Regulations on E-Commerce Consumer Protection Rules in China and Europe Compared – Same Same but Different?

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the regulations on e-commerce protection rules in China and the European Union. It starts by giving a general overview of different approaches towards consumer protection in e-commerce. This article then scrutinizes the current legal system in China by mainly focusing on SAIC’s “Interim Measures for the Administration of Online Commodity Trading and Relevant Service Activities”. The subsequent chapter covers the supervision of consumer protection in e-commerce in China, which covers both the regulatory objects of online commodity trading and the applied regulatory mechanisms. While the regulatory objects include operating agents, operating objects, operating behavior, electronic contracts, intellectual property and consumer protection, the regulatory mechanisms for e-commerce in China combines market mechanism and industry self-discipline under the government’s administrative regulation. Further, this article examines the current European legal system in online commodity trading. It outlines the aim and the scope of EU legislation in the respective field. Subsequently, the paper describes the European approach towards the supervision of consumer protection in e-commerce. As there is no central EU agency for consumer protection in e-commerce transactions, the EU stipulates a framework for Member States’ institutions, thereby creating a European supervisory network of Member States’ institutions and empowers private consumer organisations to supervise the market on their behalf. Moreover, the EU encourages the industry to self- or co-regulate e-commerce by providing incentives. Consequently, this article concludes that consumer protection may be achieved by different means and different systems. However, even though at first glance the Chinese and the European system appear to differ substantially, a closer look reveals tendencies of convergence between the two systems.

Dreidimensionale Bewegungserfassung mit Consumer-Highspeedkameras: Eine Systementwicklung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Messunsicherheit

Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit ist die Entwicklung und der Test eines auf Consumer-Highspeedkameras basierenden Bewegungserfassungssystems. Consumer-Kameras sind flexibler einsetzbar als kommerzielle Bewegungserfassungssysteme, zugleich kostengünstiger und werden daher oft in der sportwissenschaftlichen Forschung verwendet. Durch ihren Einsatz entstehen jedoch prinzipbedingt höhere Messunsicherheiten, deren Bestimmung in der vorliegenden Arbeit ein besonderer Stellenwert eingeräumt wird. Nach einem Überblick über aktuelle Bewegungserfassungssysteme und deren Genauigkeiten folgt eine Betrachtung der Messunsicherheit aus metrologischer Perspektive. Anschließend werden die Prozesse der Bilderfassung bei digitalen Consumer-Kameras sowie die zur Modellierung des Kameraabbildungsverhaltens notwendigen Parameteridentifikationsmethoden dargestellt. Diese reichen vom häufig genutzten DLT-Verfahren über Methoden mit Verzeichnungskorrektur bis zu Bündelausgleichsverfahren. Im Anschluss werden die für die verwendeten Kameras geeigneten Methoden auf Basis funktionaler Hardwaretests ausgewählt und weitere für das Bewegungserfassungssystem notwendige Softwarekomponenten diskutiert. Dazu gehören neben der automatisierten Video- und Bildverarbeitung, spezielle Verfahren zur Korrektur von Consumer-Kamera-spezifischen Abweichungen, z.B. die Korrektur von Rolling-Shutter-Verzerrungen. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit richtet sich der Fokus auf die Simulation der Effekte von Parameterungenauigkeiten auf die Systemgenauigkeit sowie auf die Validierung und den Test des implementierten Systems. Dabei konnte die Rekonstruktionsgenauigkeit von 11.86mm bei einer Referenzrahmenkalibration durch den Einsatz der Kalibrationsmethode mit Bündelausgleichsverfahren von Svoboda u. a. (2005) auf maximal 4.126mm (M=0.073 mm; SD=1.486 mm) reduziert werden. Diese Methode erlaubt zudem eine einfachere Kalibration größerer Messvolumen ohne aufwändige Referenzrahmen und ist daher ideal für den sportwissenschaftlichen Einsatz geeignet. Ein weiteres Ergebnis der Arbeit ist die theoretische Ableitung der Fehlerfortpflanzung für die Prozessschritte der Bewegungserfassung. In Kombination mit der entwickelten Simulationsumgebung wird damit die Grundlage für eine Prädiktion der erreichbaren Messunsicherheit bereits vor der eigentlichen Messung gelegt.

Consumer Behavior in Moral Markets. On the Relevance of Identity, Justice Beliefs, Social Norms, Status and Trust in Ethical Consumption

This article addresses ethical consumer behavior and uses the purchase of Fair Trade (FT) coffee to gain insights into determinants of ‘moral behavior’ in the marketplace. Our primary concern is to clarify which theoretical concepts and determinants are more useful than others in explaining FT consumption. We compare the explanatory power of consumer budget restrictions, consumer identity, social and personal norms, social status, justice beliefs, and trust. Our second aim is methodological; we contrast data on self-reported consumption of FT coffee with experimental data on hypothetical choices of different coffee products. To gain insights into the robustness of our measurement and findings, we test our propositions using two samples of undergraduate students from Germany and the United States. Our data show that consumer identity and personal norms are the major determinants of FT consumption in both samples, the results from survey-based data and from our experimental data are similar in this regard. Further, we demonstrate that studies based on a limited number of determinants might overestimate effects; the effect of justice beliefs for instance vanishes if other determinants are taken into account.

Individual socialization or politocultural context? The cultural roots of volunteering in Switzerland

Volunteering rates in Switzerland vary substantially across language regions. In this article, we investigate the cultural roots of this variation by presenting and empirically testing two different conceptualizations of how linguistic culture is related to individual volunteering. Whereas the first perspective perceives the individual as belonging to a particular language community and its norms and values as crucial for individual volunteering, the other sees the linguistic culture mainly as an important context in which an individual lives and which therefore influences individual volunteering. Empirically, we base our analysis on new survey data from 60 Swiss communes and apply a Bayesian multi-level analysis in order to disentangle the linguistic group from contextual effects. Our analysis supports the view that cultural patterns of civic self-organization can indeed explain regional volunteering behaviour in Switzerland. Whereas the propensity to volunteer is generally highest in German-speaking Switzerland, our findings reveal that it is the group of French speakers that exhibits the highest propensity to volunteer when controlling for language region.

"Deal of the day” platforms: what drives consumer loyalty?

Maintaining a loyal customer base is challenging for “Deal of the Day” (DoD) platforms. DoD providers market and sell deals on products and services, yet it is the merchants who ultimately deliver those to consumers. Low entry and switching costs drive competition in this market. However, research on the determinants of user loyalty in the DoD context is limited. This study uses Grounded Theory and Structural Equation Modeling to explore the phenomenon of DoD platform loyalty. Particularly, monetary benefits, signal-to-noise ratio, perceived risk, and service friendliness during a merchant encounter emerge as powerful determinants of loyalty in this novel context.

Consumer Health Information for Asians (CHIA): a collaborative project.

According to the 2000 United States Census, the Asian population in Houston, Texas, has increased more than 67% in the last ten years. To supplement an already active consumer health information program, the staff of the Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library worked with community partners to bring health information to predominantly Asian neighborhoods. Brochures on health topics of concern to the Asian community were translated and placed in eight informational kiosks in Asian centers such as temples and an Asian grocery store. A press conference and a ribbon cutting ceremony were held to debut the kiosks and to introduce the Consumer Health Information for Asians (CHIA) program. Project goals for the future include digitizing the translated brochures, mounting them on the Houston HealthWays Website, and developing touch-screen kiosks. The CHIA group is investigating adding health resources in other Asian languages, as well as Spanish. Funding for this project has come from outside sources rather than from the regular library budget.

Measuring Consumer Satisfaction in Family Preservation Services: Identifying Instrument Domains

Measuring consumer satisfaction in the social services has become an important source of feedback for the improvement of service delivery. Consumer satisfaction has recently been incorporated into family preservation evaluation. This article reviews instruments used to measure consumer satisfaction in family preservation services and other related areas. Trends in current practice are examined and instrument dimensions are identified. Finally, some recommendations are made about the application of consumer satisfaction measurement in family preservation services.

The Changing Environment of Audiovisual Media. New Technologies, New Patterns of Consumer/Business Behaviour and Their Implications for Audiovisual Media Regulation

Digital TV offers of 200 channels and 500 video-on-demand films, podcasting, mobile television, a new web blog being created every two seconds - these are some of the factual elements depicting contemporary audiovisual media in the digital environment. The present article looks into some of these technological advances and sketches their implications for the markets of media content, in particular as newly emerging patterns of consumer and business behaviour are concerned. Ultimately, it puts forward the question of whether the existing audiovisual media regulatory models, which are still predominantly analogue-based, have been rendered obsolete by the transformed (and continually transforming) digital environment.