Melting of Au and Al in nanometer Fe/Au and Fe/Al multilayers under swift heavy ions: A thermal spike study

Knowing that Fe is sensitive to swift heavy ion irradiations whereas Au and Al are not, the behavior of nanometric metallic multilayer systems, like [Fe(3 nm)/Au(x)](y) and [Fe(3 nm)/Al(x)](y) with x ranging between 1 and 10 mn, were studied within the inelastic thermal spike model. In addition to the usual cylindrical geometry of energy dissipation perpendicular to the ion projectile direction, the heat transport along the ion path was implemented in the electronic and atomic sub-systems. The simulations were performed using three different values of linear energy transfer corresponding to 3 MeV/u of Pb-208, Xe-132 and Kr-84 ions. For the Fe/Au system, evidence of appearance of a molten phase was found in the entire Au layer, provided the Au thickness is less than 7 nm and 3 nm for Pb and Xe ions, respectively. For the Fe/Al(x) system irradiated with Pb ions, the Al layers with a thickness less than 4 nm melt along the entire ion track. Surprisingly, the Fe layer does not melt if the Al thickness is larger than 2 nm, although the deposited energy surpasses the electronic stopping power threshold of track formation in Fe. For Kr ions melting does not occur in any of the multilayer systems.

Salt-assisted microwave demulsification

Experimental data are presented to show the influence of a very small amount of inorganic salt on the demulsification of water-in-oil emulsions. It was found that some inorganic salts could effectively enhance the demulsification efficiency and increase the light transmittance of the water separated from the emulsions. The demulsification efficiency may reach 100% in a very short time under microwave radiation.

Kinetics of acetic acid esterification with 2-ethoxyethanol over an Al-pillared clay catalyst

The Al-pillared clay catalyst obtained by exposing activated clay powder to sulfuric acid and aluminium salts and calcining in air at 373-673 K, was found to be highly active for the title reaction. The results indicated that pillared layer clay of the mixed oxide has been employed as parent catalysts for their definite structure and special properties which can be modified by the substitution of L and B acid sites cations. Solid acid catalyst of Supported aluminium was found to be highly active and selective at the 373-473 K temperature range for heterogeneous esterification. The activity is mainly attributed to the Lewis (and a considerably small number of Bronsted) acid sites whose number and strength increased due to pillaring. The water produced in the esterification can be induced by Al3+, which makes the catalyst surface to form strong B acid. Their acidities are obtained by pH measurement. If only B acid sites are > 70%, and pH < 1 in the 2-ethoxyethanol, there exists an activity of esterification. The used catalyst gave identical results with that of the fresh one. X-ray diffraction spectra show that the composition and active phase of the used catalysts are the same as the fresh ones. The kinetic study of the reaction was carried out by an integral method of analysis. The kinetic equation of surface esterification is y = 2.36x - 0.98.

蔬菜温室土壤某些化学性质的演变特征

To explore the changes of soil chemical properties in vegetable greenhouse,a comparative study was carried out with the samples gathered from vegetable greenhouse fields and their adjacent upland fields in Damintun Town,Xinming County,Liaoning Province.The results showed that compared with upland fields,the contents of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in greenhouse fields increased significantly.At the depth of 0～30 cm,soil organic carbon in greenhouses of 1-,4-and 10-year increased by 31.09%,35.44%,and 66.80%,respectively,compared with the upland soil.Soil nitrate content at the depth of 0～30 cm in greenhouse fields was 5.05～12.49 times as much as that in upland fields.The nitrate content in different soil layers increased with the increasing age of greenhouse field.,e.g.,at the depth of 20～30 cm,soil nitrate content was significantly higher in 10-year than in 1-and 4-year greenhouse field,with an increase of 65.73% and 50.89%,respectively,and 6.55 times as much as that in upland field,which indicated that soil nitrate transported downwards,and obviously enriched in deeper soil layers under heavy application of fertilizer.Also with the increasing age of greenhouse field,soil pH decreased,while soil soluble salts accumulated.

One-Step Ionic Liquid-Assisted Electrochemical Synthesis of Ionic Liquid-Functionalized Graphene Sheet Directly from Graphite

Graphite, inexpensive and available in large quantities, unfortunately does not readily exfoliate to yield individual graphene sheets. Here a mild, one-step electrochemical approach for the preparation of ionic-liquid-functionalized graphite sheets with the assistance of an ionic liquid and water is presented. These ionic-liquid-treated graphite sheets can be exfoliated into functionalized graphene nanosheets that can not only be individuated and homogeneously distributed into polar aprotic solvents, but also need not be further deoxidized. Different types of ionic liquids and different ratios of the ionic liquid to water can influence the properties of the graphene nanosheets. Graphene nanosheet/polystyrene composites synthesized by a liquid-phase blend route exhibit a percolation threshold of 0.1 vol % for room temperature electrical conductivity, and, at only 4.19 vol %, this composite has a conductivity of 13.84 S m(-1), which is 3-15 times that of polystyrene composites filled with single-walled carbon nanotubes.

Tetrahydrothiophenium-based ionic liquids for high efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells

Binary melts of S-ethyltetrahydrothiophenium iodide and dicyanoamide (or tricyanomethide) have been employed for dye-sensitized solar cells with high power conversion efficiencies up to 6.9% under the illumination of AM 1.5G full sunlight. We have further shown that the transport of triiodide in ionic liquids with high iodide concentration is viscosity-dependent in terms of a physical diffusion coupled bond exchange mechanism apart from the simple physical diffusion.

Topological Diversity of Coordination Polymers Containing the Rigid Terephthalate and a Flexible N,N'-Type Ligand: Interpenetration, Polyrotaxane, and Polythreading

Reactions of zinc(II) or cadmium(II) salts with terephthalic acid (H(2)tp) and 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl) propane (bpp) have afforded four coordination polymers at room temperature, [Zn(mu-tp)(mu-bpp)](n)center dot 2nH(2)O (1), [Cd-2(mu-tp)(2)(mu-bpp)(3)](n)center dot 2nH(2)O (2), [Cd(mu-tp)(mu-bpp)(H2O)](n)center dot nH(2)O (3), and [Cd-2(mu-tp)(mu-bpp)(2)(bpp)(2)Br-2](n) (4). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction has revealed interesting topological features for these compounds.

Phase Behavior and self-assembly of poly[N-vinylformamide-co-(acrylic acid)] copolymers under highly acidic conditions

Copolymers of N-vinylformamide and acrylic acid were synthesized by conventional aqueous free-radical polymerization. The phase behavior of the copolymer solutions was investigated through the addition of hydrochloric acid and the variation of the temperature. With a moderate content of N-vinylformamide, the copolymers showed complex phase behaviors. Under low-acidity conditions, a suspending liquid was formed, whereas under high-acidity conditions, the random copolymers could assemble into round nanoparticles with a broad particle size distribution.

Ionic liquids Supported Growth of Highly Ordered Microdroplets Induced by Fluidic Leakage at Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Interfaces

"Fluidic leakage" caused by vacuum force at the reversible sealing poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) interfaces was converted to one useable avenue, which led to formation of highly ordered surfactant microdroplets functionalized with ionic liquids (ILs). Vacuum force is the prerequisite to lead constant microsolutions to diffuse to the PDMS interfaces. Imidazolium ions of ILs rendered structural rearrangement of the surfactant aggregates and the ordered droplets formation.

Palladium within ionic liquid functionalized mesoporous silica SBA-15 and its catalytic application in room-temperature Suzuki coupling reaction

Initially, pore walls of mesoporous silica SBA-15 with template were modified with chlorotrimethylsilane. Then imidazolium salts were similarly incorporated covalently in the inner pore walls of mesoporous silica SBA-15 albeit without the template. Finally, palladium salts were introduced into the pore channels of the previously processed mesoporous silica via electrostatic interaction. The resulting palladium catalysts demonstrated exceptional activity for the room-temperature Suzuki Coupling reaction in aqueous-organic mixed solvents and good recycling ability for at least 4-6 times.

Synthesis and characterisation of novel imidazolium-based ionic liquid crystals with a p-nitroazobenzene moiety

A novel series of compounds with different counter anions, i.e. 1-{[4-(4-nitrophenylazo)phenyloxy]}alkyl-3-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium bromide salts (C-n , n=3, 6, 10) and tetrafluoroborate salts (D-n , n=3, 6, 10), were synthesised by the incorporation of an imidazolium group into paraffin side chain-terminated 4-nitroazobenzene derivatives. Their chemical structures were determined by H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR, UV spectroscopy and elemental analysis.

Preparation of ferrite MFe2O4 (M = Co, Ni) ribbons with nanoporous structure and their magnetic properties

Spinel ferrite, MFe2O4 (M = Co, Ni), ribbons with nanoporous structure were prepared by electrospinning combined with sol-gel technology. The ribbons were formed through the agglomeration of magnetic nanoparticles with PVP as the structure directing template. The length of the polycrystalline ribbons can reach millimeters, and the width of the ribbons can be tuned from several micrometers to several hundred nanometers by changing the concentration of precursor. The nanoporous structure was formed during the decomposition of PVP and inorganic salts.

Strings of interconnected hollow carbon nanoparticles with porous shells prepared using simple solid-phase synthesis

Strings of interconnected hollow carbon nanoparticles with porous shells were prepared by simple heat-treatments of a mixture of resorcinol-formaldehyde gel and transition-metal salts. The sample was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and nitrogen adsorption. Results show that the sample consisted of relatively uniform hollow particles with sizes ranging from 70 to 80 nm forming a strings-of-pearls-like nanostructure. The material with porous shells possessed well-developed graphitic structure with an interlayer (d(002)) spacing of 0.3369 nm and the stack height of the graphite crystallites of 9 nm.

Phase Diagram of [Amim]Cl plus Salt Aqueous Biphasic Systems and Its Application for [Amim]Cl Recovery

In this study, binodal curves and tie line data of [Amim]Cl + salt (K3PO4, K2HPO4, K2CO3) + water aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) were measured and correlated satisfactorily with the Merchuk equation and Othmer-Tobias and Bancroft equations, respectively. [Amim]Cl could be recovered from aqueous solutions using the ABS, and the recovery efficiency could reach 96.80%. The recovery efficiency was influenced by the concentrations of the salts and their Homeister series: K3PO4 > K2HPO4 > K2CO3. Our method provides a new and effective route for the recovery of hydrophilic IL using [Amim]Cl + salt + water ABS from aqueous solutions.

Synchrotron investigation on the sheared structure evolution of syndiotactic polypropylene crystallization process

The final structure of molten syndiotactic polypropylene (sPP) sheared under different conditions was investigated by synchrotron small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide-angle x-ray diffraction (WAXD) techniques to elucidate the shear effects on sPP crystalline structure. The results obtained from the WAXD show that there is no variation on crystalline form but a little difference on the orientation of the 200 reflection. The SAXS data indicate that the lamellar thickness and long period have not been affected by shear but the lamellar orientation is dependent on shear. The experimental data of sPP crystallization from sheared melt may indicate a mesophase structure that is crucial to the shear effects on the final polymer multiscale crystalline structures.