Estudo da decomposição fotoquímica por exposição à luz UV de fotorresinas positivas

Positive photoresists are widely used in lithographic process in microelectronics and in optics for the fabrication of relief components. With the aim of identifying molecular modifications among positive photoresists unexposed and previously exposed to ultraviolet light the electron stimulated ion desorption technique coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry was employed in the study of the AZ-1518 photoresist. Mass spectra were obtained as a function of the electron beam energy, showing specific changes related to the photochemical decomposition of the photoresist. This reinforces the applicability of the technique to investigate and characterize structural changes in photosensitive materials.

SOIL COVER AND CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES IN OXISOL IN THE ATLANTIC FOREST BIOME

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical and physical attributes of different soil cover in a Oxisol with a strong wavy relief in the Atlantic Forest Biome, in which were selected three watersheds, employed with grazing (watershed P), forest (watershed M) and coffee (watershed C). Deformed and not deformed samples were collected in three depths for physical and chemical characterization. The chemical characteristics of soil in different watershed studies presented low levels of fertility. It was observed an elevation of pH in the soil and contents of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the watersheds P and C in relation to the watershed M. Due to deforestation and the establishment of agriculture and livestock, there was a decrease in the contents of soil organic matter in the watershed P and C, not altering the physical characteristics of the soil in the watershed P. The implementation of coffee plantation is causing a reduction in the soil quality of watershed C in comparison to the watershed P and M, therefore indicating a need to adequate soil management in this area.

CLASSIFICATION OF FOREST ROADS AND DETERMINATION OF ROUTE USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

ABSTRACT Geographic Information System (GIS) is an indispensable software tool in forest planning. In forestry transportation, GIS can manage the data on the road network and solve some problems in transportation, such as route planning. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the pattern of the road network and define transport routes using GIS technology. The present research was conducted in a forestry company in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The criteria used to classify the pattern of forest roads were horizontal and vertical geometry, and pavement type. In order to determine transport routes, a data Analysis Model Network was created in ArcGIS using an Extension Network Analyst, allowing finding a route shorter in distance and faster. The results showed a predominance of horizontal geometry classes average (3) and bad (4), indicating presence of winding roads. In the case of vertical geometry criterion, the class of highly mountainous relief (4) possessed the greatest extent of roads. Regarding the type of pavement, the occurrence of secondary coating was higher (75%), followed by primary coating (20%) and asphalt pavement (5%). The best route was the one that allowed the transport vehicle travel in a higher specific speed as a function of road pattern found in the study.

Groundwater recharge estimate at Alto Rio Grande - MG watershed

Springs are outcrops of aquifers surface, and the water cycle in this environment pass through the recharge, generally defined as the amount of water added to the aquifer, which may occur locally from rainwater infiltration. This study uses the Water Table Fluctuation (WTF) method to estimate the direct recharge and a groundwater balance to estimate the deep recharge on unconfined aquifers. The WTF method employs data of the aquifer water levels and its specific yield to estimate the direct recharge. The groundwater balance considers the direct recharge estimated by the WTF method, as the water input in the system and outputs as the base flow and deep recharge. The recharge was estimated at four areas at the watershed of Alto Rio Grande city, Minas Gerais (MG) state, in Brazil. The direct recharge estimate was 121.11; 64.62; 83.99; 152.46 (mm/year) for the L1, L2, M1 and M2 areas. The effect of the presence of forest in the recharge area can prevail over slope of relief, allowing more direct recharge, even in sources with steeper relief. The runoff from the springs in the study period exceeded the direct recharge, indicating a situation in which the saturated zone feeds the vadose zone. The annual flow was above the direct recharge pointing a situation of over exploitation of the aquifer, a non sustainable situation. The specific yield of the aquifers could also have been underestimated.

Erosion factors and magnetic susceptibility in differet compartments of a slope in Gilbués-PI, Brazil

The erosion is the degradation of soil with effects on crop productivity and pollution of the environment. To understand the spatial variability of this phenomenon, geostatistical techniques and concepts of soil-landscape can be used to identify landscape compartments with different potential of erosion. The aim of this study was to understand the factors of erosion in landscape compartments and the relations with the magnetic susceptibility (MS) of the soils in a slope in Gilbués, state of Piauí (PI), Brazil. Sampling meshes were set in compartments I and II with 121 points and in compartment III with 99 points spaced every 10 meters. There was significant difference to erodibility (K) and risk of erosion (RE); the spatial variability of MS was lower than the factors of soil erosion. The soil losses (A), the natural erosion potential (NEP), the RE and the MS had spatial relation with the topographic factor, indicating dependence of the erosion with the relief. We concluded that losses of soil, natural erosion potential and risk of erosion have spatial relation with the topographic factor, showing the dependence of the erosion factors with the relief. The soil magnetic susceptibility can be used as an auxiliary variable in the indirect quantification of the erodibility factor and the risk of soil erosion.

Hydrological simulation using SWAT model in headwater basin in Southeast Brazil

Hydrological models are important tools that have been used in water resource planning and management. Thus, the aim of this work was to calibrate and validate in a daily time scale, the SWAT model (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) to the watershed of the Galo creek , located in Espírito Santo State. To conduct the study we used georeferenced maps of relief, soil type and use, in addition to historical daily time series of basin climate and flow. In modeling were used time series corresponding to the periods Jan 1, 1995 to Dec 31, 2000 and Jan 1, 2001 to Dec 20, 2003 for calibration and validation, respectively. Model performance evaluation was done using the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (E NS) and the percentage of bias (P BIAS). SWAT evaluation was also done in the simulation of the following hydrological variables: maximum and minimum annual daily flowsand minimum reference flows, Q90 and Q95, based on mean absolute error. E NS and P BIAS were, respectively, 0.65 and 7.2% and 0.70 and 14.1%, for calibration and validation, indicating a satisfactory performance for the model. SWAT adequately simulated minimum annual daily flow and the reference flows, Q90 and Q95; it was not suitable in the simulation of maximum annual daily flows.

Osakeyhtiömuotoisen perheyrityksen edullinen ja onnistunut sukupolvenvaihdos: Case-tutkimus

Tutkielman tarkoituksena oli selvittää yksityisen osakeyhtiömuotoisen perheyrityksen sukupolvenvaihdoksenprosessin edullisuuteen ja onnistumiseen liittyviä tekijöitä. Tavoitteena oli selvittää, kuinka sukupolvenvaihdos tulee toteuttaa, jotta se olisi sekä luopujalle että jatkajalle mahdollisimman edullinen. Täten huomio kiinnittyi lahjaveroon, varainsiirtoveroon, luovutusvoittoveroon sekä mahdollisiin verohuojennuksiin. Lisäksi tutkielmassa kiinnitettiin huomiota sukupolvenvaihdoksen onnistumisen kannalta tärkeisiin pehmeisiin tekijöihin, joita ovat muun muassa luopumisen vaikeus ja vaihdoksen haasteet. Tutkielma toteutettiin laadullisena tapaustutkimuksena. Tutkimusaineistona toimivat case-yrityksen tilinpäätös sekä haastattelututkimuksen tulokset. Case-yrityksen sukupolvenvaihdoksen toteutustapojen edullisuutta mallinnettiin lahjanluonteisilla kaupoilla sekä lahjalla. Tulokset osoittivat, että case-yrityksen tapauksessa sukupolvenvaihdos tapahtuu edullisimmin lahjan avulla tai maksamalla 10 prosenttia yrityksen käyvästä arvosta. Tutkimus osoitti myös, että sukupolvenvaihdos on haastava ja aikaa vievä prosessi.

Necrose da mucosa esofágica como complicação da cardiomiotomia à heller para tratamento de megaesôfago chagásico

This article presents a complication of the laparoscopic technique for Heller cardiomyotomy and anterior fundoplication. This procedure is safe and provides excellent relief of disphagia in esophageal achalasia. Nevertheless, there are rare but dangerous complications, such as late active digestive bleeding, presented in this paper which was resistant to conservative treatment and led to hypovolemic shock. Urgent laparotomy performed to identify and control bleeding, revealed necrosis of esophageal mucosa with a bleeding gastric vessel. Inadequate exposure of the gastroesophageal junction and an incision very close to the lesser curvature might have damaged the esophageal branches of the left gastric artery, leading to ischemic necrosis of the mucosa and exposure of the gastric wall and its vessels.

Ablação de tumor de canal anal tratado com laser de diodo: seguimento após 17 meses

The Nd:YAG laser is used as the palliative treatment of obstructive and/or hemorrhagic intestinal lesions with an effective but temporary symptomatic relief, with symptoms and signs recurrence after six to eight weeks. This report describes the treatment of a patient bearing a low rectal adenocarcinoma through diode laser ablation and the result after 17 months.

Abordagem fisioterapêutica na dor pós-operatória: a eletroestimulação nervosa transcutânea (ENT)

This study provides an update on the use of Transcutaneous Eletric Nerve Stimulation (TENS) as a non-pharmacological resource of postoperative pain relief. National and international references regarding the use of TENS for the relief of postoperative pain had been selected, highlighting its mechanism of action, parameters of application, contraindications, side-effect and results. TENS is a non-pharmacological resource that has its mechanism of action based on the gate theory. It consists of a device that emits electric impulses in the skin through electrodes. It is a low cost technique, easily applicable, presents few collateral effects, good effectiveness related to the reduction of the painful perception, allowing early mobilization and reduced pharmacological analgesic consumption. TENS represents another option in the control of postoperative pain and should be inserted in a multiprofessional context.

Relieved after Doctor's Consultation? Primary Health Care Patients' Complaint-related Worries

Worry is one of the central factors in primary health care patients’ experience with their current complaint. Worry is associated with, e.g., patients’ expectations and the outcomes of doctor’s consultations. The aim of this study was to explore primary health care patients’ complaint-related worry and its changes, as well as contributing factors. Furthermore, the reasons behind patients’ pre-consultation worry and possible relief were examined. The study was conducted in a public primary health care centre in Forssa in Southern Finland. Patients, aged 18–39 years, with a current complaint were interviewed before and after a doctor’s consultation. The patients’ characteristics, perceptions of their complaint and their expectations and experiences concerning the consultation were obtained through interviews. In addition, two questionnaires were administered to measure general tendency to illness worry (IWS) and psychiatric symptoms (SCL-90). The patients’ ratings of the intensity of worry and the severity of their complaint were measured with a visual analogue scale (VAS 0–100). Changes in worry were measured by comparing pre- and post-consultation VAS ratings and asking the patients to compare their worry after the consultation with the worry they felt before it. In connection with these ratings the patients also gave reasons for their experiences in their own words. The patients’ doctors assessed the medical severity of the complaints and whether they had found a medical explanation for the complaints. Many patients were very worried before the consultation (65 % scored over 50 points on the VAS). Worry and severity ratings were associated with the duration and course of the complaint, with a general tendency to illness worry and hostility. On average, the patients were less worried after the consultation than before it. Persistent worry was associated with the patients’ uncertainty about their complaint, their perceiving it as severe, expectations for examinations and reporting symptoms of anxiety. Patients were most often worried about the nature of their complaint (e.g. duration or intensity), not knowing what was wrong, the possible harmful effects of the complaint on body functions, the complaint’s prognosis, e.g. will it get better, and their ability to function. Patients were relieved by getting an explanation or treatment or by having a positive view of the complaint’s prognosis. Patients who reported uncertainty (lack of an explanation, worry about the nature of the complaint) or worry about the complaint’s possible bodily harmfulness were relieved by getting an explanation, often accompanied with getting treatment. On the other hand, worries about the ability to function tended to persist. Doctors should bring up patients’ worries for discussion in order to be able to respond to them appropriately. Because it tends to persist, worry about the ability to function should be addressed. Uncertain patients with concerns about their complaint’s bodily harmfulness or psychological consequences need special attention from their doctor.

Simuloinnin hyödyntäminen kotihoidon kehittämisessä

Ikääntyvien ihmisten kasvava määrä tulevina vuosikymmeninä kuormittaa kaupunkien kotihoitoa enenemässä määrin. Kaupunkien rajalliset resurssit ovat jo nyt koetuksella, eikä nykyiseen tilanteeseen ole nähtävissä huomattavaa parannusta tulevina vuosina. Kotihoidon henkilöstön määrää ei pystytä kasvattamaan riittävästi suhteessa kasvavien asiakasvirtojen kanssa, jotta korkea palvelun laatu voitaisiin taata myös tulevaisuudessa. Lahden kaupungin kotihoito pyrkii etsimään teknisiä ratkaisuja kotihoidon haasteisiin muun muassa kotihoidon töiden jakamiseen kehitetyllä optimointialgoritmilla sekä simuloinnilla. Tämä diplomityö käsittelee toimintatutkimuksen avulla simuloinnin tuomia hyötyjä sekä rajoitteita Lahden kotihoidon näkökulmasta. Launeen alueen kotihoidon haasteita käydään läpi neljässä eri työpajassa. Työssä esitetään Quest-simulointiohjelmiston ominaisuuksia, sekä Launeen alueen simulointimallin luomista aina suunnittelusta verifiointiin. Työn tuottama lisäarvo kotihoidon kehittämisessä tulee ilmi neljässä eri vaihtoehtoajossa kotihoitajien asiakkaalta toiselle kulkemien matkojen ja matkoihin käytettyjen aikojen mittaamisessa.

The revival of international solidarity : the Internationale Arbeiterhilfe, Willi Münzenberg and the Comintern in Weimar Germany, 1921-1933

The aim of the study is to write the first comprehensive history of the Internationale Arbeiterhilfe (International Workers’ Relief) and its message of international solidarity during the Weimar Republic, 1921–1933. The Arbeiterhilfe was the Communist International’s (Comintern) primary international solidarity organisation of the time. The work is identified as a contribution to the transnational history of the interwar period as its main focus is not on governmental politics or intra-state relations, but is focused on the transnational world of an international organisation. The history of the Arbeiterhilfe provides the main springboard from which to write a contextually-based analysis of international solidarity during the Weimar Republic. The study highlights for the first time the importance of the German communist Willi Münzenberg (1889–1940), as the leader of the Arbeiterhilfe, in the history of international solidarity. The main question of this study is how an explicit use of language coupled with the visualisation and practices of solidarity were created through the Arbeiterhilfe. How was solidarity actually envisaged, organised and brought to life by the Arbeiterhilfe in Weimar Germany? How did its expressions of solidarity change over time? Throughout the thesis, the changing and complex character of solidarity is analysed. How was the Arbeiterhilfe’s message of solidarity created and changed in relation to the Comintern and the Soviet Union’s policies? How did the Arbeiterhilfe create a new culture of international solidarity thought film, cinema, illustrated newspapers and the organising of mass spectacles of international solidarity? The Arbeiterhilfe had its international headquarters in Berlin which functioned as the base, one could argue, for some of the inter-war period’s most spectacular solidarity campaigns. The Arbeiterhilfe constitutes a significant case study of an early international organisation as it was one of the first international organisations for global (albeit not universal) international solidarity which had unparalleled prospects to develop new transnational identifications and social ties. It could consequently be suggested that the Arbeiterhilfe in several ways could be perceived as a predecessor to several post-1945 transnational solidarity organisations and International Non-Governmental Organisations (INGOs).

Veden desinfiointi UV-LED-valolla

Veden riittämätön puhdistus aiheuttaa riskin veden käyttäjille. Miljoonia kuolemia vuosittain aiheuttavien vesiteitse leviävien sairauksien ehkäisemiseksi vaaditaan tehokkaita juomaveden desinfiointimenetelmiä. Kuivuuden ja väestönkasvun myötä veden tarve on lisääntynyt ja vedenkulutus tulee yhä kasvamaan. Tästä syystä mahdollisuus kierrättää vettä hyödyntäen sitä esimerkiksi kasteluun on saanut yhä enemmän huomiota. Kierrätettävä vesi on kuitenkin käsiteltävä huolellisesti sen sisältämän mikrobiologisen kontaminaatioriskin vuoksi. Ultraviolettisäteily luokitellaan fysikaaliseksi desinfiointimenetelmäksi. Sen tehokkuus perustuu mikro-organismien absorboimaan UV-säteilyyn, jonka aiheuttamien DNA:ssa tai RNA:ssa tapahtuvien muutoksien seurauksena mikro-organismi inaktivoituu ja estyy lisääntymästä. UV-desinfioinnissa on tyypillisesti käytetty elohopeahöyrylamppuja. Vaihtoehtoinen UV-säteilyn lähde ovat LEDit eli valoa emittoivat diodit. Matalapaine-elohopeahöyrylamppujen emittoima säteily on aallonpituudella 254 nm ja keskipaine-elohopeahöyrylamppujen emittoima säteily on laajakaistaista säteilyä. Energiatehokkuuden lisäksi LEDien etuna on, että niillä voidaan tuottaa kapeakaista säteilyä aallonpituudella, joka parhaiten absorboituu DNA:han. Tämän diplomityön tarkoituksena oli tutkia, onko UVC-alueen aallonpituuksien yhdistelmillä synergistisiä etuja LEDien desinfiointitehokkuuteen, kun desinfioidaan virtaavaa vettä useilla säteilyannoksilla ja indikaattorimikrobina käytetään kolibakteeria. Tavoitteena oli myös tutkia tällä hetkellä saatavissa olevien LEDien desinfiointitehokkuutta energiatehokkuuden näkökulmasta. Yksittäisistä aallonpituuksista desinfiointitehokkuudeltaan parhaimmaksi osoittautui 260 nm, aallonpituuksien yhdistelmistä tehokkain oli 265 nm:n ja 260 nm:n yhdistelmä. Muilla aallonpituuksien yhdistelmillä ei saavutettu odotettua parempaa desinfiointitehokkuutta. Optiselta teholtaan parhaimmat LEDit, 265 nm, 270 nm ja 275 nm olivat kokeiden perusteella myös energiatehokkuuden kannalta tarkasteltuina parhaimmat sekä yksittäin että yhdistelminä. UVC-aallonpituuksia emittoivien LEDien optisen tehokkuuden paraneminen on edellytys LEDien hyödyntämiselle desinfioinnissa.

Floristic composition and similarity analysis of an Atlantic rain forest fragment in Cananéia, São Paulo State, Brazil

The aim of this study is to investigate the floristic composition of an Atlantic rain forest fragment located in Cananéia, São Paulo, Brazil, and to contribute to the knowledge on Atlantic forest through the comparative analysis of this and other floristic surveys both on the southern and southeastern Brazil, in different soil and relief types. We surveyed 215 species in 132 genera and 51 families. Classification and ordination analysis were applied to a binary matrix in order to analyze the similarity among 24 surveys, including the present one, of Atlantic forest from the south and southeast coast of Brazil. Higher floristic similarity was observed among this area and the ones where there was marine influence and more rugged relief. The surveys in areas with greater marine influence (sandy soil) were separated from those in other conditions, possibly indicating a species replacement gradient from the steep slopes towards the lowland and were probably related to different edaphic conditions. A latitudinal gradient was found among the surveys apparently confirming a continuous species replacement along the Atlantic forest, related to a restricted distribution of the species. This suggests that it is essential to preserve areas from the whole Atlantic coast. Atlantic forest distribution is quite complex and its composition cannot be adequately represented by small localized areas.