Utilisation de tissus de cancer de vessie archivés en paraffine pour l'analyse de l'expression de gènes immunorégulateurs

Introduction : Le cancer de la vessie est la 4ème cause de cancer en Europe, chez l'homme. Dans 70% des¦cas, le diagnostic initial de cancer transitionnel de la vessie est non-musculo invasif mais jusqu'à 45%¦progresseront en tumeur musculo-invasive selon des facteurs de risques qui ont été scorés par¦l'Organisation européenne de recherche sur le traitement du cancer (EORTC). Après résection¦endoscopique transuréthrale vésicale (RTUV) de la tumeur, une instillation intravésicale (ives) d'agents¦chimiothérapeutiques ou d'immunomodulateurs tel que le Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) permet de¦réduire les récurrences/progressions. Cependant l'utilisation du BCG est limitée aux patients avec un risque¦de progression haut et intermédiaire au vu des effets secondaires occasionnés. Le système immunitaire¦joue un rôle certain dans l'évolution d'un processus néoplasique. Toutefois, les cancers adoptent différents¦mécanismes pour supprimer la réponse antitumorale. La variation de l'environnement immunologique¦tumoral pourrait avoir une valeur pronostique pour l'évolution naturelle de la maladie. Le but de notre¦étude est d'utiliser des coupes paraffines archivées de RTUV afin de définir l'environnement immunitaire¦des carcinomes urothéliaux non musculo-invasifs, en particulier les caractéristiques immunosuppressives,¦comme prédictif d'un comportement de progression néoplasique.¦Méthodologie : L'exploration d'une base de données de patients suivis pour le cancer de la vessie au¦CHUV afin de faire un choix des coupes de RTUV à examiner a été réalisée. Une approche transversale a été¦abordée en regroupant des patients de stades tumoraux différents ou en évaluant des foyers tumoraux¦multiples au sein de la vessie d'un même patient à un moment donné (i.e lors d'une même RTUV). Une¦approche longitudinale a également été adoptée avec comme objectif de comparer, chez le même patient,¦des tumeurs de stades, de grades et de score de risque de progression de l'EORTC différents au cours du¦temps. L'ARN des tissus de RTUV fixés au formol et enrobés en paraffine a été extrait et purifié. Un kit¦d'amplification en temps réel par réaction en chaîne par polymérase (RCP) pour 84 gènes impliqués dans¦l'anergie des cellules T et la tolérance immunitaire a été utilisé.¦Résultat : Nous avons réuni les informations cliniques de 157 sujets atteints de tumeur vésicale non¦musculo-invasive. 35% des sujets ont reçu une chimiothérapie ives et 40 % ont reçu du BCG ives. Les troisquarts¦de ces derniers ont reçu un cycle de BCG complet (6 semaines). Néanmoins, 38 % d'entre eux vont¦tout de même subir une progression de leur cancer. Les scores de progression de l'EORTC ont pu être¦calculés pour 94 sujets (39% haut risque, 42 % risque intermédiaire et 19% bas risque). 76% des patients à¦haut risque a été traité avec du BCG ives. Parmi les patients avec un risque intermédiaire de progression,¦seuls 15 % ont effectivement progressé incluant 2 patients avec des échantillons de RTUV disponibles pour¦analyse. L'analyse par RCP s'est focalisée sur une approche longitudinale incluant 6 patients suivis sur une¦longue période avec de multiples RTUV. 29 échantillons ont été sélectionnés, leur ARN purifiés, mais seuls¦16 ARN se sont révélés en quantité et qualité suffisante pour être analysé par RCP. L'analyse par RCP¦quantitative en temps réel a montré des problèmes dans la quantification de l'ADN génomique, ainsi que¦des gènes domestiques. Ceci a grandement handicapé nos analyses et n'a pas permis la mise en évidence¦convaincante de gènes immuno-modulateurs associés à la progression du cancer de la vessie.¦Discussion : Notre analyse du suivi des patients au CHUV montre que les chirurgiens façonnent leur prise¦en charge durant l'intervention selon des critères adaptés à la situation et tendent ainsi à une stratification¦des risques permettant un traitement adapté, de la même manière que le permet le score de l'EORTC, en¦tous cas en ce qui concerne les patients à haut risque de progression. Les nombreux facteurs impliqués¦dans le cancer de la vessie montrent néanmoins qu'il y aurait des avantages à rationaliser la prise en charge. L'archivage de tissus fixé au formol et enrobé en paraffine a l'avantage de représenter une source¦de matériel considérable et de grande valeur pour la recherche. Néanmoins, malgré l'évolution des¦techniques et la publicité des fabricants, il s'est avéré difficile d'exploiter ce matériel délicat pour en¦obtenir des résultats convaincants.

Intégration de méthodes de data mining dans le renseignement criminel : analyse par des structures issues de la théorie des graphes dans le profilage des stupéfiants

Data mining can be defined as the extraction of previously unknown and potentially useful information from large datasets. The main principle is to devise computer programs that run through databases and automatically seek deterministic patterns. It is applied in different fields of application, e.g., remote sensing, biometry, speech recognition, but has seldom been applied to forensic case data. The intrinsic difficulty related to the use of such data lies in its heterogeneity, which comes from the many different sources of information. The aim of this study is to highlight potential uses of pattern recognition that would provide relevant results from a criminal intelligence point of view. The role of data mining within a global crime analysis methodology is to detect all types of structures in a dataset. Once filtered and interpreted, those structures can point to previously unseen criminal activities. The interpretation of patterns for intelligence purposes is the final stage of the process. It allows the researcher to validate the whole methodology and to refine each step if necessary. An application to cutting agents found in illicit drug seizures was performed. A combinatorial approach was done, using the presence and the absence of products. Methods coming from the graph theory field were used to extract patterns in data constituted by links between products and place and date of seizure. A data mining process completed using graphing techniques is called ``graph mining''. Patterns were detected that had to be interpreted and compared with preliminary knowledge to establish their relevancy. The illicit drug profiling process is actually an intelligence process that uses preliminary illicit drug classes to classify new samples. Methods proposed in this study could be used \textit{a priori} to compare structures from preliminary and post-detection patterns. This new knowledge of a repeated structure may provide valuable complementary information to profiling and become a source of intelligence.

Psychological transformations in kidney transplantation: A prospective qualitative study

The aim of this IRB-approved study was to prospectively analyze psychological transformations in ESRD patients before and after transplantation (KT). Semi-structured interviews were conducted in 30 patients (mean age = 53±10) after their inclusion on the waiting-list (Gr. A). Follow-up interviews were performed 6 months later in 15 patients still awaiting KT (Gr. B6), and in 15 patients 6 months (Gr. C6) and 12 months (Gr. C12) after KT. Qualitative analysis was performed. Gr: A:All patients underlined loss of freedom, 87% devoted much energy to maintain normality, 57% modified medical directives. All reported emotional fragility related to dialysis and loss of quality of life (QOL), negative (43%) or suicidal thoughts (20%). Professional stigma was underlined (26%). Gr: B6:40% reported no change, 60% mentioned increase of illness intrusiveness, 46% dialysis side-effects, 40% communication problems, 33% tension with medical staff and waiting list handling. Fear of emotional breakdown (40%), couple problems (47%) and worsened professional difficulties (20%) were reported. Gr: C6:All patients mentioned improved QOL and freedom recovery (87%). All expressed concerns about possible acute rejection, 73% were anxious about laboratory results, 93% experienced dependence to immunosuppressants, 47% reported difficulties in handling medication, 21% feared to forget them, 47% were concerned about side-effects, 67% had resumed work but medical constraints led to professional tension (40%). Gr: C12:All mentioned recovered QOL. Medical controls were accepted as a routine (87%) and adherence to medication was mandatory (100%). All mentioned the limited long-term graft survival and 47% were anxious about possible return to dialysis, especially younger patients (27%). Positive identity and existential changes were reported (60%). This prospective qualitative study identifies psychological modifications in the course of KT. It provides a basis to adequately address concerns, but it shows also that KT is clearly associated with positive psychological transformations.

Supplemental nursing staff´s experiences at a Spanish hospital: Qualitative phenomenology research

The objective of this study was to describe the Supplemental Nursing Staff´s experiences at different hospital units. A qualitative phenomenological approach was conducted; a purposeful and theoretical sampling was implemented with supplemental nursing staff at Santa Barbara Hospital of Soria (Spain), to gain a more in-depth understanding of the Supplemental Nursing Staff ´s experience. Data were collected by in-depth interviews and through a field notebook. Data were analyzed using the Giorgi proposal. Twenty-one nurses with a mean age of 46 years were included. Three main topics emerged from the data analysis: building the first contact, carving out a niche and establishing interprofessional/interpersonal relationships. We conclude that the experience of hosting the supplemental nursing staff in changing clinical environments is conditioned by various factors. It is necessary for nurses and hospital managers to establish clear objectives with regard to the supplemental nursing staff´s role in the units.

Ethical dimension of circle Integrative Community Therapy on qualitative research

This study discusses ethical issues in research involving human beings and seeks to understand the relationship between qualitative research and the ethical care guidelines for Integrative Community Therapy (ICT) circles based on Resolution 466/12 of the National Health Council of the Ministry of Health of Brazil. This is documentary research, which analyzed Resolution 466/12 and ICT circles seeking to make a connection between the ethical guidelines contained in both. The analysis of the corpus was directed toward the construction of the following results: the person's perception, cultural diversity and community. It also brings in consideration of the influence of the ethical dimension of the ICT circles on qualitative research. We conclude that ICT circles are innovative in the sense of the diversity of participants and respect for cultural and social differences. Thus, ICT circles promote acquisition of quality information for social research as well as compliance with the ethical guidelines outlined in Resolution No. 466/12.

Nursing Teaching Strategies by Encouraging Students’ Questioning, Argumentation and Explanation

Nursing students need to develop competences in the field of explanation, argumentation and questioning as they are pivotal to foster a relationship with their patients and achieve a greater humanisation of care. The objective of this paper is to analyse the perception of 1st-year nursing students with regard to the humanisation of care provided to patients by encouraging them to discuss real-life episodes. The study is qualitative and content analysis used the students’ questions, explanations and argumentation as core discourses. Among other conclusions, results point towards the importance of promoting activities that encourage the different nursing students’ discourses and the ability to understand the humanisation and dehumanisation patterns arising from the real-life episodes used as case study.

Narrative interviews: an important resource in qualitative research

Objetives This methodological study explain and emphasize the extent and fertility of the narrative interview in qualitative research. Methods To describe the narrative method within the qualitative research. Results The qualitative research method is characterized by addressing issues related to the singularities of the field and individuals investigated, being the narrative interviews a powerful method for use by researchers who aggregate it. They allow the deepening of research, the combination of life stories with socio-historical contexts, making the understanding of the senses that produce changes in the beliefs and values that motivate and justify the actions of possible informants. Conclusion The use of narrative is an advantageous investigative resource in qualitative research, in which the narrative is a traditional form of communication whose purpose is to serve content from which the subjective experiences can be transmitted.

Model endophenotype for bipolar disorder: Qualitative Analysis, etiological factors, and research areas

The aim of this study is to present an updated view of the writings on the endophenotype model for bipolar disorder using analytical methodologies. A review and analysis of networks was performed through descriptors and keywords that characterize the composition of the endophenotype model as a model of health. Information was collected from between 1992 and 2014, and the main thematic areas covered in the articles were identified. We discuss the results and question their cohesion, emphasizing the need to strengthen and identify the points of connection between etiological factors and characteristics that make up the model of endophenotypes for bipolar disorder.