electronic payments in mozambique: A Baseline on their adoption in Maputo and Matola

This study analyses the access and use of financial services by small business owners in the cities of Mozambique, as an important tool for boosting economic growth and diminishing inequality. It correlates owners’ and business characteristics with the probability of adopting Points-of-Sale (POS), Mobile Banking and Mobile Money in everyday transactions. The main findings highlight that what mostly affects the use of POS is the size of business and the volume of transactions (positively correlated with POS adoption), while using mobile phone technologies for payments predominantly depends on the owner’s age and whether he/she is a frequent cellphone user. Moreover, to increase the use of electronic means of payment it is necessary to increase financial literacy and improve the banking services.

O uso da força no Direito Internacional = Use of force in Public International Law

Versão online da Revista Brasileira de Estudos Políticos, Belo Horizonte, nº 107, pp. 149-200, jul./dez.2013

O "Programa Flora" do Brasil - historia e situação atual

Apanhado histórico do PROGRAMA FLORA do Brasil, contendo as razões que levaram o CHPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnológico) a criá-lo, e a situação atual desse projeto. São as seguintes as funções básicas do PROGRAMA FLORA: a) pesquisa fundamental sobre a vegetação e a flora silvestres do Brasil; b) organização de centros de excelência em Botânica em cada Estado e Território do país, especificamente para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas sobre os recursos vegetais silvestres da respectiva região, aqui incluindo a formação de novos botânicos e técnicos auxiliares, em todos os níveis; e c) desenvolvimento de sistemas de informação relacionados ao conhecimento dos recursos vegetais silvestres do Brasil, especialmente a criação e manutenção de bancos de dados com informações as mais completas possíveis sobre esses recursos. Depois de oito anos de funcionamento, e devido à falta de interesse das autoridades competentes, o PROGRAMA FLORA foi implantado em apenas 10 dos 26 Estados e Territórios do Brasil e está, no momento, quase desativado, esperando que o novo governo o reanime, criando núcleos nas demais áreas do pais e continuando a cumprir o projeto inicial, Enquanto o FLORA estava funcionando, ainda que com apenas Ínfimo auxílio governamental, ele proporcionou a contratação de 52 botânicos iniciantes que, sob a orientação de botânicos experimentados, deram grande impulso no estudo das flores de cada região. Os herbários que sediaram núcleos do FLORA foram modernizados, sendo que alguma, como os da Amazônia e do Nordeste, tiveram [zm apenas 5 anos) seus acervos duplicados ou mesmo triplicados. Vários dos botânicos iniciantes ingressaram em cursos de pos-graduação, sendo que alguns já receberam o grau de Mestre e já estão caminhando para a obtenção do grau de Doutor. Na área da Informática, dois técnicos brasileiros foram enviados aos EE.UU., para estágio visando à formação e tratamento de bancas de dados especificamente para o PROGRAMA FLORA. Posteriormente, dois professores norteamericanos vieram ao Brasil, trazendo sistemas de processamento de dados especificamente montados para uso em Botânica Sistemática. Tais sistemas foram implantados no CPD do Centro de Pesquisas Fisicas (CEPF), do CNPq, no Rio de Janeiro. Foram preenchidos mais de 400.000 formulários de coleta de dados nos herbários dos núcleos do FLORA. O SERPRO (Serviço federal de Processamento de Dados) providenciou a digitação dos dados dos formulários, produziu os arquivos, em fitas magnéticas, e o CPD do CBPF organizou e está mantendo o Banco de Dados referente às informações contidas nos herbários levantados.Estes dados dão uma idéia do que poderíamos esperar do PROGRAMA FLORA, se a este tivessem tido dados os indispensáveis recursos e tivesse sido cumprido o programa de ação inicialmente proposto. É, realmente, uma grande pena que as autoridades competentes tenham decidido desativar o PROGRAMA FLORA, justamente quando ele estava precisando ser fortalecido nos núcleos já implantados, e ter novos núcleos criados, cobrindo todo o território do Brasil.

Cidadania pós-nacional

In the midst of changes of the world political order fostered mainly by the very debated phenomenon of globalization, the nation-state is confronted with new paradigms regarding their identification with society. Citizenship, as was defined up to the latter decades of the last century, rooted in nationalist ideals that tend to condition it full exercise on exclusionary policies oriented criteria, is not consistent with the human needs of present days. One can observe, mainly in Europe with the establishment of European citizenship, certain propensity towards a relative detachment between nationality and citizenship. It is expected with the present research to expose some of the arguments invoked by those who defend the possibility of a post-national conception of citizenship, i.e., decoupled from the concept of nationality and national boundaries, in order to develop a grounding for a necessary re-articulation of this institute. This assumption is based mainly on the movement of universal human rights and the revaluation of human dignity, especially through participatory policies on citizenship and respect for ethnic and cultural diversity.

An effective on-the-job training model-to facilitate strategy execution

Strategy execution has been a heated topic in the management world in recent years. However, according to a survey done by the Conference Board (2014), the chief executives are so concerned about the execution in their companies and have rated it as the No.1 or No.2 most challenging issue. Many of them choose to invest in training with a purpose to harvest the most for strategy execution. Therefore, this research is trying to find out a model to design training programs that can at most contribute to the success of strategy execution with three real-life training cases done by BTS Consulting Service. It was found that strategy execution could be greatly supported by training programs that take into consideration the four factors, namely Alignment, Mindset to Change, Capability and Organization Support. Main implications of the findings are presented and discussed. Key

Postharvest changes and respiratory pattern of bacuri fruit (Platonia insignis Mart.) at different maturity stages during ambient storage

Bacuri (Platonia insignis, Mart.) is one of the most important among Amazonian fruits. However, little is known about its postharvest physiology, such as maturity stages, changes during ambient storage, and respiratory pattern. Fruits were harvested at three maturity stages based on epicarp colour: dark green, light green, and turning (50% yellow), in order to determine colour modification and respiratory pattern during ambient storage (25.2 ºC, 75.1 % RH). Fruit of all maturity stages showed, after three days of harvest, a non-climacteric respiratory pattern, with turning fruit presenting the highest CO2 production rate until the fourth storage day (177.63 mg.CO2.kg-1.h-1). Yellowing increased throughout storage as related to lightness, chromaticity, and hue angle reductions. Turning fruit can be stored at ambient conditions for up to 10 days without any loss in marketability.

Discrimination of Brazilian propolis according to the seasoning using chemometrics and machine learning based on UV-Vis scanning data

Propolis is a chemically complex biomass produced by honeybees (Apis mellifera) from plant resins added of salivary enzymes, beeswax, and pollen. The biological activities described for propolis were also identified for donor plants resin, but a big challenge for the standardization of the chemical composition and biological effects of propolis remains on a better understanding of the influence of seasonality on the chemical constituents of that raw material. Since propolis quality depends, among other variables, on the local flora which is strongly influenced by (a)biotic factors over the seasons, to unravel the harvest season effect on the propolis chemical profile is an issue of recognized importance. For that, fast, cheap, and robust analytical techniques seem to be the best choice for large scale quality control processes in the most demanding markets, e.g., human health applications. For that, UV-Visible (UV-Vis) scanning spectrophotometry of hydroalcoholic extracts (HE) of seventy-three propolis samples, collected over the seasons in 2014 (summer, spring, autumn, and winter) and 2015 (summer and autumn) in Southern Brazil was adopted. Further machine learning and chemometrics techniques were applied to the UV-Vis dataset aiming to gain insights as to the seasonality effect on the claimed chemical heterogeneity of propolis samples determined by changes in the flora of the geographic region under study. Descriptive and classification models were built following a chemometric approach, i.e. principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) supported by scripts written in the R language. The UV-Vis profiles associated with chemometric analysis allowed identifying a typical pattern in propolis samples collected in the summer. Importantly, the discrimination based on PCA could be improved by using the dataset of the fingerprint region of phenolic compounds ( = 280-400m), suggesting that besides the biological activities of those secondary metabolites, they also play a relevant role for the discrimination and classification of that complex matrix through bioinformatics tools. Finally, a series of machine learning approaches, e.g., partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN), and Decision Trees showed to be complementary to PCA and HCA, allowing to obtain relevant information as to the sample discrimination.

Metabolic profiling and classification of propolis samples from Southern Brazil: an NMR-based platform coupled with machine learning

The chemical composition of propolis is affected by environmental factors and harvest season, making it difficult to standardize its extracts for medicinal usage. By detecting a typical chemical profile associated with propolis from a specific production region or season, certain types of propolis may be used to obtain a specific pharmacological activity. In this study, propolis from three agroecological regions (plain, plateau, and highlands) from southern Brazil, collected over the four seasons of 2010, were investigated through a novel NMR-based metabolomics data analysis workflow. Chemometrics and machine learning algorithms (PLS-DA and RF), including methods to estimate variable importance in classification, were used in this study. The machine learning and feature selection methods permitted construction of models for propolis sample classification with high accuracy (>75%, reaching 90% in the best case), better discriminating samples regarding their collection seasons comparatively to the harvest regions. PLS-DA and RF allowed the identification of biomarkers for sample discrimination, expanding the set of discriminating features and adding relevant information for the identification of the class-determining metabolites. The NMR-based metabolomics analytical platform, coupled to bioinformatic tools, allowed characterization and classification of Brazilian propolis samples regarding the metabolite signature of important compounds, i.e., chemical fingerprint, harvest seasons, and production regions.

Study of grapevine solute transporters involved in berry quality. A biochemical and molecular approach

Tese de Doutoramento em Biologia de Plantas

Metodologias para a qualificação de águas minerais naturais e águas de nascente

Dissertação de mestrado em Ordenamento e Valorização de Recursos Geológicos

¿Vínculos responsables?: Estado – Empresa en Córdoba

Nuestro proyecto de investigación se propone describir y analizar los factores que influyen en la ausencia de estrategias empresariales y gubernamentales que propicien el desarrollo de iniciativas conjuntas (interactorales de carácter públicoprivadas) en torno al desarrollo de la Responsabilidad Social Empresaria (RSE) en Córdoba capital. A estos fines, a través del contacto con referentes claves de los sectores público-gubernamental y privado-empresarial y representantes de los principales órganos institucionalizados de intermediación entre ambos sectores, se intentará analizar una problemática que, según aproximaciones anteriores realizadas en el marco de PROETICA/ICDA-UCC, estaría ligada a las lógicas de actuación predominantes en los sectores mencionados que impedirían una adecuada vinculación intersectorial. Así, puede decirse que el predominio de patrones individuales de comportamiento que se traducen en el planteo de estrategias diferenciadas no relacionadas, los prejuicios mutuos que impiden el diálogo y el acercamiento y el desconocimiento del tema por parte del Gobierno, conllevan a una ausencia de estrategias orientadas a la promoción y el desarrollo de la RSE. Asimismo, el problema estaría vinculado con una acentuada crisis de representatividad general que afecta también a los actores que operan en la intermediación gobierno- empresas. El equipo considera que la indagación acerca de los factores que, según los actores implicados, influyen en la relación in-tersectorial, es el puntapié incial de cara a resolver las cuestiones que impiden el fortalecimiento de vínculos en pos del desarrollo de la RSE y la consecución de los fines que esta promueve.

Enlaces – Construcción del Espacio Iberoamericano del Conocimiento (Espacio de Educación Superior y de Investigación en América Latina y el Caribe)

Las condiciones de desventaja creciente que presenta América latina y el Caribe frente a los países desarrollados, tienen su origen –entre otras causas- en la escasa producción de conocimientos científicos. Paradójicamente, las Universidades y las instituciones de educación superior son, por medio de la docencia, la investigación y la extensión, las fuentes más importantes de generación y producción de conocimiento, en pos de una cultura democrática, una ciudadanía global, la defensa de los derechos humanos, el respeto al medio ambiente, la tolerancia, la paz. En otras palabras, para el desarrollo sustentable. En 1999, mediante la Declaración de Bolonia, comienza un proceso de convergencia regional educativa. Estas bases se plasman en la construcción de un Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior que adquirirá vigencia plena a partir del año 2010. Esta nueva estructura se ha convertido en un referente mundial. Persigue facilitar un efectivo cambio hacia modelos académicos que fomenten la movilidad, transferencia de créditos, enseñanza centrada en el aprendizaje y competencias, asimilación de las prácticas y estrategias de aseguramiento de la calidad. Además, se desarrollan innovadoras políticas, estrategias conjuntas y desafíos como la aplicación del aprendizaje permanente. Ante esta realidad entre América latina y Europa, las Universidades latinoamericanas deberían concentrarse en la construcción de un Espacio Común de Educación Superior y de Investigación en Latinoamérica y el Caribe (que en el marco de este proyecto identificaremos con la denominación “ENLACES”), cuya construcción debería estar basada en acuerdos políticos y académicos, en estrategias operativas, y en el fomento masivo de la ciencia y sus actores. Se debería fortalecer la cooperación interuniversitaria Europa-Iberoamérica, y fomentar la reflexión y el análisis crítico de las ventajas del establecimiento de dicho Espacio, ya que se requiere discutir e investigar acerca de las fortalezas y las debilidades del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior, para, desde él, aportar elementos al diseño y a la construcción de un posible Espacio Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Educación Superior.

Caracterizacion geológica de los granitoides aflorantes entre los 32º y 33º, Sierras Pampeanas de Córdoba

En este trabajo se propone continuar con el estudio geológico de síntesis referido a los afloramientos de cuerpos granitoides y su entorno encajante del sur de las Sierras Pampeanas de Córdoba (Sierra de Comechingones, Sierras Chicas y Sierras de las Peñas) ubicadas entre los 32° 00' y 33° 30'S, provincia de Córdoba. La presente propuesta es continuación del proyecto N° 3481, "Caracterización geológica de los granitos poscinemáticos aflorantes entre los 32° 00' y 33° 30'S. Sierras Pampeanas de Córdoba", iniciado en 1996 y que fuera subsidiado por Conicor. En esta nueva propuesta se extiende el estudio a todos los granitoides debido a que durante la ejecución del proyecto anterior se comprobó que algunos cuerpos intrusivos como por ejemplo el plutón Los Colorados tenían relaciones petroestructurales que indicaban un carácter sin-cinemático. Los estudios realizados hasta el presente han permitido individualizar dos plutones principales en el batolito Cerro Áspero y completar la geología y geoquímica del plutón Alpa Corral. Se ha logrado el mapa geológico del plutón Los Colorados y su entorno encajante, como así también la caracterización petrográfica y muestreo para análisis geoquímico. El área propuesta se caracteriza por poseer excelentes afloramientos de granitoides con evidencias notorias de emplazamiento poscinemático como por ejemplo el batolito Cerro Áspero. Plutones como El Hongo, Los Colorados y otros cuerpos del extremo sur de las Sierras de Comechingones poseen una geología más compleja y sus relaciones con la roca de caja, edades relativas, edades absolutas y grado de especialización metalogenética, hasta el momento no han sido objeto de un estudio sistemático. La integración de los conocimientos en un mapeo de síntesis permitirá abordar y comprender con mayores fundamentos la historia geológica de este sector de la corteza, durante la generación y emplazamiento de los granitoides en estudio. Asimismo, permitirá dilucidar el potencial mineralizador y económico de estos granitoides. Objetivos principales - Continuar con la caracterización geológica-petrológica de los cuerpos granitoides y obtener un mapa base a escala 1:60.000. - Agrupar los granitoides de acuerdo a sus relaciones de intrusividad y deformación, composición, profundidad de emplazamiento y de este modo obtener parámetros geológicos que permitan compararlos e interpretarlos. - Efectuar una correlación geoquímica con otros granitoides pos, sin y precinemáticos de Sierras Pampeanas, en particular de las Sierras de Córdoba y San Luis. - Lograr una caracterización de los granitoides considerando su potencial metalogenético y económico. Objetivos específicos Para el año 1997 se propone: - Lograr el mapa geológico y la petrología del batolito Cerro Áspero. - Continuar con la caracterización geológica-petrológica del plutón Los Colorados y su roca encajante. Obtener edades radimétricas. - Realizar el mapa geológico y la petrografía del plutón El Hongo. Obtener su edad absoluta. - Obtener edades radimétricas del plutón Alpa Corral y el plutón El Hongo, mediante concentración de muscovita y anfíboles.

Deformaciones del federalismo fiscal argentino y corrupción política

Al recordar que por federalismo se entiende la forma de Estado donde coexiste un poder central con poderes regionales es natural que exista en potencia un conflicto entre ambos tipos o polos de poder, aun en el caso que se hayan definido con precisión las funciones que corresponde a uno. El conflicto puede y suele volverse activo por una inequitativa distribución de los recursos públicos entre ambos niveles en relación a los bienes o servicios públicos prestados por cada uno. Pero esta no es la única mirada que debería tenerse en cuenta para medir el mal desempeño de un sistema federal de gobierno. Aquí nos hemos de ocupar más específicamente de dos distorsiones que tienen lugar dentro del federalismo fiscal argentino y que no son incompatibles. Una es la asimetría en la redistribución geográfica de los ingresos públicos. La otra deformación fiscal del federalismo proviene de la existencia de un sistema de previsión social muy interdependiente de la fiscalidad. Nuestra tesis es que la persistencia de estas distorsiones obedece a la existencia de corrupciones políticas. Por ello nos planteamos las siguientes hipótesis: 1.- La distorsión en el sistema federal argentino responde en parte a a) Una asimetría en la redistribución geográfica de los ingresos públicos recaudados centralmente, cuya desproporción es alta, injustificada y permanente y b) la interdependencia de los recursos gubernamentales destinados al gasto común con el sistema de recursos del sistema de la seguridad social. 2.- Ambas distorsiones son causadas por corrupciones políticas y no coadyuvan a cerrar la brecha en la distribución personal del ingreso en las regiones pobres y favorecidas ni a mejorar los haberes jubilatorios nacionales Estas hipótesis han sido planeadas en pos de alcanzar los objetivos generales de: analizar la deformación del federalismo argentino producida por distorsiones en la redistribución del ingreso público nacional e indagar sobre su relación con corrupciones políticas. Y, específicamente: a.- Determinar con información cuantitativa propia, la magnitud de la asimetría en la redistribución geográfica de la recaudación nacional, período 2000 – 2011; b.- describir la perturbación que ocasiona la interdependencia de los recursos gubernamentales con el sistema de previsión social, desde la década de 1940 a la actualidad y c.- ofrecer un modelo de corrupción política que ayude a comprender las distorsiones anteriores en el federalismo argentino. Esta es una investigación con diseño no experimental que, en términos de los objetivos específicos recién dados, ha de conjugar: La construcción de una serie histórica, para cada año del período 2000 – 2011, de la distribución regional de los flujos fiscales netos que opera el gobierno nacional cuyos detalles metodológicos han sido explicitados en trabajos previos del mismo equipo [Ej.: Ruarte Bazán, R. et al, (2009) Hacia una interpretación del federalismo argentino actual. Edición en CD. 42ª Jornadas Internacionales de Finanzas Públicas. FCE UNC. Córdoba. 16 p], con la recopilación de normas jurídicas y/o información relacionada, referidas a las transferencias monetarias del Sistema de Seguridad Social al Tesoro Nacional y viceversa y la indagación sobre modelos teóricos y datos existentes acerca de corrupción política y federalismo y su adecuación al caso argentino. Como se espera verificar nuestra tesis general y las hipótesis de trabajo mencionadas, el impacto puede ser muy importante ya que introduce y suma la dimensión geográfica o regional como determinante de la corrupción política y consecuentemente proporcionaría una plataforma de ataque a este vicio burocrático, siempre que exista la suficiente decisión política de los gobiernos y residentes perjudicados por su existencia. l

Biologia da Arsenura xanthopus (Walker, 1855) ( Lepidoptera - Adelocephalidae ), praga do «Açoita-Cavalo» (Luehea spp.) e notas sôbre seus inimigos naturais

Biology of Arsenura xanthopus (Walker, 1855) (Lep., Adelocephalidae), a pest of Luehea spp. (Tiliaceae), and notes on its natural enemies. In the beginning of 1950, one of the Authors made some observations about the biology of Arsenura xanthopus (Walker), in Piracicaba, State of S. Paulo, Brazil. From 1951 to 1953, both Authors continued the observations on such an important Adelocephalidae, the caterpillars of which represent a serious pest of Luehea spp. leaves. Actually, in some occasions, the caterpillars can destroy completely the leaves of the trees. The species is efficientely controlled by two natural enemies: an egg parasite (Tetrastichus sp., Hym., Eulophidae) and a fly attacking the last instar caterpillar (Winthemia tricolor (van der Wulp), Dip., Tachinidae). Tetrastichus sp. can destroy 100% of the eggs and the fly, 70 to 100% of the caterpillars. Indeed, facts as such are very interesting because we rarely know of a case of so complete a control of a pest by an insect. A. xanthopus had not yet been mentioned in our literature. Actually neither the systematic bibliography nor the economic one has treated of this species. However, a few other species of Arsenura are already known as living on Luehea spp. According to the Authors' observations, W. tricolor was also unknown by the Brazilian entomological literature. Arsenura xanthopus (Walker, 1855) After giving the sinonimy and a few historical data concerning the species, and its geographical distribution, the Authors discuss its placing in the genus Arsenura Duncan or Rhescyntis Huebner, finishing by considering Arsenura xanthopus as a valid name. The Authors put the species in the family Adelocephalidae, as it has been made by several entomologists. The host plant The species of Tiliaceae plants belonging to the genus Luehea are called "açoita-cavalo" and are well known for the usefulness of their largely utilized wood. The genus comprises exclusively American plants, including about 25 species distributed throughout the Latin America. Luehea divaricata Mart, is the best known species and the most commonly cultivated. Biology of Arsenura xanthopus Our observations show that the species passes by 6 larval stages. Eggs and egg-postures, all the 6 instars of the caterpillars as well as the chrysalid are described. The pupal period is the longest of the cycle, taking from 146 to 256 days. Data on the eclosion and habits of the caterpillars are also presented. A redescription of the adult is also given. Our specimens agreed with BOUVIER's description, except in the dimension between the extremities of the extended wings, which is a little shorter (107 mm according to BOUVlErVs paper against from 80 to 100mm in our individuals). Winthemia tricolor (van der Wulp, 1890) Historical data, geographical distribution and host are first related. W. tricolor had as yet a single known host-; Ar^-senura armida (Cramer). This chapter also contains some observations on the biolcn gy of the fly and on its behaviour when trying to lay eggs on the caterpillars' skin. The female of W. tricolor lays from 1 to 33 eggs on the skin of the last instar caterpillar. The mam region of the body where the eggs are laid are the membranous legs. Eggs are also very numerous oh the ventral surface of the thorax and abdomen. The. preference for such regions is easily cleared up considering the position assumed by the caterpillar when fixed motionless in a branch. In such an occasion, the fly approaches, the victim, puts the ovipositor out and lays the eggs on different parts of the body, mainly on the mentioned regions, which are much more easily reached. The eggs of the fly are firmly attached to the host's skin, being almost impossible to detach them, without having them broken. The minute larvae of the fly enter the body of, the host when it transforms into chrysalid. Chrysalids recentely formed and collected in nature f requentely show a few small larvae walking on its skin and looking for an adequate place to get into the body. A few larvae die by remaining in the skin of the caterpillar which is pushed away to some distance by the active movements of the chrysalid recentely formed. From 1 to 10 larvae completely grown may emerge from the attacked chrysalid about 8 days after their penetrating into the caterpillars' body and soon begin to look for an adequate substratum where they can transform themselves into pupae. In natural conditions, the metamorphosis occurs in the soil. The flies appear within 15 days. Tetrastichus sp. This microhymenoptera is economically the most interesting parasite, being commonly able to destroy the whole pos^ ture of the moth. Indeed, some days after the beginning of the infestation of the trees, it is almost impossible to obtain postures completely free of parasites. The active wasp introduces the ovipositor into the egg of the moth, laying its egg inside, from 80 to 120 seconds after having introduced it. A single adult wasp emerges from each egg. Sarcophaga lambens Wiedemann, 1830 During the observations carried out, the Authors obtained 10 flies from a chysalid that were recognized as belonging to the species above. S. lambens is a widely distributed Sarcophagidae, having a long list of hosts. It is commonly obtained from weak or died invertebrates, having no importance as one of their natural enemies. Sinonimy, list of hosts and distribution are presented in this paper. Control of Arsenura xanthopus A test has been carefully made in the laboratory just to find out the best insecticide for controlling A. xanthopus caterpillars. Four different products were experimented (DDT, Pa-rathion, BHC and Fenatox), the best results having been obtained with DDT at 0,25%. However, the Authors believe in spite of the initial damages of the trees, that the application of an insecticide may be harmful by destroying the natural agents of control. A biological desiquilibrium may in this way take place. The introduction of the parasites studied (Tetrastichus sp. and Winthemia tricolor) seems to be the most desirable measure to fight A. xanthopus.