Titrimetric assay of lisinopril in aqueous and non-aqueous media

Four simple titrimetric procedures are described for the determination of lisinopril (LNP) in bulk and in pharmaceuticals based on the neutralization of basic-amino and acidic carboxylic acid groups present in LNP. Method A is based on the neutralization of basic amino groups using perchloric acid as titrant in anhydrous acetic acid medium. Method B, method C and method D are based on neutralization of carboxylic acid group using NaOH, sodium methoxide and methanolic KOH, as titrants, respectively. Method A is applicable over 2.0-20.0 mg range and the calculations are based in the molar ratio of 1:2 (LNP:HClO4). Method B, method C and method D are applicable over 2.0-20.0 mg, 1.0-10.0 mg and 5.0-15.0 mg range, respectively, and their respective molar ratios are 1:1 (LNP:NaOH), 1:2 (LNP:CH3ONa) and 1:1 (LNP:KOH). Intraday and inter day accuracy and precision of the methods were evaluated and the results showed intra- and inter-day precision less than 2.7% (RSD), and accuracy of < 2.5 % (RE). The developed methods were applied to determine LNP in tablets and the results were validated statistically by comparing the results with those of the reference method by applying the Student's t-test and F-test. The accuracy was further ascertained by recovery studies via standard addition technique. No interferences from common tablet exipients was observed.

Seriedebatt i 1950-talets Finland : en studie i barndom, media och reglering

I avhandlingen granskas den debatt som fördes om seriemediet och serieläsandet i Finland från början av 1950-talet till början av 1960-talet. Serietidningen var då ett nytt medium och föranledde en oro beträffande barns läsvanor. ”Seriefrågan” diskuterades i pressen och problematiken engagerade barnskyddsorganisationer och forskare, behandlades i riksdagen och undersöktes av en statlig kommitté. De olika debattuttrycken analyseras i studien. Avhandlingens teoretiska perspektiv är styrningsanalytiskt och bygger på diskussionen om regementalitet (governmentality). I studien granskas hur seriemediet, barndom och regleringen av dessa kom att definieras i behandlingen av det s.k. serieproblemet. Serierna definierades som ett problematiskt medium på ett flertal sätt. De huvudsakliga argumenten mot serierna var dels att de förstörde barns läsförmåga, dels att de budskap som serierna förmedlade till barnen var av fel slag. Enligt kritiken var serierna språkligt fattiga och innehållsmässigt alltför våldsamma. Följaktligen utgjorde serierna ett hot mot barnen. Barnen kom ur detta perspektiv att definieras som inkompetenta medieanvändare och i behov av skydd. I debatten upplyftes olika sätt att lösa och reglera problemet. Man undersökte problematiken och upplyste allmänheten om den, man försökte påverka serieutgivarna och man påkallade censur. Seriedebatten och den verksamhet som debattörerna ägnade sig åt ledde dock inte till synbara resultat, t.ex. ny lagstiftning eller förändringar i seriemarknaden. Ändå dog debatten i början av 1960-talet. Problemet med de serieläsande barnen hanterades m.a.o. genom själva debatten. Samtidigt uteblev mera drastiska former av reglering. Ett övergripande syfte för analysen av den kunskap som skapades i debatten – dess varierande förståelse av seriemedium, barndom och reglering – är att erbjuda infallsvinklar till aktuella diskussioner om och farhågor angående barns mediebruk. Med fokus på bredden hos debattens uttryck och de diskursiva ramarna för problematiseringen av barns serieläsande ger avhandlingen perspektiv på den med jämna mellanrum uppdykande frågeställningen om barns mediebruk.

Information literacy as a social phenomenon in the nursing environment

Abstrakti

Customer reference marketing and utilization of social media as an integral part of customer references

The objective of this Bachelor's Thesis is to find out the role of social media in the B-to-B marketing environment of the information technology industry and to discover how IT-firms utilize social media as a part of their customer reference marketing. To reach the objectives the concepts of customer reference marketing and social media are determined. Customer reference marketing can be characterized as one of the most practically relevant but academically relatively overlooked ways in which a company can leverage its customers and delivered solutions and use them as references in its marketing activities. We will cover which external and internal functions customer references have, that contribute to the growth and performance of B-to-B firms. We also address the three mechanisms of customer reference marketing which are 'status transfer', 'validation through testimonials' and 'demonstration of experience and prior performance'. The concept of social media stands for social interaction and creation of user-based content which exclusively occurs through Internet. The social media are excellent tools for networking because of the fast and easy access, easy interaction and vast amount of multimedia attributes. The allocation of social media is determined. The case company helps clarify the specific characteristics of social media usage as part of customer-reference-marketing activities. For IT-firms the best channels to utilize social media in their customer reference marketing activities are publishing and distribution services of content and networking services.

The effectiveness of short-term literacy skills intervention on children at risk of reading and writing difficulties in Tanzania : a study of grade one children with dynamic assessment approach

The aim of the study was to create and evaluate an intervention programme for Tanzanian children from a low-income area who are at risk of reading and writing difficulties. The learning difficulties, including reading and writing difficulties, are likely to be behind many of the common school problems in Tanzania, but they are not well understood, and research is needed. The design of the study included an identification and intervention phase with follow-up. A group based dynamic assessment approach was used in identifying children at risk of difficulties in reading and writing. The same approach was used in the intervention. The study was a randomized experiment with one experimental and two control groups. For the experimental and the control groups, a total of 96 (46 girls and 50 boys) children from grade one were screened out of 301 children from two schools in a low income urban area of Dar-es-Salaam. One third of the children, the experimental group, participated in an intensive training programme in literacy skills for five weeks, six hours per week, aimed at promoting reading and writing ability, while the children in the control groups had a mathematics and art programme. Follow-up was performed five months after the intervention. The intervention programme and the tests were based on the Zambian BASAT (Basic Skill Assessment Tool, Ketonen & Mulenga, 2003), but the content was drawn from the Kiswahili school curriculum in Tanzania. The main components of the training and testing programme were the same, only differing in content. The training process was different from traditional training in Tanzanian schools in that principles of teaching and training in dynamic assessment were followed. Feedback was the cornerstone of the training and the focus was on supporting the children in exploring knowledge and strategies in performing the tasks. The experimental group improved significantly more (p = .000) than the control groups during the intervention from pre-test to follow-up (repeated measures ANOVA). No differences between the control groups were noticed. The effect was significant on all the measures: phonological awareness, reading skills, writing skills and overall literacy skills. A transfer effect on school marks in Kiswahili and English was found. Following a discussion of the results, suggestions for further research and adaptation of the programme are presented.

Media-antropologian hahmoa hakemassa

Kirja-arvio