In vitro pre-vascularisation of tissue-engineered constructs: A co-culture perspective

In vitro pre-vascularization is one of the main vascularization strategies in the tissue engineering field. Culturing cells within a tissue-engineered construct (TEC) prior to implantation provides researchers with a greater degree of control over the fate of the cells. However, balancing the diverse range of different cell culture parameters in vitro is seldom easy and in most cases, especially in highly vascularized tissues, more than one cell type will reside within the cell culture system. Culturing multiple cell types in the same construct presents its own unique challenges and pitfalls. The following review examines endothelial-driven vascularization and evaluates the direct and indirect role other cell types have in vessel and capillary formation. The article then analyses the different parameters researchers can modulate in a co-culture system in order to design optimal tissue-engineered constructs to match desired clinical applications.

ISPCAN child abuse screening tool children's version (ICAST-C): Instrument development and multi-national pilot testing

Objective To develop a child victimization survey among a diverse group of child protection experts and examine the performance of the instrument through a set of international pilot studies. Methods The initial draft of the instrument was developed after input from scientists and practitioners representing 40 countries. Volunteers from the larger group of scientists participating in the Delphi review of the ICAST P and R reviewed the ICAST C by email in 2 rounds resulting in a final instrument. The ICAST C was then translated and back translated into six languages and field tested in four countries using a convenience sample of 571 children 12–17 years of age selected from schools and classrooms to which the investigators had easy access. Results The final ICAST C Home has 38 items and the ICAST C Institution has 44 items. These items serve as screeners and positive endorsements are followed by queries for frequency and perpetrator. Half of respondents were boys (49%). Endorsement for various forms of victimization ranged from 0 to 51%. Many children report violence exposure (51%), physical victimization (55%), psychological victimization (66%), sexual victimization (18%), and neglect in their homes (37%) in the last year. High rates of physical victimization (57%), psychological victimization (59%), and sexual victimization (22%) were also reported in schools in the last year. Internal consistency was moderate to high (alpha between .685 and .855) and missing data low (less than 1.5% for all but one item). Conclusions In pilot testing, the ICAST C identifies high rates of child victimization in all domains. Rates of missing data are low, and internal consistency is moderate to high. Pilot testing demonstrated the feasibility of using child self-report as one strategy to assess child victimization. Practice implications The ICAST C is a multi-national, multi-lingual, consensus-based survey instrument. It is available in six languages for international research to estimate child victimization. Assessing the prevalence of child victimization is critical in understanding the scope of the problem, setting national and local priorities, and garnering support for program and policy development aimed at child protection.

Convergence of regenerative medicine and synthetic biology to develop standardized and validated models of human diseases with clinical relevance

In order to progress beyond currently available medical devices and implants, the concept of tissue engineering has moved into the centre of biomedical research worldwide. The aim of this approach is not to replace damaged tissue with an implant or device but rather to prompt the patient's own tissue to enact a regenerative response by using a tissue-engineered construct to assemble new functional and healthy tissue. More recently, it has been suggested that the combination of Synthetic Biology and translational tissue-engineering techniques could enhance the field of personalized medicine, not only from a regenerative medicine perspective, but also to provide frontier technologies for building and transforming the research landscape in the field of in vitro and in vivo disease models.

Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990–2013: Quantifying the epidemiological transition

Background The Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) aims to bring together all available epidemiological data using a coherent measurement framework, standardised estimation methods, and transparent data sources to enable comparisons of health loss over time and across causes, age–sex groups, and countries. The GBD can be used to generate summary measures such as disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE) that make possible comparative assessments of broad epidemiological patterns across countries and time. These summary measures can also be used to quantify the component of variation in epidemiology that is related to sociodemographic development. Methods We used the published GBD 2013 data for age-specific mortality, years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs), and years lived with disability (YLDs) to calculate DALYs and HALE for 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2013 for 188 countries. We calculated HALE using the Sullivan method; 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) represent uncertainty in age-specific death rates and YLDs per person for each country, age, sex, and year. We estimated DALYs for 306 causes for each country as the sum of YLLs and YLDs; 95% UIs represent uncertainty in YLL and YLD rates. We quantified patterns of the epidemiological transition with a composite indicator of sociodemographic status, which we constructed from income per person, average years of schooling after age 15 years, and the total fertility rate and mean age of the population. We applied hierarchical regression to DALY rates by cause across countries to decompose variance related to the sociodemographic status variable, country, and time. Findings Worldwide, from 1990 to 2013, life expectancy at birth rose by 6·2 years (95% UI 5·6–6·6), from 65·3 years (65·0–65·6) in 1990 to 71·5 years (71·0–71·9) in 2013, HALE at birth rose by 5·4 years (4·9–5·8), from 56·9 years (54·5–59·1) to 62·3 years (59·7–64·8), total DALYs fell by 3·6% (0·3–7·4), and age-standardised DALY rates per 100 000 people fell by 26·7% (24·6–29·1). For communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders, global DALY numbers, crude rates, and age-standardised rates have all declined between 1990 and 2013, whereas for non–communicable diseases, global DALYs have been increasing, DALY rates have remained nearly constant, and age-standardised DALY rates declined during the same period. From 2005 to 2013, the number of DALYs increased for most specific non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, in addition to dengue, food-borne trematodes, and leishmaniasis; DALYs decreased for nearly all other causes. By 2013, the five leading causes of DALYs were ischaemic heart disease, lower respiratory infections, cerebrovascular disease, low back and neck pain, and road injuries. Sociodemographic status explained more than 50% of the variance between countries and over time for diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and other common infectious diseases; maternal disorders; neonatal disorders; nutritional deficiencies; other communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases; musculoskeletal disorders; and other non-communicable diseases. However, sociodemographic status explained less than 10% of the variance in DALY rates for cardiovascular diseases; chronic respiratory diseases; cirrhosis; diabetes, urogenital, blood, and endocrine diseases; unintentional injuries; and self-harm and interpersonal violence. Predictably, increased sociodemographic status was associated with a shift in burden from YLLs to YLDs, driven by declines in YLLs and increases in YLDs from musculoskeletal disorders, neurological disorders, and mental and substance use disorders. In most country-specific estimates, the increase in life expectancy was greater than that in HALE. Leading causes of DALYs are highly variable across countries. Interpretation Global health is improving. Population growth and ageing have driven up numbers of DALYs, but crude rates have remained relatively constant, showing that progress in health does not mean fewer demands on health systems. The notion of an epidemiological transition—in which increasing sociodemographic status brings structured change in disease burden—is useful, but there is tremendous variation in burden of disease that is not associated with sociodemographic status. This further underscores the need for country-specific assessments of DALYs and HALE to appropriately inform health policy decisions and attendant actions.

Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Background The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) is the first of a series of annual updates of the GBD. Risk factor quantification, particularly of modifiable risk factors, can help to identify emerging threats to population health and opportunities for prevention. The GBD 2013 provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution. Methods Attributable deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) have been estimated for 79 risks or clusters of risks using the GBD 2010 methods. Risk–outcome pairs meeting explicit evidence criteria were assessed for 188 countries for the period 1990–2013 by age and sex using three inputs: risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL). Risks are organised into a hierarchy with blocks of behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks at the first level of the hierarchy. The next level in the hierarchy includes nine clusters of related risks and two individual risks, with more detail provided at levels 3 and 4 of the hierarchy. Compared with GBD 2010, six new risk factors have been added: handwashing practices, occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, childhood wasting, childhood stunting, unsafe sex, and low glomerular filtration rate. For most risks, data for exposure were synthesised with a Bayesian meta-regression method, DisMod-MR 2.0, or spatial-temporal Gaussian process regression. Relative risks were based on meta-regressions of published cohort and intervention studies. Attributable burden for clusters of risks and all risks combined took into account evidence on the mediation of some risks such as high body-mass index (BMI) through other risks such as high systolic blood pressure and high cholesterol. Findings All risks combined account for 57·2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 55·8–58·5) of deaths and 41·6% (40·1–43·0) of DALYs. Risks quantified account for 87·9% (86·5–89·3) of cardiovascular disease DALYs, ranging to a low of 0% for neonatal disorders and neglected tropical diseases and malaria. In terms of global DALYs in 2013, six risks or clusters of risks each caused more than 5% of DALYs: dietary risks accounting for 11·3 million deaths and 241·4 million DALYs, high systolic blood pressure for 10·4 million deaths and 208·1 million DALYs, child and maternal malnutrition for 1·7 million deaths and 176·9 million DALYs, tobacco smoke for 6·1 million deaths and 143·5 million DALYs, air pollution for 5·5 million deaths and 141·5 million DALYs, and high BMI for 4·4 million deaths and 134·0 million DALYs. Risk factor patterns vary across regions and countries and with time. In sub-Saharan Africa, the leading risk factors are child and maternal malnutrition, unsafe sex, and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing. In women, in nearly all countries in the Americas, north Africa, and the Middle East, and in many other high-income countries, high BMI is the leading risk factor, with high systolic blood pressure as the leading risk in most of Central and Eastern Europe and south and east Asia. For men, high systolic blood pressure or tobacco use are the leading risks in nearly all high-income countries, in north Africa and the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. For men and women, unsafe sex is the leading risk in a corridor from Kenya to South Africa. Interpretation Behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks can explain half of global mortality and more than one-third of global DALYs providing many opportunities for prevention. Of the larger risks, the attributable burden of high BMI has increased in the past 23 years. In view of the prominence of behavioural risk factors, behavioural and social science research on interventions for these risks should be strengthened. Many prevention and primary care policy options are available now to act on key risks.

Breastfeeding duration and authoritative feeding practices in first-time mothers

Background Longer breastfeeding duration appears to have a protective effect against childhood obesity. This effect may be partially mediated by maternal feeding practices during the first years of life. However, the few studies that have examined links between breastfeeding duration and subsequent feeding practices have yielded conflicting results. Objective Using a large sample of first-time mothers and a newly validated, comprehensive measure of maternal feeding (the Feeding Practices and Structure Questionnaire1), this study examined associations between breastfeeding duration and maternal feeding practices at child age 24 months. Methods Mothers (n = 458) enrolled in the NOURISH trial2 provided data on breastfeeding at child age 4, 14 and 24 months, and on feeding practices at 24 months. Structural Equation Modelling was used to examine associations between breastfeeding duration and five non-responsive and four structure-related ‘authoritative’ feeding practices, adjusting for a range of maternal and child characteristics. Results The model showed acceptable fit (χ2/df = 1.68; RMSEA = .04, CFI = .91 and TLI = .89) and longer breastfeeding duration was negatively associated with four out of five non-responsive feeding practices and positively associated with three out of four structure-related feeding practices. Overall, these results suggest that mothers who breastfeed longer reported using more appropriate feeding practices. Conclusion These data demonstrate an association between longer breastfeeding duration and authoritative feeding practices characterised by responsiveness and structure, which may partly account for the apparent protective effect of breastfeeding on childhood obesity.

Moderneja ryijyjä, metritavaraa ja käsityötä : Tekstiilitaide ja nykyaikaistuva taideteollisuus Suomessa maailmansotien välisenä aikana

Modern ryijys, fabric by the yard and handicrafts. Finnish textile art and modernizing applied art during the inter-war years Textile art was in the 1920s and 1930s in the front rank of Finnish applied art and design. Modern ryijys, tapestries and fabrics by the yard by contemporary textile artists were on show in Finland and abroad. Textile art had also become interesting commercially, especially in interior textiles of modern homes. The research uses sources of the Ornamo Association of Decorative Artists, for example the Ornamo year books published from 1927, the Finnish Society of Crafts and Design and the country s only school of applied arts, the Central School of Arts and Crafts and the Museum of Applied Arts maintained by the society and also the national specialist organisation the Friends of Finnish Handicraft. It also refers to the magazines Käsiteollisuus and Kotiliesi. The art historical dissertation studies the renaissance of weaving art of the inter-war years in Finland. It problematizes the relation of the succesfull and appreciated textile art to the concept of breakthrough of Modernism (Functionalism). With the material from textile artists activities it questions the prevailing idea of slow modernization of Finnish applied art and design and challenges the polarization of craft and industry in the discourses of Modernisms of design. The public discussions about modernization of design and applied art where textile art and especially the ryijy got sometimes into difficult positions are interpreted as power struggles. After taking independence in 1917 the Finnish tradition of ryijy rugs was set as a symbol of the original culture of the young nation. The research studies the development of the so called art ryijy and the notions and meanings of hand weaving in the national context and also in relation to contemporary events in international applied art and design. It highlights the continuity of hand crafted production of textiles and the strong position of textile artists working in this field. The research opens new perspectives to Finnish textile artists by showing their activities as entrepreneurs in their own weaving studios or design studios and referring to their many relations and functions as pattern designers and educators in the growing handicraft industries.

Fernando Pessoan ortonyymi ja heteronyymit modernistis-romanttisena myyttinä

Tutkimuksessani selvitän portugalilaisrunoilija Fernando Pessoan (1888-1935) heteronyymejä ja ortonyymiä modernistis-romanttisena myyttinä. Myytin piirteet paljastuivat Pessoan omia kirjoituksia ja runoja tutkimalla ja käyttämällä apuna Pessoa-tutkimusta. Tutkimusaineistonani ovat Pessoa-ortonyymin Mensagem-runoelma ja ”Autopsykografia”-runo, Álvaro de Campoksen vuonna 1917 Portugal Futurista –lehdessä julkaistu ”Ultimatum”-runomanifesti, Alberto Caeiron ”Guardador de Rebanhos”-runosikermä sekä Ricardo Reisin ”Oodit”-kokonaisuuteen kuuluvat runot: n:ro 59 ”Acima da verdade estão os deuses” (”Totuuden yläpuolella ovat jumalat”, 1914), n:ro 66 ”Olho os campos, Neera” (”Katson peltoja, Neera”, 1917), n:ro 181 ”Amo o que vejo” (”Rakastan sitä mitä näen”, 1934), n:ro 175 ”Estas só. Ninguem o sabe.” (”Olet yksin. Kukaan ei tiedä sitä”, 1933). Tutkimuksessani romanttisen runouden keskeisinä piirteinä pidetään uskoa taiteilijaneroon (geniukseen), mimeettiseen illuusioon (taide tavoittelee ulkoisen todellisuuden toisintamista mahdollisimman autenttisena) ja tekijän ja kokijan eli subjektin ja objektin erottamiseen toisistaan. Käsitänkin modernin runon tutkimuksessani hylänneen monia entisiä käsityksiä ja vastakkainasetteluja muun muassa tekijän ja ulkopuolisen maailman, mielen ja kielen välillä. Näitä moderneja ”rikkomuksia” identifioin ja määrittelen Pessoan heteronyymien runoudessa. Tutkimukseni apukäsitteitä ovat vilpittömyys ja autenttisuus, jotka kuvaavat runoilijan suhdetta itseensä ja muihin ja joita on pohtinut mm. Lionel Trilling teoksessaan Sincerity and authencity. Romanttisessa runoudessa suhde yhteisöön muodostui ensisijaisesti suhteessa omaan itseen, yhtenäiseen minuuteen nojaavan vilpittömyyden kautta, modernissa runoudessa hajanaisuutta ja yksilön suhdetta myös yhteisöön korostavan autenttisuuden avulla. Tutkimuksessani havaitsin, että Pessoa on jo tuotantonsa alusta lähtien kehittänyt tietoisesti modernistis-romanttista myyttiä – päätelmää tukivat niin Pessoan omat kirjoitukset kuin runoanalyysini. Pessoa ennusti ensimmäisen kerran romanttiseen nerotaiteilijaan vertautuvaa ”supra-Camõesia” ”A nova poesia Portuguesa Sociologicamente considerada” –esseessään vuonna 1912. Campoksen ”Ultimatum”-manifestissa puhuja uskoi muutaman useita kymmeniä persoonallisuuksia hallitsevan ”Synteesi-Ihmisen” tai ”supra-Camõesin” ilmestymiseen. ”Synteesi-Ihmisen” oli määrä palauttaa kukoistukseensa lamaantuneessa tilassa ollut Portugalin kirjallisuus uuteen kukoistukseensa. Eräänlaisen perustan koko myytille loi vuotta ennen Pessoan kuolemaa julkaistu Mensagem (suom. Viesti), jossa runoilija esittää saudosistisen ja sebastianistisen perustan. Teixeira de Pascoaesin kehittämä saudosismi näkyy Mensagemissa uskona Portugalin valtion perustajien ja laajentajien – löytöretkeilijöiden – edustamaan voittoisaan lusofoniseen mentaliteettiin, jonka Pessoa asettaa niin kansakunnan, runoilijan kuin ihmisen ihanteeksi. Toinen Mensagemissa esiintyvä myytin rakennusaine on sebastianismi eli usko kuningas Sebastianin (1554-1578) paluuseen. ”Synteesi-Ihminen”/”supra-Camões” oli reinkarnoitunut Sebastian, jonka piti palauttaa kansa ja kulttuuri kukoistukseensa lusofonisen valloittajamentaliteetin avulla. ”Autopsykografia”-runossaan Pessoa esittää puolestaan runoilijaa koskevan modernin poetiikan ongelmineen: esittävyyteen perustuva taide etäännyttää kokijan – taiteilijan – aina väistämättä ensimmäisestä, spontaanista ja luonnollisesta kokemuksesta ja tekee hänestä teeskentelijän ja simulakrumien (Baudrillard), toisen tason merkityksen tuottajan. ”Autopsykografian” moderni poetiikka koskee myös lukijaa, joka ei tavoita runoilijan välittämää merkitystä vaan kolmannen tason merkityksen. ”Autopsykografian” runous- ja ihmiskäsitys on moderni: runoilija on ammattimainen teeskentelijä, lähtökohtaisesti vilpillinen ja epäautenttinen. Pessoa ja Campos edustavat Pessoan objektiivisia heteronyymejä ja myytin modernia puolta. Pessoan subjektiiviset heteronyymit Reis ja Caeiro täydentävät objektiviisia, modernin ihmisen ahdistusta ja levottomuutta ilmaisseita Pessoaa ja Camposta ollen luonteeltaan romanttisia vilpittömyyden kannattajia. Caeiro arvosti näköaistia yli muiden aistien. Hänen tavoitteenaan oli katsoa aina kuin ensimmäistä kertaa, spontaanisti ja välittömästi kuin lapsi. Reis puolestaan korosti harmoniaa jumalten, ihmisten ja luonnon välillä ja uskoi kohtuullisiin aistinautintoihin. Molemmat muodostivat Pessoan myytin romanttisen puolen yhteisessä halussaan hylätä sosiaaliset roolit ja opetukset ja palata kohti yksilöllistä minää. Vilpittömyys ja autenttisuus ovat Caeiron ja Reisin ohjeita runoilijalle ja ihmiselle. Objektiiviset ja subjektiiviset heteronyymit yhdessä muodostavat modernistis-romanttisen myytin, joka kokonaisuudessaan on looginen: objektiiviset heteronyymit esittivät teeskentelyn, vilpillisyyden ja moderniuden ongelmat; subjektiiviset tarjosivat ratkaisua niihin, poisopettelua sosiaalisista rooleista ja rohkeutta mennä kohti omaa yksilöllistä minuutta.

"Minäkin olen täällä löyhkäämässä" : Etnisyyden ja ruumiillisuuden representaatiot Veronica Pimenoffin romaanissa Maa ilman vettä

Tutkin työssäni, miten etnisyys ja ruumiillisuus representoituvat Veronica Pimenoffin romaanissa Maa ilman vettä (1999) ja millaisia merkityksiä nämä representaatiot saavat suhteessa kysymyksiin vallasta, väkivallasta, sukupuolesta, seksuaalisuudesta, hyvinvoinnista ja sairaudesta. Tutkimukseni teoreettisena viitekehyksenä on jälkikoloniaalinen teoria. Romaanissa on keskeisellä tavalla kyse konfliktista: nuoruudenystävykset, suomalainen Kristiina ja mosambikilainen Sofia Elena, kohtaavat jälkimmäisen kuolinvuoteella ja käyvät kiivasta kamppailua aatteista ja arvoista. Olen tulkinnut romaanin päähenkilöt allegorisiksi hahmoiksi, jotka edustavat kotimaitaan ja -mantereitaan. Näihin henkilöhahmoihin kiteytyy ominaisuuksia, jotka tavataan hahmottaa stereotyyppisiksi Euroopalle ja Afrikalle. Etnisyys representoituu paitsi Kristiinan ja Sofia Elenan tyypitellyissä luonteenpiirteissä ja käyttäytymismalleissa myös heidän ulkonäkönsä kuvauksessa. Kristiina kuvataan korostetun vaaleana ja Sofia Elena korostetun mustana, minkä voi tulkita kommentoivan imperialistiseen diskurssiin liittyvää binaarista ajattelua. Myös romaanin miehet ovat tulkittavissa allegorisiksi hahmoiksi: Kristiinan mies Otto edustaa vaimonsa tavoin vaurasta Eurooppaa, amerikkalainen pohatta Mark Hunter Yhdysvaltoja ja sen mahtia ja Kristiinan nuoruudenrakastettu Abdel läntistä kuvitelmaa eksoottisesta Orientista. Ruumiillisuus korostuu romaanissa seksuaalisuuden, sairauden ja väkivallan kuvauksissa. Kristiina on seksuaalinen toteuttaja, jonka kokemus omasta ruumiista määräytyy pitkältä eroottisten kokemusten perusteella. Sofia Elenaa taas ei kuvata seksuaalisena hahmona, vaan hänen kehonsa kuvausta hallitsee sairaus. Koska Sofia Elena on allegorinen hahmo, hänen ruumiinsa voi rinnastaa mantereeseen ja sitä riuduttava sairaus prosesseihin, jotka tunkeutuvat yhteiskuntien rakenteisiin ja nakertavat niitä sisältäpäin: hallitsemattomaan kansainväliseen muuttoliikkeeseen, rikollisuuteen ja terrorismiin. Sofia Elenalla on kokemusta myös väkivallasta: hän on sotinut ja pitää väkivaltaa ainoana keinona taistella Länttä vastaan. Romaani välittää kuitenkin pessimistisen kuvan väkivallan mahdollisuudesta vapauttaa (kolmannen maailman) naiset. Pessimistinen kuva välittyy myös ensimmäisen ja kolmannen maailman naisten mahdollisuuksista ymmärtää toisiaan. Nais-Afrikka ja nais-Eurooppa jäävät romaanissa etäälle toisistaan sekä henkisesti että fyysisesti.

Ilse Goldschmidt nee Molling with her sons Ernest and Frank Goldschhmidt on her 80th birthday; Laguna Hills, California.

Left to Right: Ernest Goldschmidt, Ilse Goldschmidt born Molling, and Frank Goldschmidt. The picture was taken on the occasion of Ilse's 80th birthday party 22 Dec 1989 Laguna Hills, CA.

Ilse Goldschmidt nee Molling with her sons Ernest and Frank Goldschhmidt on her 80th birthday; Laguna Hills, California.

Left to Right: Ernest Goldschmidt, Ilse Goldschmidt born Molling, and Frank Goldschmidt. The picture was taken on the occasion of Ilse's 80th birthday party 22 Dec 1989 Laguna Hills, CA.

Bromus catharticus striate mosaic virus: a new mastrevirus infecting Bromus catharticus from Australia.

Although monocotyledonous-plant-infecting mastreviruses (in the family Geminiviridae) are known to cause economically significant crop losses in certain areas of the world, in Australia, they pose no obvious threat to agriculture. Consequently, only a few Australian monocot-infecting mastreviruses have been described, and only two have had their genomes fully sequenced. Here, we present the third full-genome sequence of an Australian monocot-infecting mastrevirus from Bromus catharticus belonging to a distinct species, which we have tentatively named Bromus catharticus striate mosaic virus (BCSMV). Although the genome of this new virus shares only 57.7% sequence similarity with that of its nearest known relative, Digitaria didactyla striate mosaic virus (DDSMV; also from Australia), it has features typical of all other known mastrevirus genomes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that both the full genome and each of its probable expressed proteins group with the two other characterised Australian monocot-infecting mastreviruses. Besides the BCSMV genome sequence revealing that Australian monocot-infecting mastrevirus diversity rivals that seen in Africa, it has enabled us, for the first, to time detect evidence of recombination amongst the Australian viruses. Specifically, it appears that DDSMV possesses a short intergenic region sequence that has been recombinationally derived from either BCSMV or a close relative that has not yet been identified.

Hakoah men's soccer team; Vienna Portraits Men

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