G+: Enhanced Traffic Grooming in WDM Mesh Networks using Lighttours

In this article, a new technique for grooming low-speed traffic demands into high-speed optical routes is proposed. This enhancement allows a transparent wavelength-routing switch (WRS) to aggregate traffic en route over existing optical routes without incurring expensive optical-electrical-optical (OEO) conversions. This implies that: a) an optical route may be considered as having more than one ingress node (all inline) and, b) traffic demands can partially use optical routes to reach their destination. The proposed optical routes are named "lighttours" since the traffic originating from different sources can be forwarded together in a single optical route, i.e., as taking a "tour" over different sources towards the same destination. The possibility of creating lighttours is the consequence of a novel WRS architecture proposed in this article, named "enhanced grooming" (G+). The ability to groom more traffic in the middle of a lighttour is achieved with the support of a simple optical device named lambda-monitor (previously introduced in the RingO project). In this article, we present the new WRS architecture and its advantages. To compare the advantages of lighttours with respect to classical lightpaths, an integer linear programming (ILP) model is proposed for the well-known multilayer problem: traffic grooming, routing and wavelength assignment The ILP model may be used for several objectives. However, this article focuses on two objectives: maximizing the network throughput, and minimizing the number of optical-electro-optical conversions used. Experiments show that G+ can route all the traffic using only half of the total OEO conversions needed by classical grooming. An heuristic is also proposed, aiming at achieving near optimal results in polynomial time

The Problem of Invasive Species in River Ecosystems

Invasive nonnative species are a major problem in river ecosystems, and have large ecological and economic costs. Few ecosystems can resist invasions. The species that tend to invade most readily are those that humans. Introduce the most, and the ecosystems they invade are those with the most human activity. Most invasions are irreversible, and control is expensive, so efforts should be focused on prevention of future invasions

Families of periodic horseshoe orbits in the restricted three-body problem

We compute families of symmetric periodic horseshoe orbits in the restricted three-body problem. Both the planar and three-dimensional cases are considered and several families are found.We describe how these families are organized as well as the behavior along and among the families of parameters such as the Jacobi constant or the eccentricity. We also determine the stability properties of individual orbits along the families. Interestingly, we find stable horseshoe-shaped orbit up to the quite high inclination of 17◦

The Problematic Internet Entertainment Use Scale for Adolescents: Prevalence of Problem Internet Use in Spanish High School Students

Many researchers and professionals have reported nonsubstance addiction to online entertainments in adolescents. However, very few scales have been designed to assess problem Internet use in this population, in spite of their high exposure and obvious vulnerability. The aim of this study was to review the currently available scales for assessing problematic Internet use and to validate a new scale of this kind for use, specifically in this age group, the Problematic Internet Entertainment Use Scale for Adolescents. The research was carried out in Spain in a gender-balanced sample of 1131 high school students aged between 12 and 18 years. Psychometric analyses showed the scale to be unidimensional, with excellent internal consistency (Cronbach"s alpha of 0.92), good construct validity, and positive associations with alternative measures of maladaptive Internet use. This selfadministered scale can rapidly measure the presence of symptoms of behavioral addiction to online videogames and social networking sites, as well as their degree of severity. The results estimate the prevalence of this problematic behavior in Spanish adolescents to be around 5 percent.

On the structure of cooperative and competitive solutions for a generalized assignment game

We study cooperative and competitive solutions for a many- to-many generalization of Shapley and Shubik (1972)'s assignment game. We consider the Core, three other notions of group stability and two al- ternative definitions of competitive equilibrium. We show that (i) each group stable set is closely related with the Core of certain games defined using a proper notion of blocking and (ii) each group stable set contains the set of payoff vectors associated to the two definitions of competitive equilibrium. We also show that all six solutions maintain a strictly nested structure. Moreover, each solution can be identified with a set of ma- trices of (discriminated) prices which indicate how gains from trade are distributed among buyers and sellers. In all cases such matrices arise as solutions of a system of linear inequalities. Hence, all six solutions have the same properties from a structural and computational point of view.

Bifurcation of relative equilibria of the (1+3)-body problem

We study the relative equilibria of the limit case of the pla- nar Newtonian 4{body problem when three masses tend to zero, the so-called (1 + 3){body problem. Depending on the values of the in- nitesimal masses the number of relative equilibria varies from ten to fourteen. Always six of these relative equilibria are convex and the oth- ers are concave. Each convex relative equilibrium of the (1 + 3){body problem can be continued to a unique family of relative equilibria of the general 4{body problem when three of the masses are su ciently small and every convex relative equilibrium for these masses belongs to one of these six families.

Experimental analysis of optimization techniques on the road passenger transportation problem

Analyzing the state of the art in a given field in order to tackle a new problem is always a mandatory task. Literature provides surveys based on summaries of previous studies, which are often based on theoretical descriptions of the methods. An engineer, however, requires some evidence from experimental evaluations in order to make the appropriate decision when selecting a technique for a problem. This is what we have done in this paper: experimentally analyzed a set of representative state-of-the-art techniques in the problem we are dealing with, namely, the road passenger transportation problem. This is an optimization problem in which drivers should be assigned to transport services, fulfilling some constraints and minimizing some function cost. The experimental results have provided us with good knowledge of the properties of several methods, such as modeling expressiveness, anytime behavior, computational time, memory requirements, parameters, and free downloadable tools. Based on our experience, we are able to choose a technique to solve our problem. We hope that this analysis is also helpful for other engineers facing a similar problem

'Situaciones problema' y desarrollo de la competencia motriz en educación física escolar: cuestiones didácticas = Problem situations and developing motor competence in Physical Education at school: didactic questions

From the areas of motor learning and the teaching of Physical Education we promote coherent methodological orientationswith the present curricular guide that are focused in such a way so that the student is able to act independently. In thissense we may consider the problem situations as a good example for methodological proposals. So as to determine its useand adequateness for Physical Education it is conveniente to analyse the characteristics of the motor tasks that areproposed as well as the features of the teaching intervention in such a way as to ease the adquisition and development ofthe motor competence of the students

Retrieval of kinetic rates in reactions with semi batch liquid phase using ill-posed inverse problem theory

A neural network procedure to solve inverse chemical kinetic problems is discussed in this work. Rate constants are calculated from the product concentration of an irreversible consecutive reaction: the hydrogenation of Citral molecule, a process with industrial interest. Simulated and experimental data are considered. Errors in the simulated data, up to 7% in the concentrations, were assumed to investigate the robustness of the inverse procedure. Also, the proposed method is compared with two common methods in nonlinear analysis; the Simplex and Levenberg-Marquardt approaches. In all situations investigated, the neural network approach was numerically stable and robust with respect to deviations in the initial conditions or experimental noises.

Methane combustion kinetic rate constants determination: an ill-posed inverse problem analysis

Methane combustion was studied by the Westbrook and Dryer model. This well-established simplified mechanism is very useful in combustion science, for computational effort can be notably reduced. In the inversion procedure to be studied, rate constants are obtained from [CO] concentration data. However, when inherent experimental errors in chemical concentrations are considered, an ill-conditioned inverse problem must be solved for which appropriate mathematical algorithms are needed. A recurrent neural network was chosen due to its numerical stability and robustness. The proposed methodology was compared against Simplex and Levenberg-Marquardt, the most used methods for optimization problems.

Cromatografia gasosa-espectrometria de massas e derivatização assistida por micro-ondas na identificação de isômeros de glicose: uma prática para o ensino avançado em análise e caracterização de compostos orgânicos

This work reports a practical case based on the use of microwave-assisted derivatization and GC-MS for the analysis of glucose. Using two different methods for derivatization, one reference compound and the calculated dipole moment, all the isomers of glucose were identified. Identification was corroborated for the assignment of structures using the mass spectra. With this work, students are expected to associate different types of information to solve the complex problem of the analysis of glucose.

Lychnophoric acid from Lychnophora pinaster: a complete and unequivocal assignment by NMR spectroscopy

The investigation of the hexane extract from aerial parts of Lychnophora pinaster provided, besides others substances, the E-isomer of lychnophoric acid, a sesquiterpene derivative previously isolated from L. affinis.

A quasi-materialist, quasi-dualist solution to the mind-body problem

If the mental can affect, or be affected by, the physical, then the mental must itself be physical. Otherwise the physical world would not be explanatorily closed. But it is closed. There are reasons to hold that materialism (in both its reductive and non-reductive varieties) is false. So how are we to explain the apparent responsiveness of the physical to the mental and vice versa? The only possible solution seems to be this: physical objects are really projections or isomorphs of objects whose essential properties are mental. (A slightly less accurate way of putting this would be to say: the constitutive - i.e. the non-structural and non-phenomenal - properties of physical objects are mental, i.e. are such as we are used to encountering only in "introspection".) The chair, qua thing that I can know through sense perception, and through hypotheses based strictly thereupon, is a kind of shadow of an object that is exactly like it, except that this other objects essential properties are mental. This line of thought, though radically counterintuitive, explains the apparent responsiveness of the mental to the physical, and vice versa, without being open to any of the criticisms to which materialism, dualistic interaction ism, and epiphenomenalism are open.

Våld i parrelationer : en begreppslig undersökning av ett moraliskt och samhälleligt problem

Mäns våld mot kvinnor i parrelationer är ett förekommande problem i det finländska samhället. Som en moralisk fråga råder det ingen tvekan om att våld i parrelationer är orätt. Den moraliska diskussionen kan ändå inte stanna där. När våldsproblematiken studeras närmare träder flera aspekter av moralfilosofiskt intresse fram. Detta är dock sammanlänkat med hela avhandlingens utgångspunkt: att moralfrågor i första hand är frågor i första person. Det handlar om hur var och en av oss som de personer vi är förhåller oss till andra människor i olika situationer. Det handlar om hur varje enskild person berörs av, möter eller står tyst inför t.ex. en problematik som våld i parrelationer. Genom den här utgångspunkten problematiserar avhandlingen en vanlig syn på etik och moral som en uppsättning yttre regler eller som något vi helt objektivt kan resonera kring utan att själva egentligen beröras och bli indragna i det vi diskuterar, eller utan hänsyn till dem som faktiskt berörs. Tyngdpunkten i avhandlingen läggs på en moralisk begreppslig undersökning kring ett antal begrepp som stiger fram som relevanta i mötet med våld i parrelationer. De för avhandlingen centrala begreppen är offentligt-privat, rättvisa, rättigheter, makt, skam, skuld, förlåtelse, omsorg, tillit och ansvar. I avhandlingen har jag beskrivit, kritiskt analyserat samt fördjupat en förståelse av dessa begrepp och uttryck som både rör ett individ- och ett samhällsplan. Hur dessa begrepp och uttryck används och fungerar i olika sammanhang uttrycker moraliska förhållningssätt gentemot våld, offer och förövare. I avhandlingen synliggörs detta och en konkret förankring sker med hjälp av följande material: finländskt lagstiftningsmaterial (förarbeten till lagar som berör våld i parrelationer under perioden 1991-2006) och berättelser av kvinnor som upplevt våld. Den begreppsliga analysen, där bl.a. olika feministiska teoretiker används, visar att språket inte är neutralt. Språket kan vara färgat av flera självklara förutsättningar och distanserande begrepp kan användas på ett sådant sätt att det moraliskt mest centrala och brännande döljs.

Rädsla inför förlossningen - ett uppenbart kliniskt problem? : konstruktionen av förlossningsrädsla som medicinsk kategori

Kvinnors känsla av oro och rädsla inför förlossningen har under de senaste årtiondena intresserat forskare inom en medicinsk kontext, framför allt i Sverige och Finland. Den obstetriska och psykologiska forskningen har strävat efter att definiera, finna metoder för att mäta samt klassificera dessa känslor. Begreppet förlossningsrädsla används i dag ofta såväl inom den medicinska diskursen som bland allmänheten som ett samlande begrepp för att beskriva föderskors rädsla både inför, under och efter förlossningen. Trots detta finns det ändå ingen allmänt vedertagen definition av eller enhetliga kriterier för vad som skall inkluderas i begreppet. Förlossningsrädsla har konstruerats och etablerats som ett till synes objektivt medicinskt definierat fenomen och vården av förlossningsrädsla har institutionaliserats inom specialsjukvården. Däremot har de praktiker och institutioner som bidragit till att skapa förlossningsrädsla som ett vetenskapligt faktum, en svart låda, blivit osynliga. I "Rädsla inför förlossningen – ett uppenbart kliniskt problem? Konstruktionen av förlossningsrädsla som en medicinsk kategori" granskas uppkomsten, etableringen och institutionaliseringen av förlossningsrädsla som en medicinsk kategori inom vetenskaplig forskningslitteratur i Sverige och Finland. I fokus för analysen står processer av kunskapsproduktion genom vilka förlossningsrädsla formuleras som en specifik medicinsk kategori. Förlossningsrädsla som begrepp och kategori kan beskrivas som ett gränsöverskridande objekt som ständigt reproduceras och konsolideras genom den pågående forskningen.