Increased Activation of Stromal Interaction Molecule-1/Orai-1 in Aorta From Hypertensive Rats A Novel Insight Into Vascular Dysfunction

Disturbances in the regulation of cytosolic calcium (Ca(2+)) concentration play a key role in the vascular dysfunction associated with arterial hypertension. Stromal interaction molecules (STIMs) and Orai proteins represent a novel mechanism to control store-operated Ca(2+) entry. Although STIMs act as Ca(2+) sensors for the intracellular Ca(2+) stores, Orai is the putative pore-forming component of Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) channels at the plasma membrane. We hypothesized that augmented activation of Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+)/Orai-1, through enhanced activity of STIM-1, plays a role in increased basal tonus and vascular reactivity in hypertensive animals. Endothelium-denuded aortic rings from Wistar-Kyoto and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats were used to evaluate contractions because of Ca(2+) influx. Depletion of intracellular Ca(2+) stores, which induces Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) activation, was performed by placing arteries in Ca(2+) free-EGTA buffer. The addition of the Ca(2+) regular buffer produced greater contractions in aortas from stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats versus Wistar-Kyoto rats. Thapsigargin (10 mu mol/L), an inhibitor of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase, further increased these contractions, especially in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat aorta. Addition of the Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) channel inhibitors 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (100 mu mol/L) or gadolinium (100 mu mol/L), as well as neutralizing antibodies to STIM-1 or Orai-1, abolished thapsigargin-increased contraction and the differences in spontaneous tone between the groups. Expression of Orai-1 and STIM-1 proteins was increased in aorta from stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats when compared with Wistar-Kyoto rats. These results support the hypothesis that both Orai-1 and STIM-1 contribute to abnormal vascular function in hypertension. Augmented activation of STIM-1/Orai-1 may represent the mechanism that leads to impaired control of intracellular Ca(2+) levels in hypertension. (Hypertension. 2009; 53[part 2]: 409-416.)

Regulation of Na(+)/H(+) exchanger NHE3 by glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist exendin-4 in renal proximal tubule cells

Carraro-Lacroix LR, Malnic G, Girardi AC. Regulation of Na(+)/H(+) exchanger NHE3 by glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist exendin-4 in renal proximal tubule cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 297: F1647-F1655, 2009. First published September 23, 2009; doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00082.2009.-The gut incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is released in response to ingested nutrients and enhances insulin secretion. In addition to its insulinotropic properties, GLP-1 has been shown to have natriuretic actions paralleled by a diminished proton secretion. We therefore studied the role of the GLP-1 receptor agonist exendin-4 in modulating the activity of Na(+)/H(+) exchanger NHE3 in LLC-PK(1) cells. We found that NHE3-mediated Na(+)-dependent intracellular pH (pH(i)) recovery decreased similar to 50% after 30-min treatment with 1 nM exendin-4. Pharmacological inhibitors and cAMP analogs that selectively activate protein kinase A (PKA) or the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC) demonstrated that regulation of NHE3 activity by exendin-4 requires activation of both cAMP downstream effectors. This conclusion was based on the following observations: 1) the PKA antagonist H-89 completely prevented the effect of the PKA activator but only partially blocked the exendin-4-induced NHE3 inhibition; 2) the MEK1/2 inhibitor U-0126 abolished the effect of the EPAC activator but only diminished the exendin-4-induced NHE3 inhibition; 3) combination of H-89 and U-0126 fully prevented the effect of exendin-4 on NHE3; 4) no additive effect in the inhibition of NHE3 activity was observed when exendin-4, PKA, and EPAC activators were used together. Mechanistically, the inhibitory effect of exendin-4 on pHi recovery was associated with an increase of NHE3 phosphorylation. Conversely, this inhibition took place without changes in the surface expression of the transporter. We conclude that GLP-1 receptor agonists modulate sodium homeostasis in the kidney, most likely by affecting NHE3 activity.

Transcriptional regulation of the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger NHE3 by chronic exposure to angiotensin II in renal epithelial cells

Angiotensin II (Ang II) exerts an acute bimodal effect on proximal tubule NHE3: while low doses stimulate the exchanger, high doses inhibit it. In the present study, we have investigated the chronic effects of Ang II on NHE3 expression and transcriptional regulation. Treatment of a tubular epithelial cell line, OKP, with Ang II 10(-11) M significantly increased NHE protein expression and mRNA levels, without evidence of bimodal effect. No change in mRNA half-life was detected, but transient transfection studies showed a significant increase in NHE3 promoter activity. Binding sites for Sp1/Egr-1 and AP2 transcription factors of the NHE3 proximal promoter were mutated and we observed that the Sp1/Egr-1 binding site integrity is necessary for Ang II stimulatory effects. Inhibition of cytochrome P450, PI3K, PKA and MAPK pathways prevented the Ang II stimulatory effect on the NHE3 promoter activity. Taking all the results together, our data reveal that chronic Ang II treatment exerts a stimulatory effect on NHE3 expression and promoter activity. The Ang II up-regulation of the NHE3 promoter activity appears to involve the Sp1/Egr-1 binding site and the interplay of several intracellular signaling pathways. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

SLC2A2 gene expression in kidney of diabetic rats is regulated by HNF-1 alpha and HNF-3 beta

We hypothesize that, in kidney of diabetic rats, hepatocyte nuclear factors (HNF-1 alpha. and HNF-3 beta) play a critical role in the overexpression of solute carrier 2A2 (SLC2A2) gene. Diabetic rats submitted or not to rapid (up to 12 h) and short-term (1, 4 and 6 days) insulin treatment were investigated. Twofold increase in GLUT2 mRNA was observed in diabetic, accompanied by significant increases in HNF-1 alpha and HNF-3 beta expression and binding activity. Additional 2-fold increase in GLUT2 mRNA and HNF-3 beta expression/activity was observed in 12-h insulin-treated rats. Six-day insulin treatment decreased GLUT2 mRNA and HNF-1 alpha expression and activity to levels of non-diabetic rats, whereas HNF-3 beta decreased to levels of non-insulin-treated diabetic rats. Our results provide evidence for a link between the overexpression of SLC2A2 gene and the transcriptional activity of HNF-1 alpha and HNF-3 beta in kidney of diabetic rats. Furthermore, recovery of SLC2A2 gene after 6-day insulin treatment also involves HNF-1 alpha and HNF-3 beta activity. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

An evaluation of three upwinding approximations for numerical modeling the flow in tubular membrane of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids

In this paper, the laminar fluid flow of Newtonian and non-Newtonian of aqueous solutions in a tubular membrane is numerically studied. The mathematical formulation, with associated initial and boundary conditions for cylindrical coordinates, comprises the mass conservation, momentum conservation and mass transfer equations. These equations are discretized by using the finite-difference technique on a staggered grid system. Comparisons of the three upwinding schemes for discretization of the non-linear (convective) terms are presented. The effects of several physical parameters on the concentration profile are investigated. The numerical results compare favorably with experimental data and the analytical solutions. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Coronary reserve impairment prevents the improvement of left ventricular dysfunction and adversely affects the long-term outcome of patients with hypertensive dilated cardiomyopathy

In hypertension, left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy develops as an adaptive mechanism to compensate for increased afterload and thus preserve systolic function. Associated structural changes such as microvascular disease might potentially interfere with this mechanism, producing pathological hypertrophy. A poorer outcome is expected to occur when LV function is put in jeopardy by impaired coronary reserve. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of coronary reserve in the long-term outcome of patients with hypertensive dilated cardiomyopathy. Between 1996 and 2000, 45 patients, 30 of them male, with 52 +/- 11 years and LV fractional shortening <30% were enrolled and followed until 2006. Coronary flow velocity reserve was assessed by transesophageal Doppler of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Sixteen patients showed >= 10% improvement in LV fractional shortening after 17 +/- 6 months. Coronary reserve was the only variable independently related to this improvement. Total mortality was 38% in 10 years. The Cox model identified coronary reserve (hazard ratio = 0.814; 95% CI = 0.72-0.92), LV mass, low diastolic blood pressure, and male gender as independent predictors of mortality. In hypertensive dilated cardiomyopathy, coronary reserve impairment adversely affects survival, possibly by interfering with the improvement of LV dysfunction. J Am Soc Hypertens 2010;4(1):14-21. (C) 2010 American Society of Hypertension. All rights reserved.

Improvement in the Reduction Behavior of Novel ZrO(2)-CeO(2) Solid Solutions with a Tubular Nanostructure by Incorporation of Pd

In this work, 1 wt % Pd/ZrO(2)-CeO(2) mixed oxide nanotubes with 90 mol % CeO(2) were synthesized following a very simple, high-yield procedure and their properties were characterized by synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES), and scanning and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (SEM and HRTEM). In situ XANES experiments were carried out under reducing conditions to investigate the reduction behavior of these novel nanotube materials. The Pd/CeO(2)-based nanotubes exhibited the cubic phase (Fm3m space group). The nanotube walls were composed of nanoparticles with an average crystallite size of about 7 nm, and the nanotubes exhibited a large specific surface area (85 m(2).g(-1)). SEM and HRTEM studies showed that individual nanotubes were composed of a curved sheet of these nanoparticles. Elemental analysis showed that the Ce:Zr:Pd ratios appeared to be approximately constant across space, suggesting compositional homogeneity in the samples. XANES results indicated that the extent of reduction of these materials is low and that the Ce(4+) state is in the majority over the reduced Ce(3+) state. The results suggest that Pd cations-most likely Pd(2+)-form a Pd-Ce-Zr oxide solid solution and that the Pd(2+) is stabilized against reduction in this phase. However, incorporation of the Pd (1 wt %) into the crystal lattice of the nanotubes also appeared to destabilize Ce(4+) against reduction to Ce(3+) and caused a significant increase in its reducibility.

A closer look at the influence of tubular initial conditions on two-particle correlations

In a recent paper, the hydrodynamic code NEXSPheRIO was used in conjunction with STAR analysis methods to study two-particle correlations as a function of Delta(eta) and Delta phi. The various structures observed in the data were reproduced. In this work, we discuss the origin of these structures as well as present new results.

Proximal methods for nonlinear programming: double regularization and inexact subproblems

This paper describes the first phase of a project attempting to construct an efficient general-purpose nonlinear optimizer using an augmented Lagrangian outer loop with a relative error criterion, and an inner loop employing a state-of-the art conjugate gradient solver. The outer loop can also employ double regularized proximal kernels, a fairly recent theoretical development that leads to fully smooth subproblems. We first enhance the existing theory to show that our approach is globally convergent in both the primal and dual spaces when applied to convex problems. We then present an extensive computational evaluation using the CUTE test set, showing that some aspects of our approach are promising, but some are not. These conclusions in turn lead to additional computational experiments suggesting where to next focus our theoretical and computational efforts.

trans, trans-2,4-decadienal induces mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress

Lipid peroxidation produces a large number of reactive aldehydes as secondary products. We have previously shown that the reaction of cytochrome c with trans,trans-2, 4-decadienal (DDE), an aldehyde generated as a product of lipid peroxidation in cell membranes, results in the formation of adducts. Mass spectrometry analysis indicated that His-33, Lys-39, Lys-72 and Lys-100 in cytochrome c were modified by DDE. In the present work, we investigated the effect of DDE on isolated rat liver mitochondria. DDE (162 mu M) treatment increases the rate of mitochondrial oxygen consumption. Extensive mitochondrial swelling upon treatment with DDE (900 nM-162 mu M) was observed by light scattering and transmission electron microscopy experiments. DDE-induced loss of inner mitochondrial membrane potentials, monitored by safranin O fluorescence, was also observed. Furthermore, DDE-treated mitochondria showed an increase in lipid peroxidation, as monitored by MDA formation. These results suggest that reactive aldehydes promote mitochondrial dysfunction.

cis-4-decenoic acid provokes mitochondrial bioenergetic dysfunction in rat brain

Aims: In the present work we investigated the in vitro effect of cis-4-decenoic acid, the pathognomonic metabolite of medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, on various parameters of bioenergetic homeostasis in rat brain mitochondria. Main methods: Respiratory parameters determined by oxygen consumption were evaluated, as well as membrane potential, NAD(P)H content, swelling and cytochrome c release in mitochondrial preparations from rat brain, using glutamate plus malate or succinate as substrates. The activities of citric acid cycle enzymes were also assessed. Key findings: cis-4-decenoic acid markedly increased state 4 respiration, whereas state 3 respiration and the respiratory control ratio were decreased. The ADP/O ratio, the mitochondrial membrane potential, the matrix NAD(P)H levels and aconitase activity were also diminished by cis-4-decenoic acid. These data indicate that this fatty acid acts as an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation and as a metabolic inhibitor. cis-4-decenoic acid also provoked a marked mitochondrial swelling when either KCl or sucrose was used in the incubation medium and also induced cytochrome c release from mitochondria, suggesting a non-selective permeabilization of the inner mitochondria! membrane. Significance: It is therefore presumed that impairment of mitochondrial homeostasis provoked by cis-4-decenoic acid may be involved in the brain dysfunction observed in medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficient patients. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Modelagem e simulação de um reator tubular de alta pressão para produção de PEBD

Foi realizado o estudo do efeito do tipo de nylon nas blendas PP/PP-MA/Ny. Estas blendas foram caracterizadas por calorimetria diferencial de varredura, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, propriedades mecânicas e reológicas. Na análise reológica foram realizados os testes para os nylons N6, N6,9 e N6,10. Para os nylons N6,6 e N6,12 não foi possível fazer as medidas de viscosidade. Os resultados demonstraram que para os teores de 0,34 e 0,46 g% de MA no PP, o nível de dispersão final segue o fator da reatividade dos grupos terminais amino do nylons. Assim, a ordem de aumento de dispersão para as blendas com os nylons foi de N6,9, N6 e N6,10. Este comportamento foi confirmado na análise morfológica. Para o teor de 0,81 g%, a dispersão foi afetada pelo quociente das viscosidades, obedecendo a ordem esperada para os nylons 6,10, 6,9 e 6 e suas blendas.

A mediação com pessoas com necessidades educacionais especiais em ambientes de aprendizagem virtuais : desvelando caminhos para atuação na Zona de Desenvolvimento Proximal

Este trabalho se propõe a fazer um recorte das interações professor-aluno em ambiente de aprendizagem virtual, qual seja, a ação mediadora na apropriação das ferramentas informáticas junto a alunos com Necessidades Educacionais Especiais. Foram levantados 5 tipos de intervenção efetivadas pelo mediador-professor, através da escolha da metodologia qualitativa do estudo de multicasos, enfocando desta forma, 3 casos de ação pedagógica direcionadas a 3 alunos. Neste sentido, o foco do estudo em si passou a constituir-se nos procedimentos de atuação do mediador no transcurso do processo de apropriação no ambiente de aprendizagem virtual do Núcleo de Informática na Educação Especial (NIEE), da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Os tipos de intervenção identificados foram utilizados pelos mediadores coerentemente aos pressupostos da teoria Sócio-histórica e, em particular, o construto da Zona de Desenvolvimento Proximal (ZDP), os quais permearam sempre a atuação mediacional instaurada como suporte ao aluno, no sentido de mobilizar suas estruturas internas buscando o deslocamento na referida ZDP, materializando desenvolvimento real no sujeito. Os resultados apontaram para a importância da competência pedagógica do professor quanto à qualidade e adequação de seus suportes, dentre os 5 identificados, que devem acompanhar o delineamento e deslocamento do aluno na sua ZDP, suscitando processos internos de aprendizagem e desenvolvimento.

Avaliação da profundidade de lesões de cárie proximal por exame clínico, radiográfico com uso de filtro digital de cor e de secções histológicas digitalizadas em scanner

Esta dissertação é apresentada sob a forma de dois artigos. O primeiro foi realizado com o objetivo de comparar medidas verticais e horizontais de imagens adquiridas em estereomicroscópio (E) e scanner de mesa (S). Para isso, 50 dentes posteriores extraídos de humanos e seccionados no sentido mésio-distal foram utilizados. Cada hemi-secção foi fotografada no estereomicroscópio e digitalizada em scanner de mesa, com resolução de 230 dpi. No programa Photoshop foram realizadas medições horizontais (H) e verticais (V) de cada hemi-secção, nas imagens obtidas pelos dois métodos, com repetição aleatória de 20% dos casos da amostra. As medidas iniciais e repetidas apresentaram excelente correlação e o teste t para amostras pareadas não evidenciou diferenças significativas (p = 0,05) entre elas nos dois métodos. As médias das medidas e seus desvios-padrão foram: horizontais E 8,89 mm ? 4,30 mm, S 8,89 mm ? 4,52 mm e verticais E 4,42 mm ? 2,19 mm, S 4,43 mm ? 2,19 mm. O teste t para amostras pareadas com nível de significância de 5% demonstrou não haver diferenças significativas entre os dois métodos, tanto para as medidas horizontais (p=0,685) quanto para as verticais (p=0,299). Conclui-se que o scanner de mesa pode substituir o estereomicroscópio na aquisição de imagens de hemi-secções de dentes, com a finalidade de obtenção de medidas horizontais e verticais. O segundo artigo avaliou, in vitro, a profundidade de lesões de cárie proximal em dentes posteriores, comparando os exames clínico e radiográfico interproximal, com e sem a aplicação de cores, ao exame histológico. No total, 142 superfícies proximais foram avaliadas clinicamente e radiografadas. Para obtenção do padrão-ouro do estudo o exame histológico com cortes seriado foi realizado e as secções adquiridas, assim como as radiografias, digitalizadas com scanner de mesa A partir da criação de um programa digital, foi possível a aplicação de cores nas imagens radiográficas de maneira padronizada, de acordo com a intensidade de pixels de cada superfície. A profundidade das lesões foi aferida por meio de escores e de medidas nas imagens histológicas, radiográficas com e sem o uso de cor em cada superfície da amostra. O programa não foi capaz de identificar superfícies hígidas e lesões em diferentes profundidades no esmalte. Em todas as lesões que apresentavam alteração radiográfica em dentina, os escores atribuídos às imagens radiográficas com aplicação de cores foram 100% concordantes com os escores histológicos. Em relação às lesões que apresentavam histologicamente alteração na metade externa dentina, 55,56% tiveram sua profundidade subestimada, contudo nenhuma era cavidade em dentina. Todas as lesões que apresentavam profundidade histológica na metade interna de dentina apresentavam cavidade em dentina e mostraram a mesma extensão com a aplicação de cor na radiografia, superando os resultados obtidos com a radiografia sem cor. Em relação às medidas de profundidade, quando um desvio-padrão foi subtraído da média de densidade óptica para a aplicação de cores, as medidas resultantes foram ligeiramente menores e não diferiram significativamente daquela do exame histológico de acordo com a Análise de Variância, utilizando o delineamento de blocos casualizados, complementado pelo teste de Comparações Múltiplas de Tukey. O uso de um programa digital que determina de maneira padronizada como cada imagem deve ser colorida auxilia no diagnóstico de lesões de cárie que apresentam extensão histológica em dentina, especialmente aquelas que atinjam a sua porção interna.

Estudo de um motor linear tubular de relutância chaveado de fluxo transversal

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