattamalla niiden kokoa. Koko moottorin kiinnitysruuveissa jännitys oli vain 4 MPa:a, koska osan kuormituksesta kantoi laakerikilven olakkeet.

Training primary care physicians in shared decision making for colorectal cancer screening : Insights from the first statewide colorectal cancer screening program in Switzerland

Background: The State of Vaud has launched the first population-based, organized, colorectal cancer screening program in Switzerland for the population aged 50 to 69. Each primary care physician (PCP) has been invited to participate in an interactive session preparing them to enroll patients in the screening program. We aimed at testing the impact of an interactive seminar for PCPs on their intention to discuss the options of no screening, screening with the fecal-immunological test (FIT) and colonoscopy. We measured attitude, intentions and knowledge through questionnaires filled by PCPs before and after a 2.5 hour-long interactive seminar. The main outcome was the proportion of physicians foreseeing to offer coloscopy vs FIT on an equal basis. Physicians estimated the proportion of their patients prescribed a fecal occult blood test (FOBT) vs coloscopy over the months before the seminar and after the interactive seminar. We used a clinical vignette to test for knowledge about screening indications. The interactive seminar included powerpoint presentations with quizzes and clickers, an 8-minute video presenting a shared decision making (SDM) consultation around CRC screening and distribution of educational materials such as a SDM decision aid and background epidemiological information.

Colorectal Cancer Screening in Switzerland: Cross-Sectional Trends (2007-2012) in Socioeconomic Disparities.

BACKGROUND: Despite universal health care coverage, disparities in colorectal cancer (CRC) screening by income in Switzerland have been reported. However, it is not known if these disparities have changed over time. This study examines the association between socioeconomic position and CRC screening in Switzerland between 2007 and 2012. METHODS: Data from the 2007 (n = 5,946) and 2012 (n = 7,224) population-based Swiss Health Interview Survey data (SHIS) were used to evaluate the association between monthly household income, education, and employment with CRC screening, defined as endoscopy in the past 10 years or fecal occult blood test (FOBT) in the past 2 years. Multivariable Poisson regression was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) adjusting for demographics, health status, and health utilization. RESULTS: CRC screening increased from 18.9% in 2007 to 22.2% in 2012 (padjusted: = 0.036). During the corresponding time period, endoscopy increased (8.2% vs. 15.0%, padjusted:<0.001) and FOBT decreased (13.0% vs. 9.8%, padjusted:0.002). CRC screening prevalence was greater in the highest income (>$6,000) vs. lowest income (≤$2,000) group in 2007 (24.5% vs. 10.5%, PR:1.37, 95%CI: 0.96-1.96) and in 2012 (28.6% vs. 16.0%, PR:1.45, 95%CI: 1.09-1.92); this disparity did not significantly change over time. CONCLUSIONS: While CRC screening prevalence in Switzerland increased from 2007 to 2012, CRC screening coverage remains low and disparities in CRC screening by income persisted over time. These findings highlight the need for increased access to CRC screening as well as enhanced awareness of the benefits of CRC screening in the Swiss population, particularly among low-income residents.

TLR3-Mediated CD8+ Dendritic Cell Activation Is Coupled with Establishment of a Cell-Intrinsic Antiviral State.

Because of their unique capacity to cross-present Ags to CD8(+) T cells, mouse lymphoid tissue-resident CD8(+) dendritic cells (DCs) and their migratory counterparts are critical for priming antiviral T cell responses. High expression of the dsRNA sensor TLR3 is a distinctive feature of these cross-presenting DC subsets. TLR3 engagement in CD8(+) DCs promotes cross-presentation and the acquisition of effector functions required for driving antiviral T cell responses. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the TLR3-induced antiviral program and cell-autonomous immunity in CD8(+) DC lines and primary CD8(+) DCs. We found that TLR3-ligand polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid and human rhinovirus infection induced a potent antiviral protection against Sendai and vesicular stomatitis virus in a TLR3 and type I IFN receptor-dependent manner. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid-induced antiviral genes were identified by mass spectrometry-based proteomics and transcriptomics in the CD8(+) DC line. Nanostring nCounter experiments confirmed that these antiviral genes were induced by TLR3 engagement in primary CD8(+) DCs, and indicated that many are secondary TLR3-response genes requiring autocrine IFN-β stimulation. TLR3-activation thus establishes a type I IFN-dependent antiviral program in a DC subtype playing crucial roles in priming adaptive antiviral immune responses. This mechanism is likely to shield the priming of antiviral responses against inhibition or abrogation by the viral infection. It could be particularly relevant for viruses detected mainly by TLR3, which may not trigger type I IFN production by DCs that lack TLR3, such as plasmacytoid DCs or CD8(-) DCs.

Newly described human polyomaviruses Merkel Cell, KI and WU are present in urban sewage and may represent potential environmental contaminants

Recently, three new polyomaviruses (KI, WU and Merkel cell polyomavirus) have been reported to infect humans. It has also been suggested that lymphotropic polyomavirus, a virus of simian origin, infects humans. KI and WU polyomaviruses have been detected mainly in specimens from the respiratory tract while Merkel cell polyomavirus has been described in a very high percentage of Merkel cell carcinomas. The distribution, excretion level and transmission routes of these viruses remain unknown. Here we analyzed the presence and characteristics of newly described human polyomaviruses in urban sewage and river water in order to assess the excretion level and the potential role of water as a route of transmission of these viruses. Nested-PCR assays were designed for the sensitive detection of the viruses studied and the amplicons obtained were confirmed by sequencing analysis. The viruses were concentrated following a methodology previously developed for the detection of JC and BK human polyomaviruses in environmental samples. JC polyomavirus and human adenoviruses were used as markers of human contamination in the samples. Merkel cell polyomavirus was detected in 7/8 urban sewage samples collected and in 2/7 river water samples. Also one urine sample from a pregnant woman, out of 4 samples analyzed, was positive for this virus. KI and WU polyomaviruses were identified in 1/8 and 2/8 sewage samples respectively. The viral strains detected were highly homologous with other strains reported from several other geographical areas. Lymphotropic polyomavirus was not detected in any of the 13 sewage neither in 9 biosolid/sludge samples analyzed. This is the first description of a virus isolated from sewage and river water with a strong association with cancer. Our data indicate that the Merkel cell polyomavirus is prevalent in the population and that it may be disseminated through the fecal/urine contamination of water. The procedure developed may constitute a useful tool for studying the excreted strains, prevalence and transmission of these recently described polyomaviruses.

Participation rates for organized colorectal cancer screening programmes: an international comparison.

OBJECTIVE: Participation, an indicator of screening programme acceptance and effectiveness, varies widely in clinical trials and population-based colorectal cancer (CRC) screening programmes. We aimed to assess whether CRC screening participation rates can be compared across organized guaiac fecal occult blood test (G-FOBT)/fecal immunochemical test (FIT)-based programmes, and what factors influence these rates. METHODS: Programme representatives from countries participating in the International Cancer Screening Network were surveyed to describe their G-FOBT/FIT-based CRC screening programmes, how screening participation is defined and measured, and to provide participation data for their most recent completed screening round. RESULTS: Information was obtained from 15 programmes in 12 countries. Programmes varied in size, reach, maturity, target age groups, exclusions, type of test kit, method of providing test kits and use, and frequency of reminders. Coverage by invitation ranged from 30-100%, coverage by the screening programme from 7-67.7%, overall uptake/participation rate from 7-67.7%, and first invitation participation from 7-64.3%. Participation rates generally increased with age and were higher among women than men and for subsequent compared with first invitation participation. CONCLUSION: Comparisons among CRC screening programmes should be made cautiously, given differences in organization, target populations, and interpretation of indicators. More meaningful comparisons are possible if rates are calculated across a uniform age range, by gender, and separately for people invited for the first time vs. previously.

Videodefecografia: aspectos técnicos atuais

A defecografia é exame de imagem valioso no estudo da fisiologia anorretal e, portanto, com extensa aplicação na avaliação e diagnóstico de diversas afecções coloproctológicas que cursam com sintomas de constipação, sensação de evacuação incompleta, incontinência fecal, dor pélvica obscura, proctalgia e tenesmo, entre outras. Além disso, em algumas situações após cirurgia anorretocólica, pode ser utilizada como método de avaliação do resultado e acompanhamento pós-operatório. Nas últimas décadas tem-se observado aumento do interesse da comunidade médica pelo exame, em parte, pelo melhor entendimento da fisiopatologia dos distúrbios colorretais e, também, pelo aprimoramento da técnica, como é o exemplo da videodefecografia dinâmica computadorizada, que permitiu maior difusão e melhora na qualidade do exame. Diversos aspectos da defecografia são discutidos neste artigo, desde indicações para o exame, metodologia, até interpretação dos resultados. A técnica do exame, incluindo princípios básicos e os avanços mais recentes, também foi abordada.

Sisäisten rahoitustoimintojen kehittäminen: case Lumon-yhtiöt

Tutkielman tavoitteena oli analysoida ja kehittää Lumon-yhtiöiden sisäisiä rahoitustoimintoja. Kehitettäviksi toiminnoiksi nousivat Lumon-yhtiöiden pääomarakenne, likviditeetin hallinta ja tilaus-toimitusketjun vertailu vanhan ja uuden toimintatavan välillä. Tarkastelutavaksi valittiin case-tutkimus. Tutkielman kohdeyritys Lumon-yhtiöt on teollisuusyritys, joka on erikoistunut lasi- ja alumiinirakentamiseen. Yrityksen pääomarakennetta tutkittiin haastattelemalla yrityksen johtohenkilöitä. Haastatteluiden perusteella laskettiin pääomarakenteen teorioiden mukaisia merkitseviä tekijöitä. Tuloksista havaittiin, että Lumon-yhtiöt hyötyisivät vieraan pääoman korkojen veroedusta ilman omavaraisuuden vaarantamista. Tätä ei kuitenkaan nähty tarpeelliseksi, koska rahoituksellisen joustavuuden säilyttäminen on merkitsevin pääomarakenteen tekijä. Tutkielmassa muodostettiin likviditeettiä ennustava malli, jonka avulla likviditeettiä voidaan seurata. Mallin pohjaaminen liikevaihtoennusteeseen ei täysin onnistunut, koska ennusteen tarkkuus ei ollut riittävä. Likviditeetin hallinnan osalta tutkittiin myös Lumon-yhtiöiden ulkomaisten tytäryhtiöiden kassavirtojen hallintaan liittyviä haasteita ja esitettiin niihin ratkaisuja. Tutkielmassa analysoitiin likviditeetin näkökulmasta vanhaa toimintatavan ja sitä verrattiin uuteen Lumon Express -toimintatapaan. Mittarina käytettiin käyttöpääomaa. Vertailu osoitti uuden toimintatavan pienentävän käyttöpääoman määrää 30 %.

Sanitary quality of edible bivalve mollusks in Southeastern Brazil using an UV based depuration system

The increase in seafood production, especially in mariculture worldwide, has brought out the need of continued monitoring of shellfish production areas in order to ensure safety to human consumption. The purpose of this research was to evaluate pathogenic protozoa, viruses and bacteria contamination in oysters before and after UV depuration procedure, in brackish waters at all stages of cultivation and treatment steps and to enumerate microbiological indicators of fecal contamination from production site up to depuration site in an oyster cooperative located at the Southeastern estuarine area of Brazil. Oysters and brackish water were collected monthly from September 2009 to November 2010. Four sampling sites were selected for enteropathogens analysis: site 1- oyster growth, site 2- catchment water (before UV depuration procedure), site 3 - filtration stage of water treatment (only for protozoa analysis) and site 4- oyster's depuration tank. Three microbiological indicators ! were examined at sites 1, 2 and 4. The following pathogenic microorganisms were searched: Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium oocysts, Human Adenovirus (HAdV), Hepatitis A virus (HAV), Human Norovirus (HnoV) (genogroups I and II), JC strain Polyomavirus (JCPyV) and Salmonella sp. Analysis consisted of molecular detection (qPCR) for viruses (oysters and water samples); immunomagnetic separation followed by direct immunofluorescence assay for Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts and also molecular detection (PCR) for the latter (oysters and water samples); commercial kit (Reveal-Neogee (R)) for Salmonella analysis (oysters). Giardia was the most prevalent pathogen in all sites where it was detected: 36.3%, 18.1%, 36.3% and 27.2% of water from sites 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively; 36.3% of oysters from site 1 and 54.5% of depurated oysters were harboring Giardia cysts. The huge majority of contaminated samples were classified as Giardia duodenalis. HAdv was detected in water and o! ysters from growth site and HnoV GI in two batches of oysters ! (site 1) in huge concentrations (2.11 x 10(13), 3.10 x 10(12) gc/g). In depuration tank site, Salmonella sp., HAV (4.84 x 10(3)) and HnoV GII (7.97 x 10(14)) were detected once in different batches of oysters. Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts were present in 9.0% of water samples from site four. These results reflect the contamination of oysters even when UV depuration procedures are employed in this shellfish treatment plant. Moreover, the molecular comprehension of the sources of contamination is necessary to develop an efficient management strategy allied to shellfish treatment improvement to prevent foodborne illnesses. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A study of electromagnetic shielding properties of Ni79Fe16Mo5/copper films

The plane wave electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding properties of DC sputtered Ni79Fe16Mo5 and copper layers were studied according to ASTM D 4935-89 on frequency range of 50 MHz – 2.5 GHz and RF magnetic shielding effectiveness by shielded magnetic loop probes. Results show that Ni79Fe16Mo5 provides better RF magnetic shielding above the layer thickness of approximately 120 nm. Copper provides better plane wave shielding effectiveness. The effect of shield internal interfaces was studied by depositing thin multilayer structures with and without a dielectric spacer layer.