Resistencia indígena y la evolución de fronteras en Rio Chinchipe, alto Marañon

ResumenEstudio histórico regional, en el cual se analiza la particularidad del pasado económico y político de la cuenca del río Chinchipe, demostrando que esta región ha sido, a lo largo de su historia, un objeto de contención política. La belicosa resistencia de la sociedad jíbara impuso condiciones particulares a las relaciones sociales de producción en esta zona de colonización agrícolaAbstractAnalysis of the economy and political history of Río Chinchipe Valley, and the reasons why this has been an area of political dispute. The Jíbaros`s bellicose resistence created especial conditions for the social relationship of production in this frontier area.

Los indígenas y la conservación de la Biodiversidad: 500 años de Resistencia

IntroducciónEn la actualidad, los indígenas costarricenses representan un 1% del total de la población de nuestro país. Sin embargo, este pequeño, pero importante sector de nuestra nación, ha podido conservar para sí, para los costarricenses y la humanidad, una parte importante del territorio deonde se resguarda nuestro patrimonio natural. Cerca del 85% de los indígenas vivien a ambos lados de la cordillera de Talamanca, asiento histórico de las dos etnias numéricamente más importantes de los indígenas costarricenses contemporáneos: los bribris y los cabécares. Aproximadamente el 75% del territorio es bosque natural y un 15% se encuentra en el presente literalmente alterado...

Conquista, colonización y resistencia indígena en Costa Rica

Introducciónla llegada de los europeos al continente americano causó gran impacto en las poblaciones indígenas, baste señañar el solo efecto que produjeron las enfermedades de origen europeo, desconocidas para los autóctonos americanos. entre los continentes de Europa, Asia y África, ya se había producido una "uniformidad microbiana", (debido a la existencia de contactos directos e indirectos), lo que llevó a que los habitantes de estos continentes desarrollaran inmunidad para resistir las enfermedades del Viejo Mundo. Por el contrario, América había quedado aislada desde las últimas oleadas migratorias de Asia a América, alrededor de 12.000 o más años atrás y en consecuencia al momento del descubrimiento las poblaciones americanas carecían de inmunidad biológica para enfrentar las enfermedades procedentes de Europa

CONSTRUCCIÓN SOCIAL DE LOS ESPACIOS DE PELIGROSIDAD E INSEGURIDAD EN EL SIGLO XXI. ESTUDIOS DE CASOS EN LA CIUDAD E RESISTENCIA. REPÚBLICA ARGENTINA

La problemática de la inseguridad delictiva, ha pasado a convertirse en una de las principales cuestiones no resueltas y en una prioridad para los gobiernos de América Latina, en los albores del siglo XXI. Con el propósito de exponer los mecanismos de identificación y configuración de los espacios estigmatizados en relación a la inseguridad y al riesgo delictivo, en barrios de la ciudad de Resistencia, capital de la provincia del Chaco, Argentina; la presente investigación propone indagar los procesos de conformación de espacios percibidos como inseguros, y estigmatizados socialmente por diferentes agentes sociales. La metodología empleada, de tipo inductiva y caracterizada por el predominio de técnicas cualitativas, supuso la realización de entrevistas en profundidad a funcionarios vinculados con la seguridad en la ciudad, encuestas de percepción espacial diferencial a ciudadanos y consulta documental en archivos de los principales medios periodísticos locales. Los aportes más relevantes de la investigación refieren a la identificación de espacios estigmatizados en relación a la inseguridad delictiva urbana e invitan a reflexionar sobre los modos de deconstrucción de tales estigmas.

Resistencia natural a estreptomicina e eficiência de estirpes de Rhizobium nativas nos cerrados associadas à Stylosanthes.

1983

Del infierno patriarcal a la resistencia activa: mi testimonio

Testimonio

La educación desde los pueblos indígenas de Bolivia. Análisis del proyecto de Nueva Ley de Educación “Avelino Siñani y Elizardo Pérez”, como resistencia frente a la educación para la globalización neoliberal

En este ensayo nos interesa abordar las implicaciones del cambio político y social que se vive en América Latina, particularmente enfocado en Bolivia y sobre la educación y su relación con el desarrollo, a partir del estudio del proyecto de Nueva Ley de Educación “Avelino Siñani-Elizardo Pérez”, presentado para su tramitación al Congreso Nacional por iniciativa del Gobierno de la República y del movimiento indígena-popular. Mediante la metodología del análisis de coyuntura y del análisis estructural temático del discurso, se busca mostrar de qué manera esta reforma construye formas de resistencia cultural y alternativas educativas ante la llamada educación para la globalización neoliberal, propia de un modelo de desarrollo económico impuesto a Bolivia hace más de 20 años.AbstractThis essay aims to find out on the implications of political and social changes currently in process in Latin America focusing in Bolivia’s education and development in the New Act in Education, Avelino Siñani-Elizardo Pérez. The bill of law was submitted to the National Congress by the Government of Bolivia and the Indigenous Popular Movement. Based on current situation analysis and in topic-structure discourse analysis as a methodological approach, it discourse analysis as a methodological approach, it endeavours to show how this reform may build cultural and alternative education as ways of resistance to the socalled education for the neliberal globalization. The latter is featured in the economic development model, imposed to Bolivia 20 years ago.

Isolation of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli from diarrheic dogs and their antimicrobial resistance profile

From January to December 2006, 92 Escherichia coli isolates from 25 diarrheic dogs were analyzed by screening for the presence of adhesin-encoding genes (pap, sfa, afa), hemolysin and aerobactin genes. Virulence gene frequencies detected in those isolates were: 12% pap, 1% sfa, 10% hemolysin and 6.5% aerobactin. Ten isolates were characterized as extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) strains; all showed a multidrug resistance phenotype that may represent a reason for concern due the risk of dissemination of antimicrobial resistant genes to the microbiota of human beings.

Triagem estendida: serviço oferecido por uma clínica-escola de psicologia

Este artigo objetiva apresentar e discutir uma experiência de atendimento em triagem psicológica realizada em uma clínica-escola de psicologia de São Paulo-SP. A proposta triagem estendida, em oposição à tradicional, podia ocorrer em até seis entrevistas, seguindo referencial psicanalítico. Foram atendidos dez participantes que não haviam conseguido vaga para a triagem semanal da clínica. A análise incluiu aspectos tais como adesão, queixa manifesta versus latente, desenvolvimento do processo, expectativas em relação ao atendimento e encaminhamentos. Concluiu-se pela viabilidade e vantagens desta forma de recepção de clientes em uma realidade carente de recursos de atenção à saúde.

Campo de Terezin: o sonho como resistência

Reflexão sobre “O Campo de Terezin”, de Ecléa Bosi, mostrando uma área de confinamento de judeus com contornos especiais. Erigido para abrigar pessoas notáveis, como cientistas, heróis de guerra e artistas, ganhou feições de uma cidade exuberante, para quem de fora vinha lhe visitar, sobretudo nas artes e nos esportes. Internamente, administrava-se o terror da definição de quem iria ser escolhido para sobreviver ou para morrer. Ler o texto é como sentir o pulsar da vida em seus encantos - a música, a vibração, a alegria - mas, fundamentalmente, experimentar seus horrores: a dor, o silêncio e a morte. Não é possível percorrer estas páginas sem perder o fôlego e partilhar com a autora a aflição dos seus atores.

Violência institucional em maternidades públicas sob a ótica das usuárias

Este artigo apresenta e discute os dados de uma pesquisa sobre violência institucional em maternidades públicas, realizada no município de São Paulo. Foram entrevistadas 21 puérperas, com roteiro semiestruturado contando com questões sobre experiências de parto e assistência recebida. Os dados revelaram que as entrevistadas relatam e reconhecem práticas discriminatórias e tratamento grosseiro no âmbito da assistência em maternidades públicas, reagindo com estratégias de resistência ou de acomodação. Essas experiências ocorrem com tal frequência que muitas parturientes já esperam sofrer algum tipo de maltrato, o que revela uma banalização da violência institucional.

Lsa21, a novel leptospiral protein binding adhesive matrix molecules and present during human infection

Background: It has been well documented over past decades that interaction of pathogens with the extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a primary role in host cell attachment and invasion. Adherence to host tissues is mediated by surface-exposed proteins expressed by the microorganisms during infection. The mechanisms by which pathogenic leptospires invade and colonize the host remain poorly understood since few virulence factors contributing to the pathogenesis of the disease have been identified. Whole-genome sequencing analysis of L. interrogans allowed identification of a repertoire of putative leptospiral surface proteins. Results: Here, we report the identification and characterization of a new leptospiral protein that exhibits extracellular matrix-binding properties, called as Lsa21 (leptospiral surface adhesin, 21 kDa). Compatible with its role in adhesion, the protein was shown to be surface-exposed by indirect immunofluorescence. Attachment of Lsa21 to laminin, collagen IV, and plasma fibronectin was specific and dose dependent. Laminin oxidation by sodium metaperiodate reduced the protein-laminin interaction in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating that laminin sugar moieties are crucial for this interaction. The gene coding for Lsa21 is present in pathogenic strains belonging to the L. interrogans species but was not found in the saprophytic L. biflexa serovar Patoc strain Patoc 1. Loss of gene expression occurs upon culture attenuation of pathogenic strains. Environmental factors such as osmolarity and temperature affect Lsa21 expression at the transcriptional level. Moreover, anti-Lsa21 serum labeled liver and kidney tissues of human fatal cases of leptospirosis. Conclusion: Our data suggest a role of Lsa21 in the pathogenesis of leptospirosis.

Characterization of Novel OmpA-Like Protein of Leptospira interrogans That Binds Extracellular Matrix Molecules and Plasminogen

Leptospira interrogans is the etiological agent of leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease of human and veterinary concern. The identification of novel proteins that mediate host-pathogen interactions is important for understanding the bacterial pathogenesis as well as to identify protective antigens that would help fight the disease. We describe in this work the cloning, expression, purification and characterization of three predicted leptospiral membrane proteins, LIC10258, LIC12880 (Lp30) and LIC12238. We have employed Escherichia coli BL21 (SI) strain as a host expression system. Recently, we have identified LIC12238 as a plasminogen (PLG)-binding receptor. We show now that Lp30 and rLIC10258 are also PLG-receptors of Leptospira, both exhibiting dose-dependent and saturating binding (K(D), 68.8 +/- 25.2 nM and 167.39 +/- 60.1 nM, for rLIC10258 and rLIC12880, respectively). In addition, LIC10258, which is a novel OmpA-like protein, binds laminin and plasma fibronectin ECM molecules and hence, it was named Lsa66 (Leptospiral surface adhesin of 66 kDa). Binding of Lsa66 to ECM components was determined to be specific, dose-dependent and saturable, with a KD of 55.4 +/- 15.9 nM to laminin and of 290.8 +/- 11.8 nM to plasma fibronectin. Binding of the recombinant proteins to PLG or ECM components was assessed by using antibodies against each of the recombinant proteins obtained in mice and confirmed by monoclonal anti-polyhistidine antibodies. Lsa66 caused partial inhibition on leptospiral adherence to immobilized ECM and PLG. Moreover, this adhesin and rLIC12238 are recognized by antibodies in serum samples of confirmed leptospirosis cases. Thus, Lsa66 is a novel OmpA-like protein with dual activity that may promote the attachment of Leptospira to host tissues and may contribute to the leptospiral invasion. To our knowledge, this is the first leptospiral protein with ECM and PLG binding properties reported to date.

Cell surface expression of adhesins for fibronectin correlates with virulence in Sporothrix schenckii

The virulence of four Sporothrix schenckii isolates was compared in a murine model of sporotrichosis, together with the protein pattern of the yeast cell surface and the capacity to bind the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin. Virulence was determined by the mortality rate, fungal burden and histopathology. Two clinical isolates were more virulent for C57BL/6 mice, but no direct correlation was seen between virulence and the clinical or environmental origin of the isolates. The lowest virulence was observed for an isolate recovered from a patient with meningeal sporotrichosis. Although all isolates could effectively disseminate, the dissemination patterns were not similar. Using flow cytometry analysis, we investigated the interaction of all the strains with fibronectin, and showed that the binding capacity correlated with virulence. Western blot analysis of S. schenckii cell wall extracts revealed positive bands for fibronectin in the range of 3792 kDa. The 70 kDa adhesin was also recognized by a protective monoclonal antibody raised against a gp70 antigen of S. schenckii (mAb P6E7). Confocal microscopy confirmed the co-localization of fibronectin and mAb P6E7 on the yeast cell surface. To our knowledge, this is the first report identifying adhesins for fibronectin on the surface of this human pathogen.