Isotopic composition of bottom and interstitial waters in the area of gas plumes, Sea of Okhotsk

Data on isotopic composition of interstitial and bottom waters collected in an area of gas hydrate occurrence in the Sea of Okhotsk are presented. Investigations indicate that heavy isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen are used in generation of gas hydrate, so that isotopic composition of its water of constitution is: d18O = +1.9 per mil, d2H = +23 per mil (relative to SMOW). Production of authigenic carbonates results in isotopic exchange with interstitial water, which in turn alters its isotopic composition by an increase in d18O. Bottom waters are isotopically light relative to the SMOW standard and to the average isotopic composition of interstitial waters in the area of gas hydrate occurrence in study.

Radiocarbon ages and diatom abundance in cores GA306-BC4 and GA306-GC4 obtained during Galathea 3 cruise, West Greenland

Diatom assemblages from Holsteinsborg Dyb on the West Greenland shelf were analysed with high temporal resolution for the last 1200 years. A high degree of consistency between changes in frequency of selected diatom species and instrumental data from the same area during the last 70 years confirms the reliability of diatoms (particularly sea-ice species and warm-water species) for the study of palaeoceanographic changes in this area. A general cooling trend with some fluctuations is marked by an increase in sea-ice species throughout the last 1200 years. A relatively warm period with increased influence of Atlantic water masses of the Irminger Current (IC) is found at AD 750-1330, although with some oceanographic variability after AD 1000. A pronounced oceanographic shift occurred at AD 1330, corresponding in time to the transition from the so-called 'Medieval Warm Period' (MWP) to the 'Little Ice Age' (LIA). The LIA cold episode is characterized by three intervals with particularly cold sea-surface conditions at AD 1330-1350, AD 1400-1575 and AD 1660-1710 as a result of variable influence of Polar waters in the area. During the last 70 years, two relatively warm periods and one cold period (the early 1960s to mid-1990s) are indicated by changes in the diatom components. Our study demonstrates that sedimentary records on the West Greenland shelf provide valuable palaeoenvironment data that confirm a linkage between local and large-scale North Atlantic oceanographic and atmospheric oscillations.

Physical and chemical oceanography in the Arctic Ocean

Data from sections across the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean occupied by the German Research Vessel Polarstern in 1987 and by the Swedish icebreaker Oden in 1991 are used to derive information on the freshwater balance of the Arctic Ocean halocline and on the sources of the deep waters of the Nansen, Amundsen and Makarov basins. Salinity, d18O and mass balances allow separation of the river-runoff and the sea-ice meltwater fractions contained in the Arctic halocline. This provides the basis for tracking the river-runoff signal from the shelf seas across the central Arctic Ocean to Fram Strait. The halocline has to be divided into at least three lateral regimes: the southern Nansen Basin with net sea-ice melting, the northern Nansen Basin and Amundsen Basin with net sea-ice formation and increasing river-runoff fractions, and the Canadian Basin with minimum sea-ice meltwater and maximum river-runoff fractions and water of Pacific origin. In the Canadian Basin, silicate is used as a tracer to identify Pacific water entering through Bering Strait and an attempt is made to quantify its influence on the halocline waters of the Canadian Basin. For this purpose literature data from the CESAR and LOREX ice camps are used. Based on mass balances and depending on the value of precipitation over the area of the Arctic Ocean the average mean residence time of the river-runoff fraction contained in the Arctic Ocean halocline is determined to be about 14 or 11 years. Water column inventories of river-runoff and sea-ice meltwater are calculated for a section just north of Fram Strait and implications for the ice export rate through Fram Strait are discussed. Salinity, tritium, 3He and the d18O ratio of halocline waters sampled during the 1987 Polarstern cruise to the Nansen Basin are used to estimate the mean residence time of the river-runoff component in the halocline and on the shelves of the Arctic Ocean. These estimates are done by comparing ages of the halocline waters based on a combination of tracers yielding different time information: the tritium 'vintage' age which records the time that has passed since the river-runoff entered the shelf and the tritium/3He age which reflects the time since the shelf waters left the shelf. The difference between the ages determined by these two methods is about 3 to 6 years. Correction for the initial tritium/3He age of the shelf waters (about 0.5 to 1.5 years) yields a mean residence time of the river-runoff on the shelves of about 3.5 ± 2 years. Comparison of the 18O/16O ratios of shelf water, Atlantic water and the deep waters of the Arctic Ocean indicate that the sources of the deep and bottom waters of the Eurasian Basin are located in the Barents and Kara seas.

Mineralogy and stable oxygen isotope ratios of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary

Results of detailed mineralogical, chemical, and oxygen isotope analyses of the clay minerals and zeolites from two Cretaceous-Tertiary (K/T) boundary regions, Stevns Klint, Denmark, and Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Hole 465A in the north central Pacific Ocean, are presented. In the central part of the Stevns Klint K/T boundary layer, the only clay mineral detected by x-ray diffraction is a pure smectite with > 95 percent expandable layers. No detrital clay minerals or quartz were observed in the clay size fraction in these beds, whereas the clay minerals above and below the boundary layer are illite and mixed-layer smectite-illite of detrital origin as well as quartz. The mineralogical purity of the clay fraction, the presence of smectite only at the boundary, and the d18O value of the smectite (27.2 ± 0.2 per mil) suggest that it formed in situ by alteration of glass. Formation from impact rather than from volcanic glass is supported by its major element chemistry. The high content of iridium and other siderophile elements is not due to the cessation of calcium carbonate deposition and resulting slow sedimentation rates. At DSDP Hole 465A, the principal clay mineral in the boundary zone (80 to 143 centimeters) is a mixed-layer smectite-illite with >=90 percent expandable layers, accompanied by some detrital quartz and small amounts of a euhedral authigenic zeolite (clinoptilolite). The mixed-layer smectite-illite from the interval 118 to 120 centimeters in the zone of high iridium abundance has a very low rare earth element content; the negative cerium anomaly indicates formation in the marine environment. This conclusion is corroborated by the d18O value of this clay mineral (27.1 ± 0.2 per mil). Thus, this mixed-layer smectite-illite formed possibly from the same glass as the K/T boundary smectite at Stevns Klint, Denmark.

An early Eocene carbon cycle perturbation at in the Southern Alps

At least two transient events of extreme global warming occurred superimposed on the long-term latest Paleocene and early Eocene warming trend in the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) (or ETM1 ~55.5 Ma) and the Elmo (or ETM2 ?53.6 Ma). Other than warmth, the best known PETM is characterized by (1) significant injection of 13C-depleted carbon into the ocean-atmosphere system, (2) deep-sea carbonate dissolution, (3) strong biotic responses, and (4) perturbations of the hydrological cycle. Documentation of the other documented and suspected "hyperthermals" is, as yet, insufficient to assess whether they are similar in nature to the PETM. Here we present and discuss biomagnetostratigraphic data and geochemical records across two lower Eocene successions deposited on a continental margin of the western Tethys: the Farra and Possagno sections in the Venetian pre-Alps. We recognize four negative carbon isotope excursions within chron C24. Three of these shifts correlate to known or suspected hyperthermals: the PETM, the Eocene thermal maximum 2 (~53.6 Ma), and the informally named "X event" (~52.5 Ma). The fourth excursion lies within a reverse subchron and occurred between the latter two. In the Farra section, the X event is marked by a ~0.6 per mil negative carbon isotope excursion and carbonate dissolution. Furthermore, the event exhibits responses among calcareous nannofossils, planktic foraminifera, and dinoflagellates that are similar to, though less intense than, those observed across the PETM. Sedimentological and quantitative micropaleontological data from the Farra section also suggest increased weathering and runoff as well as sea surface eutrophication during this event.

Planktic foraminiferal Mg/Ca and oxygen isotopes, plus estimated d18Oseawater and ice volume corrected d18Oseawater for the past 35000 years of sediment core GeoB10069-3

Evidence from geologic archives suggests that there were large changes in the tropical hydrologic cycle associated with the two prominent northern hemisphere deglacial cooling events, Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1; ~19 to 15 kyr BP; kyr BP = 1000 yr before present) and the Younger Dryas (~12.9 to 11.7 kyr BP). These hydrologic shifts have been alternatively attributed to high and low latitude origin. Here, we present a new record of hydrologic variability based on planktic foraminifera-derived d18O of seawater (d18Osw) estimates from a sediment core from the tropical Eastern Indian Ocean, and using 12 additional d18Osw records, construct a single record of the dominant mode of tropical Eastern Equatorial Pacific and Indo-Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP) hydrologic variability. We show that deglacial hydrologic shifts parallel variations in the reconstructed interhemispheric temperature gradient, suggesting a strong response to variations in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and the attendant heat redistribution. A transient model simulation of the last deglaciation suggests that hydrologic changes, including a southward shift in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) which likely occurred during these northern hemisphere cold events, coupled with oceanic advection and mixing, resulted in increased salinity in the Indonesian region of the IPWP and the eastern tropical Pacific, which is recorded by the d18Osw proxy. Based on our observations and modeling results we suggest the interhemispheric temperature gradient directly controls the tropical hydrologic cycle on these time scales, which in turn mediates poleward atmospheric heat transport.

Synchronization of the NGRIP, GRIP, and GISP2 ice cores

We here present a synchronization of the NGRIP, GRIP, and GISP2 ice cores based mainly on volcanic events over the period 14.9-32.45 ka b2k (before AD 2000), corresponding to Marine Isotope Stage 2 (MIS 2) and the end of MIS 3. The matching provides a basis for applying the recent NGRIP-based Greenland Ice Core Chronology 2005 (GICC05) time scale to the GRIP and GISP2 ice cores, thereby making it possible to compare the synchronized palaeoclimate profiles of the cores in detail and to identify relative accumulation differences between the cores. Based on the matching, a period of anomalous high accumulation rates in the GISP2 ice core is detected within the period 16.5-18.3 ka b2k. The d18O and [Ca2+] profiles of the three cores are presented on the common GICC05 time scale and generally show excellent agreement across the stadial-interstadial transitions and across the two characteristic dust events in Greenland Stadial 3. However, large differences between the d18O and [Ca2+] profiles of the three cores are seen in the same period as the 7-9% increase in the GISP2 accumulation rate. We conclude that changes of the atmospheric circulation are likely to have occurred in this period, altering the spatial gradients in Greenland and resulting in larger variations between the records.

Stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratios and age model of ODP Hole 182-1127B

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of constructing an oxygen and carbon isotope stratigraphy for the late Pleistocene succession from Hole 1127B drilled on the Great Australian Bight. Stable isotope analyses were performed on bulk- and fine-fraction (<38 µm) sediment samples. The oxygen isotope variations are generally smaller in magnitude than expected from global pelagic records. This is most likely due to the neriticly dominated sediment composition. Correlation of the oxygen isotope data with carbonate mineralogy and downhole logging data shows simultaneous variations and trends, which are particularly evident in the mid-Pleistocene sediments. Correlation of the oxygen isotope data with the classic SPECMAP curve is used to evaluate the stratigraphic potential of the Site 1127 sediments. This study indicates that an isotope stratigraphy based on planktonic and benthic foraminifers is needed to fully evaluate the response of cool-water carbonates deposited in a margin setting to global ice-volume fluctuations and, hence, the associated sea level variations.

Geochemistry and mineralogy of interstitial waters and clays in sediments of ODP Leg 180 sites

Oxygen and strontium isotopes and Rb and Ba were determined in interstitial water (IW) collected from Sites 1109, 1115, and 1118 drilled on the Woodlark Rise during Ocean Drilling Program Leg 180. The trace element and mineralogical composition of the clay fraction of sediments isolated from the squeeze cakes corresponding to IW samples from Site 1109 was also determined.

Strontium and Oxygen isotope compositions from DSDP Holes 54-424A, 54-424B and 70-509B

Strontium and O isotope compositions of green clay minerals from sediment cores of three boreholes drilled into (sites 424A and 509B) and close to a hydrothermal mound (site 424B) near the Galapagos Spreading Center (DSDP Legs 54 and 70) were determined. The green clays consist mostly of a transition from Fesmectite (nontronite) to glauconite. 87Sr/86Sr ratios were measured on clay size-fractions after gentle acid leaching and on the recovered leachates from different samples. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the clay residues from both the 424A and B sites are well below the modern seawater value, which points consistently to precipitation from hydrothermal fluids that contained variable amounts of seawater, even away from mound. However, most of the clay residues from mound site 509B have 87Sr/86Sr ratios significantly above the seawater value, suggesting the occurrence of a detrital component together with the new authigenic particles. The clay minerals of the hydrothermal mound are mixed with detrital components, and that of the sample taken outside but near the mound as a reference for the surrounding oceanic environment, yields a hydrothermal signature. Crystallization temperatures of the clays range from 32 to 63 °C assuming a d18O value of +2.2 per mil for the mineralizing fluids. Hydrothermal fluids generated in the underlying oceanic crust, mixed in varied proportions with ambient seawater and migrated into beds of the mound in a sequence of recurrent processes that ultimately resulted in the formation of the observed clay minerals. No significant temperature differences were detected for crystallization of the K-rich glauconite and K-depleted nontronite. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the Sr leached off the clay particles are near the value of modern seawater, inferring a progressive replacement of the hydrothermal fluids by seawater in the pore space of the mound sediments.