Evolution of structural and magnetic properties of Co–Fe based metallic glass thin films with thermal annealing

Ultra thin films based on CoFe were prepared from a composite target employing thermal evaporation. The microstructure of the films was modified by thermal annealing. The relationship between microstructure and magnetic properties of the films was investigated using techniques like glancing angle X-ray diffraction (GXRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). The GXRD and TEM investigations showed an onset of crystallization of CoFe at around 373 K. The magnetic softness of the films improved with thermal annealing but at higher annealing temperature it is found to be deteriorating. Annealing inducedmodification of surface morphology of the alloy thin filmswas probed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Surface smoothening was observed with thermal annealing and the observed magnetic properties correlate well with surface modifications induced by thermal annealing

Tailoring Magnetic Properties of Co-Fe Thin Films by Topographical Modifications Using Thermal Annealing and Swift Heavy Ion Irradiation and Fabrication of Magnetoelectric Multilayers for Device Applications

Magnetism and magnetic materials have been playing a lead role in improving the quality of life. They are increasingly being used in a wide variety of applications ranging from compasses to modern technological devices. Metallic glasses occupy an important position among magnetic materials. They assume importance both from a scientific and an application point of view since they represent an amorphous form of condensed matter with significant deviation from thermodynamic equilibrium. Metallic glasses having good soft magnetic properties are widely used in tape recorder heads, cores of high-power transformers and metallic shields. Superconducting metallic glasses are being used to produce high magnetic fields and magnetic levitation effect. Upon heat treatment, they undergo structural relaxation leading to subtle rearrangements of constituent atoms. This leads to densification of amorphous phase and subsequent nanocrystallisation. The short-range structural relaxation phenomenon gives rise to significant variations in physical, mechanical and magnetic properties. Magnetic amorphous alloys of Co-Fe exhibit excellent soft magnetic properties which make them promising candidates for applications as transformer cores, sensors, and actuators. With the advent of microminiaturization and nanotechnology, thin film forms of these alloys are sought after for soft under layers for perpendicular recording media. The thin film forms of these alloys can also be used for fabrication of magnetic micro electro mechanical systems (magnetic MEMS). In bulk, they are drawn in the form of ribbons, often by melt spinning. The main constituents of these alloys are Co, Fe, Ni, Si, Mo and B. Mo acts as the grain growth inhibitor and Si and B facilitate the amorphous nature in the alloy structure. The ferromagnetic phases such as Co-Fe and Fe-Ni in the alloy composition determine the soft magnetic properties. The grain correlation length, a measure of the grain size, often determines the soft magnetic properties of these alloys. Amorphous alloys could be restructured in to their nanocrystalline counterparts by different techniques. The structure of nanocrystalline material consists of nanosized ferromagnetic crystallites embedded in an amorphous matrix. When the amorphous phase is ferromagnetic, they facilitate exchange coupling between nanocrystallites. This exchange coupling results in the vanishing of magnetocrystalline anisotropy which improves the soft magnetic properties. From a fundamental perspective, exchange correlation length and grain size are the deciding factors that determine the magnetic properties of these nanocrystalline materials. In thin films, surfaces and interfaces predominantly decides the bulk property and hence tailoring the surface roughness and morphology of the film could result in modified magnetic properties. Surface modifications can be achieved by thermal annealing at various temperatures. Ion irradiation is an alternative tool to modify the surface/structural properties. The surface evolution of a thin film under swift heavy ion (SHI) irradiation is an outcome of different competing mechanism. It could be sputtering induced by SHI followed by surface roughening process and the material transport induced smoothening process. The impingement of ions with different fluence on the alloy is bound to produce systematic microstructural changes and this could effectively be used for tailoring magnetic parameters namely coercivity, saturation magnetization, magnetic permeability and remanence of these materials. Swift heavy ion irradiation is a novel and an ingenious tool for surface modification which eventually will lead to changes in the bulk as well as surface magnetic property. SHI has been widely used as a method for the creation of latent tracks in thin films. The bombardment of SHI modifies the surfaces or interfaces or creates defects, which induces strain in the film. These changes will have profound influence on the magnetic anisotropy and the magnetisation of the specimen. Thus inducing structural and morphological changes by thermal annealing and swift heavy ion irradiation, which in turn induce changes in the magnetic properties of these alloys, is one of the motivation of this study. Multiferroic and magneto-electrics is a class of functional materials with wide application potential and are of great interest to material scientists and engineers. Magnetoelectric materials combine both magnetic as well as ferroelectric properties in a single specimen. The dielectric properties of such materials can be controlled by the application of an external magnetic field and the magnetic properties by an electric field. Composites with magnetic and piezo/ferroelectric individual phases are found to have strong magnetoelectric (ME) response at room temperature and hence are preferred to single phasic multiferroic materials. Currently research in this class of materials is towards optimization of the ME coupling by tailoring the piezoelectric and magnetostrictive properties of the two individual components of ME composites. The magnetoelectric coupling constant (MECC) (_ ME) is the parameter that decides the extent of interdependence of magnetic and electric response of the composite structure. Extensive investigates have been carried out in bulk composites possessing on giant ME coupling. These materials are fabricated by either gluing the individual components to each other or mixing the magnetic material to a piezoelectric matrix. The most extensively investigated material combinations are Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) or Lead Magnesium Niobate-Lead Titanate (PMNPT) as the piezoelectric, and Terfenol-D as the magnetostrictive phase and the coupling is measured in different configurations like transverse, longitudinal and inplane longitudinal. Fabrication of a lead free multiferroic composite with a strong ME response is the need of the hour from a device application point of view. The multilayer structure is expected to be far superior to bulk composites in terms of ME coupling since the piezoelectric (PE) layer can easily be poled electrically to enhance the piezoelectricity and hence the ME effect. The giant magnetostriction reported in the Co-Fe thin films makes it an ideal candidate for the ferromagnetic component and BaTiO3 which is a well known ferroelectric material with improved piezoelectric properties as the ferroelectric component. The multilayer structure of BaTiO3- CoFe- BaTiO3 is an ideal system to understand the underlying fundamental physics behind the ME coupling mechanism. Giant magnetoelectric coupling coefficient is anticipated for these multilayer structures of BaTiO3-CoFe-BaTiO3. This makes it an ideal candidate for cantilever applications in magnetic MEMS/NEMS devices. SrTiO3 is an incipient ferroelectric material which is paraelectric up to 0K in its pure unstressed form. Recently few studies showed that ferroelectricity can be induced by application of stress or by chemical / isotopic substitution. The search for room temperature magnetoelectric coupling in SrTiO3-CoFe-SrTiO3 multilayer structures is of fundamental interest. Yet another motivation of the present work is to fabricate multilayer structures consisting of CoFe/ BaTiO3 and CoFe/ SrTiO3 for possible giant ME coupling coefficient (MECC) values. These are lead free and hence promising candidates for MEMS applications. The elucidation of mechanism for the giant MECC also will be the part of the objective of this investigation.

Influence of the interaction potential on simulated sputtering and reflection data

The TRIM.SP program which is based on the binary collision approximation was changed to handle not only repulsive interaction potentials, but also potentials with an attractive part. Sputtering yields, average depth and reflection coefficients calculated with four different potentials are compared. Three purely repulsive potentials (Meliere, Kr-C and ZBL) are used and an ab initio pair potential, which is especially calculated for silicon bombardment by silicon. The general trends in the calculated results are similar for all potentials applied, but differences between the repulsive potentials and the ab initio potential occur for the reflection coefficients and the sputtering yield at large angles of incidence.

Aprender a ser a través de la educación matemática.

Se presenta memoria final de proyecto educativo que propone la aplicación de una metodología flexible e indirecta de trabajo e investigación en el aula de matemáticas, adaptable a la diversidad de alumnado. Se realiza en el CEIP Gregorio Marañón de La Cala del Moral, Málaga. Los objetivos son: Indagar formas de aunar en el trabajo diario el uso de la calculadora con el cálculo escrito y mental; ensayar la virtualidad del plan de trabajo como útil de planificación en orden a adecuar la enseñanza a la diversidad dentro del aula; evaluar de manera flexible y comprensiva.

Diario de Matemática desnuda : aventuras por los paisajes del universo matemático.

Fecha tomada del área de publicación

Preparados, listos... diagnóstico : materiales sobre evaluación y competencia lingüística y matemática.

Este material forma parte del paquete de medidas del Plan Regional de Mejora del Rendimiento Escolar en el que se enmarca la elaboración del software educativo sobre Evaluación y Competencias Matemática y Lingüística.

El área Matemática en segundo de EGB : globalización y construcción de técnicas operatorias.

Comprobar el desarrollo en los niños del área Matemática, de forma globalizada y cíclica, permitiendo el descubrimiento por los niños de técnicas operatorias, incrementando su capacidad de razonamiento matemático sin prejuicio de sus habilidades para el cálculo. Grupo experimental de 40 alumnos en un colegio de EGB de Contrueces, Gijón, y un grupo de control constituido por 40 alumnos del colegio Miguel de Cervantes y 36 del Lope de Vega, ambos de la misma localidad que el primero. Las variables que se miden en los grupos experimental y control son: aptitud para identificar tamaños, posiciones o cantidades. Aptitud para establecer relaciones y clasificar objetos. Aptitud para manejar relaciones y conceptos cuantitativos. Rendimiento en Matemáticas al finalizar el Ciclo Inicial. Razonamiento matemático. La diferencia entre el grupo experimental y el de control es que al primero se le aplican las programaciones globalizadas y al segundo no. Tres subtests del Test de Aptitudes Cognoscitivas de Thornike. Prueba objetiva de Matemáticas para segundo de EGB, elaborada y aplicada en Asturias a raiz de un diseño de programa de Educación Compensatoria. Diez ítems adaptados del conjunto elaborado por el Institut Romand des Recherches et Documentation Pedagogiques. Análisis de varianza para comprobar la hipótesis de igualdad de medias entre los dos grupos en las diferentes pruebas que se les aplican, contraste de Barttlet para estudiar la hipótesis de homogeneidad de la varianza de los subgrupos. Análisis de covarianza entre los datos de la prueba del Institut Romand y el test de Thorndike. Se rechaza la hipótesis de la igualdad de medias entre los grupos en las pruebas del Institut Romand y en el Test de Aptitudes Cognoscitivas, comprobandose que la diferencia de medias es significativa. El hecho de haber sido sometido a diferentes tratamientos-programación produce diferencias significativas en el resultado final de la prueba del Institut Romand eliminando el efecto de covarianza debido a las aptitudes cognoscitivas medidas con el Test Thorndike. En la prueba objetiva la diferencia entre los alumnos del grupo experimental y los de control es estadísticamente significativa incluso eliminando la covariante. Este trabajo se ha realizado durante dos cursos lo cual posibilita una continuidad con el mismo. Se proponen aspectos a mejorar como el estudio de la forma de evitar el excesivo dirigismo por parte del profesor en el desarrollo de las actividades. También habría que estudiar la adecuación de la metodología empleada a los niños de bajo nivel cognoscitivo.

Possible solution of some essential zero problems in compositional data analysis

One of the tantalising remaining problems in compositional data analysis lies in how to deal with data sets in which there are components which are essential zeros. By an essential zero we mean a component which is truly zero, not something recorded as zero simply because the experimental design or the measuring instrument has not been sufficiently sensitive to detect a trace of the part. Such essential zeros occur in many compositional situations, such as household budget patterns, time budgets, palaeontological zonation studies, ecological abundance studies. Devices such as nonzero replacement and amalgamation are almost invariably ad hoc and unsuccessful in such situations. From consideration of such examples it seems sensible to build up a model in two stages, the first determining where the zeros will occur and the second how the unit available is distributed among the non-zero parts. In this paper we suggest two such models, an independent binomial conditional logistic normal model and a hierarchical dependent binomial conditional logistic normal model. The compositional data in such modelling consist of an incidence matrix and a conditional compositional matrix. Interesting statistical problems arise, such as the question of estimability of parameters, the nature of the computational process for the estimation of both the incidence and compositional parameters caused by the complexity of the subcompositional structure, the formation of meaningful hypotheses, and the devising of suitable testing methodology within a lattice of such essential zero-compositional hypotheses. The methodology is illustrated by application to both simulated and real compositional data

El área Matemática en primero de EGB : globalización y construcción de técnicas operatorias.

Elaborar y llevar a la práctica programaciones globalizadas y cíclicas en las que los objetivos del área de expresión matemática en primero de EGB se vayan logrando, partiendo de actividades directamente relacionadas con los centros de interés elegidos según el área de experiencia. Conseguir que sean los niños quienes elaboren las técnicas operatorias habituales de la adición y sustracción partiendo de procedimientos provisionales para llegar al dominio de técnicas usuales. Grupo experimental de dos cursos de primero de EGB del Colegio Nacional de Contrueces (Gijón), con 28 y 32 alumnos. Grupo de control constituido por dos cursos de primero de EGB del Colegio Nacional de Las Palmeras (Gijón), con 25 y 24 alumnos que siguen una metodología tradicional. Se desarrollan 11 programaciones cíclicas centradas en otros tantos centros de interés: la familia, el cuerpo humano, el cuidado del cuerpo, el otoño, la escuela, la calle, la casa, el invierno, los alimentos, el movimiento, la primavera. Se controla la variable aptitudes cognoscitivas antes de aplicar las programaciones y se trata de comprobar la influencia de la aplicación de éstas en el razonamiento matemático y el rendimiento escolar en esta área. Test de aptitudes cognoscitivas, tres subtests de Primaria I. Una prueba objetiva de Matemática elaborada y aplicada en la investigación: diseño de un programa de Educación Compensatoria en función de los determinantes del rendimiento escolar en el primer ciclo de EGB. Por Mario de Miguel y col. Dos pruebas colectivas de 12 ítems cada una y una individual elaboradas por el Institut Romand de Recherches et Documentation Pedagogiques y adaptadas para esta investigación. Las diferencias de partida en el test de aptitudes cognoscitivas no son significativas. Los resultados en la prueba objetiva de Matemáticas y en las del Institut Romand, colectivas e individuales, son significativos a favor del grupo experimental, lo que sirve para validar la hipótesis de que el desarrollo del área de Matemática en primero de EGB de forma globalizada y cíclica incrementa la capacidad de razonamiento matemático del alumno, tanto en la utilización de nociones conjuntistas como en las numéricas y operacionales, así como en la utilización de nociones topológicas y geométricas. Se comprueba un mayor rendimiento del grupo experimental que no se puede achacar a diferencias previas ya que no eran significativas. Es posible desarrollar el área Matemática en este nivel partiendo de actividades relacionadas con centros de interés seleccionados desde el área de experiencias. La conveniencia de dicha globalización es resaltada por muchos autores, pero faltan modelos válidos para que puedan ser llevados a la práctica escolar. El que se presenta es uno de tantos que se pueden concebir y aplicar, pero en este sentido hay que desterrar enfoques parciales, que se suelen basar en cursos a base de asignaturas aisladas, para tratar de favorecer el proceso de construcción de conocimientos de los alumnos planteando actividades que les motiven a poner en juego sus recursos y a construir nociones siguiendo su ritmo individual.

Quantifying rock fabrics: a test of autocorrelation of the spatial distribution of cristals

A novel test of spatial independence of the distribution of crystals or phases in rocks based on compositional statistics is introduced. It improves and generalizes the common joins-count statistics known from map analysis in geographic information systems. Assigning phases independently to objects in RD is modelled by a single-trial multinomial random function Z(x), where the probabilities of phases add to one and are explicitly modelled as compositions in the K-part simplex SK. Thus, apparent inconsistencies of the tests based on the conventional joins{count statistics and their possibly contradictory interpretations are avoided. In practical applications we assume that the probabilities of phases do not depend on the location but are identical everywhere in the domain of de nition. Thus, the model involves the sum of r independent identical multinomial distributed 1-trial random variables which is an r-trial multinomial distributed random variable. The probabilities of the distribution of the r counts can be considered as a composition in the Q-part simplex SQ. They span the so called Hardy-Weinberg manifold H that is proved to be a K-1-affine subspace of SQ. This is a generalisation of the well-known Hardy-Weinberg law of genetics. If the assignment of phases accounts for some kind of spatial dependence, then the r-trial probabilities do not remain on H. This suggests the use of the Aitchison distance between observed probabilities to H to test dependence. Moreover, when there is a spatial uctuation of the multinomial probabilities, the observed r-trial probabilities move on H. This shift can be used as to check for these uctuations. A practical procedure and an algorithm to perform the test have been developed. Some cases applied to simulated and real data are presented. Key words: Spatial distribution of crystals in rocks, spatial distribution of phases, joins-count statistics, multinomial distribution, Hardy-Weinberg law, Hardy-Weinberg manifold, Aitchison geometry

Intrinsic test of independence in contingency tables

A condition needed for testing nested hypotheses from a Bayesian viewpoint is that the prior for the alternative model concentrates mass around the small, or null, model. For testing independence in contingency tables, the intrinsic priors satisfy this requirement. Further, the degree of concentration of the priors is controlled by a discrete parameter m, the training sample size, which plays an important role in the resulting answer regardless of the sample size. In this paper we study robustness of the tests of independence in contingency tables with respect to the intrinsic priors with different degree of concentration around the null, and compare with other “robust” results by Good and Crook. Consistency of the intrinsic Bayesian tests is established. We also discuss conditioning issues and sampling schemes, and argue that conditioning should be on either one margin or the table total, but not on both margins. Examples using real are simulated data are given

An alternative method for dating unknown tephras based on a segmented regression model

In CoDaWork’05, we presented an application of discriminant function analysis (DFA) to 4 different compositional datasets and modelled the first canonical variable using a segmented regression model solely based on an observation about the scatter plots. In this paper, multiple linear regressions are applied to different datasets to confirm the validity of our proposed model. In addition to dating the unknown tephras by calibration as discussed previously, another method of mapping the unknown tephras into samples of the reference set or missing samples in between consecutive reference samples is proposed. The application of these methodologies is demonstrated with both simulated and real datasets. This new proposed methodology provides an alternative, more acceptable approach for geologists as their focus is on mapping the unknown tephra with relevant eruptive events rather than estimating the age of unknown tephra. Kew words: Tephrochronology; Segmented regression

Docència: L'ACME a l'Escola Politècnica Superior. Presentació de la plataforma ACME (Avaluació Continuada i Millora de l'Ensenyament), desenvolupada pel Departament d'Informàtica i Matemàtica Aplicada de l'UdG

La plataforma ACME (Avaluació Continuada i Millora de l’Ensenyament), desenvolupada en el nostre departament, és una plataforma virtual de suport a la docència de les matemàtiques de l’EPS des de ja fa uns anys. Actualment es fa servir en totes les titulacions d’àmbit tecnològic i científic de la Universitat de Girona. L’esperit de la plataforma és el de funcionar com a quadern d’activitats de l’alumne

Olimpiada matemática asturiana 1994-2005.

Resumen tomado de la publicación

Experiencia de tutorización individual en la matemática empresarial utilizando la red

En esta comunicación presentamos una experiencia de innovación docente de tutorización individualizada. Este proyecto se realizó en la asignatura de Introducción a la matemática Económica y Empresarial de la Diplomatura en Ciencias Empresariales de la Universidad de Barcelona durante el curso 2006-2007. Se trata de una asignatura semestral, de seis créditos y de libre elección que se imparte durante el primer semestre de cada año académico. Este proyecto se inscribe dentro de los nuevos enfoques docentes propuestos en el Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior. Esto supone la adopción de nuevos métodos pedagógicos que se enmarcan dentro de la docencia en el nuevo entorno educativo Nuestra experiencia docente en las asignaturas de Matemática aplicadas a las ciencias sociales de la Diplomatura en Ciencias Empresariales de la Universidad de Barcelona, nos ha permitido constatar que la participación de los alumnos en las tutorías presenciales es baja y que se produce un descenso en la asistencia a clase a medida que avanza el curso. Esto genera que los estudiantes abandonen la asignatura antes de finalizar el curso, no se presenten a las pruebas de evaluación y que su rendimiento académico sea insuficiente. Este contexto motivó un intento de rediseño del sistema de tutorías. Para ello, se construyó un espacio virtual de tutorización y se probó con una muestra aleatoria de 50 alumnos. Los resultados de la experiencia piloto de tutorías señalan una clara mejora de las tres situaciones anteriores. Actualmente, estamos analizando la viabilidad de este proyecto en grupos masificados