Joint Channel Estimation and Data Detection in MIMO-OFDM Systems: A Sparse Bayesian Learning Approach

The impulse response of wireless channels between the N-t transmit and N-r receive antennas of a MIMO-OFDM system are group approximately sparse (ga-sparse), i.e., NtNt the channels have a small number of significant paths relative to the channel delay spread and the time-lags of the significant paths between transmit and receive antenna pairs coincide. Often, wireless channels are also group approximately cluster-sparse (gac-sparse), i.e., every ga-sparse channel consists of clusters, where a few clusters have all strong components while most clusters have all weak components. In this paper, we cast the problem of estimating the ga-sparse and gac-sparse block-fading and time-varying channels in the sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) framework and propose a bouquet of novel algorithms for pilot-based channel estimation, and joint channel estimation and data detection, in MIMO-OFDM systems. The proposed algorithms are capable of estimating the sparse wireless channels even when the measurement matrix is only partially known. Further, we employ a first-order autoregressive modeling of the temporal variation of the ga-sparse and gac-sparse channels and propose a recursive Kalman filtering and smoothing (KFS) technique for joint channel estimation, tracking, and data detection. We also propose novel, parallel-implementation based, low-complexity techniques for estimating gac-sparse channels. Monte Carlo simulations illustrate the benefit of exploiting the gac-sparse structure in the wireless channel in terms of the mean square error (MSE) and coded bit error rate (BER) performance.

Efficient coupled polynomial interpolation scheme for out-of-plane free vibration analysis of curved beams

The performance of two curved beam finite element models based on coupled polynomial displacement fields is investigated for out-of-plane vibration of arches. These two-noded beam models employ curvilinear strain definitions and have three degrees of freedom per node namely, out-of-plane translation (v), out-of-plane bending rotation (theta(z)) and torsion rotation (theta(s)). The coupled polynomial interpolation fields are derived independently for Timoshenko and Euler-Bernoulli beam elements using the force-moment equilibrium equations. Numerical performance of these elements for constrained and unconstrained arches is compared with the conventional curved beam models which are based on independent polynomial fields. The formulation is shown to be free from any spurious constraints in the limit of `flexureless torsion' and `torsionless flexure' and hence devoid of flexure and torsion locking. The resulting stiffness and consistent mass matrices generated from the coupled displacement models show excellent convergence of natural frequencies in locking regimes. The accuracy of the shear flexibility added to the elements is also demonstrated. The coupled polynomial models are shown to perform consistently over a wide range of flexure-to-shear (EI/GA) and flexure-to-torsion (EI/GJ) stiffness ratios and are inherently devoid of flexure, torsion and shear locking phenomena. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Enhanced UV detection by non-polar epitaxial GaN films

Nonpolar a-GaN (11-20) epilayers were grown on r-plane (1-102) sapphire substrates using plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy. High resolution x-ray diffractometer confirmed the orientation of the grown film. Effect of the Ga/N ratio on the morphology and strain of a-GaN epilayers was compared and the best condition was obtained for the nitrogen flow of 1 sccm. Atomic force microscopy was used to analyze the surface morphology while the strain in the film was quantitatively measured using Raman spectroscopy and qualitatively analyzed by reciprocal space mapping technique. UV photo response of a-GaN film was measured after fabricating a metal-semiconductor-metal structure over the film with gold metal. The external quantum efficiency of the photodetectors fabricated in the (0002) polar and (11-20) nonpolar growth directions were compared in terms of responsivity and nonpolar GaN showed the best sensitivity at the cost of comparatively slow response time. (C) 2015 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

Room-temperature ferromagnetic semiconductor MnxGa1-xSb

Ferromagnetic semiconductor MnxGa1-xSb single crystals were fabricated by Mn-ions implantation, deposition, and the post annealing. Magnetic hysteresis-loops in the MnxGa1-xSb single crystals were obtained at room temperature (300 K). The structure of the ferromagnetic semiconductor MnxGa1-xSb single crystal was analyzed by Xray diffraction. The distribution of carrier concentrations in MnxGa1-xSb was investigated by electrochemical capacitance- voltage profiler. The content of Mn in MnxGa1-xSb varied gradually from x = 0.09 near the surface to x = 0 in the wafer inner analyzed by X-ray diffraction. Electrochemical capacitance-voltage profiler reveals that the concentration of p-type carriers in MnxGa1-xSb is as high as 1 1021 cm-3, indicating that most of the Mn atoms in MnxGa1-xSb take the site of Ga, and play a role of acceptors.

Synthesis of carbon 'onions' in water.

The fabrication of carbon nanomaterials usually calls for expensive vacuum systems to generate plasmas and yields are disappointingly low. Here we describe a simple method for producing high-quality spherical carbon nano-'onions' in large quantities without the use of vacuum equipment. The nanoparticles, which have C60 cores surrounded by onion-like nested particles, are generated by an arc discharge between two graphite electrodes submerged in water. This technique is economical and environmentally benign, and produces uncontaminated nanoparticles which may be useful in many applications.

Template-free electrochemical nanofabrication of polyaniline nanobrush and hybrid polyaniline with carbon nanohorns for supercapacitors.

Polyaniline (PANI) nanobrushes were synthesized by template-free electrochemical galvanostatic methods. When the same method was applied to the carbon nanohorn (CNH) solution containing aniline monomers, a hybrid nanostructure containing PANI and CNHs was enabled after electropolymerization. This is the first report on the template-free method to make PANI nanobrushes and homogeneous hybrid soft matter (PANI) with carbon nanoparticles. Raman spectroscopy was used to analyze the interaction between CNH and PANI. Electrochemical nanofabrication offers simplicity and good control when used to make electronic devices. Both of these materials were applied in supercapacitors and an improvement capacitive current by using the hybrid material was observed.

液体金属吸附促进位错发射的分子动力学研究

结果表明，Al吸附Ga后可使发现位错的临界应力强度因子从K_(Ie)=0.5MPam~(1/2)降为K_(Ie)(L)=0.4Mpam~(1/2)；对Cu则从K_(Ie)=0.55MPam~(1/2)降为K_(Ie)(L)=0.45MPam~(1/2)，即Ga吸附后能促进位错的发现。另外，吸附Ga之后裂尖前方容易产生空位团及Frank位错。

Estudio de tres concentraciones de GA3, dos concentraciones de BAP y las consistencias líquida y semisólida del medio nutritivo en la micropropagación de clones de yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

El presente trabajo se realizó en el Laboratorio de Cultivo de Tejidos Vegetales del Programa Recursos Genéticos Nicaragüenses (REGEN), ubicado en la Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA). El experimento se evaluó en dos fases, en la primera fase se estudió el comportamiento in vitro de ápices de los clones de yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) MCol-22, Okra y Portland cultivados en un medio nutritivo MS (Murashige y Skoog, 1962) con concentraciones de 0.00 mg/1 y 0.040 mg/1 de BAP (6-bencil aminopurina) y concentraciones de 0.05 mg/1 0.10 mgfl y 0.20 mg/1 de GA3 (ácido giberélico). En la segunda fase se evaluó el comportamiento de cuatro clones (C6-1141, MCol-1505, MCol-2215 y MMex-59) en las consistencias de medio nutritivo semisólida y líquida. A través del estudio se determinó que el genotipo es un factor muy importante sobre la respuesta organogénica de los tejidos cultivados in vitro. Sin embargo, es posible definir medios nutritivos para grupos de clones, facilitando así el proceso de micropropagación de especies de importancia económica como la yuca. Los clones que sobresalieron en la primera fase fueron el Portland y MCol- 22. Con respecto al efecto del BAP la concentración 0.04 mg/1 predominó sobre la concentración 0.00 mg/1, para todas las variables evaluadas en el ensayo. Así mismo, la concentración 0.10 mg/1 de GA 3 resultó la más efectiva. Por otra parte, de las consistencias de medios nutritivos evaluados en la segunda fase, se determinó que la consistencia semisólida dió mejor resultado sobre el número de raíces y la consistencia líquida tuvo mayor influencia sobre la variable altura de planta.

Scanning transmission electron microscopy investigation of the Si(111)/AlN interface grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy

The structure and chemistry of the interface between a Si(111) substrate and an AlN(0001) thin film grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy have been investigated at a subnanometer scale using high-angle annular dark field imaging and electron energy-loss spectroscopy. 〈1120̄〉AlN ∥ 〈110〉Si and 〈0001〉AlN ∥ 〈111〉 Si epitaxial relations were observed and an Al-face polarity of the AlN thin film was determined. Despite the use of Al deposition on the Si surface prior to the growth, an amorphous interlayer of composition SiNx was identified at the interface. Mechanisms leading to its formation are discussed. © 2010 American Institute of Physics.

Estudio de la fenología de la planta de café (Coffea arabica L.) para el buen manejo de la finca

El estudio se realizó en el Centro de Capacitación y Servicio Regional Pacífico (Jardín Botánico) ubicado en la ciudad de Masatepe, en el periodo del mes de junio del 2000 a febrero del 2001. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue caracterizar cada lote de café en estudio en base a sus aspectos agro ecológicos. Se trabajó con seis lotes de café ya establecidos y en plena producción con diferentes manejos, distancia de siembra, niveles de sombra y variedades. La metodología a aplicar contempla cuatro puntos por lote y dos plantas por punto; tomando a cada una, variables de: altura de planta, número de pisos, longitud de bandola, número de hojas por bandola y diámetro del tallo. Los mejores resultados fueron encontrados en: el lote Guanacaste (GU) con la variedad Catrenic con 55 por ciento de sombra obtuvo aumento de 42.88 cm en su altura. En cuanto a la variable número de pisos, del lote con las variedades Pacas y Caturra•(P&C), con 61 por ciento de sombra, la variedad Caturra obtuvo un aumento de 6.75 pisos. En longitud de bandola la variedad Pacas, del P&C aumento 11.75 cm. En la variable número de hojas, el de mayor aumento es el lote Gato (GA) con la variedad Catuaí amarillo con 10 hojas (47 por ciento de sombra). En cuanto al diámetro el de mayor aumento es el lote Salchicha vegetal (SV) con 0.72 cm. Hay que destacar que los lotes antes mencionados están entre 8, 9 y 14 años de vida y con dos recepos realizados, en su mayoría, con dos verticales por planta. Cabe destacar que los crecimientos antes mencionados corresponden a los aumentos promedios totales de los lotes en todo el periodo de estudio. Se concluye que los mejores lotes son el Gato (GA) y el Guanacaste (GU), pues son dos variedades adaptadas a la zona y presentan un ambiente optimo que favorece a su desarrollo, seguido del lote Pacas y Caturra (P&C) que se comportó de manera satisfactoria.

Caracterizacion molecular de 52 accesiones de yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) usando nueve marcadores tipo SSR, CNIAB-INTA, Nicaragua

Se realizó un estudio para determinar la variabilidad genética de 35 accesiones de yuca colectadas en territorio nicaragüense, se incluyó como material de referencia 14 accesiones introducidas del Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Colombia y 3 introducidas de Brasil, con el objetivo de identificar duplicidad de accesiones y comparar la estructura genética de las accesiones colectadas en Nicaragua. Los análisis de diversidad se obtuvieron de los datos de 9 m arcadores microsatélitestipo SSR. Se detectó un total de 47 alelos en los nueve microsatélites, el número de alelos varió de 3 a 9, con un valor medio de 5. El índice de diversidad genética fue alto de 0.61. El valor promedio del PIC fue de 0.60, demostrando que los marcadores más informativos y polimórficos fueron el SSRY 100, GA-131y GA-12, con alto poder de discriminación. El análisis molecular de varianza mostró que la mayor diferencia existe dentro del grupo, no así entre grupo. La mayor distancia genética determinada entre los grupos fue entre el grupo de Matagalpa con las Internacionales, presentando menor distancia las RAAS con las Rio San Juan, mientras que el grupo de Río San Juan y RAAS, presentaron la mayor identidad genética. El análisis de conglomerado mostró un coeficiente de correlación cofenética de 0.82 el cual agrupo ó seis grupos genéticamente idénticos. La información genética obtenida permitirá reducir las accesiones idénticas y seleccionar las de interés genético, para garantizar un manejo sostenible de los recursos que se dispone en el banco de germoplasma del Centro Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria y Biotecnología (CNIAB) del Instituto Nicaragüense de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA).

Reguladores de crecimiento, L-cisteina y ácido ascórbico en el cultivo in vitro de Mora (Rubus glaucus Benth)

El presente trabajo se llevó a cabo en el laboratorio de cultivo de tejidos vegetales del Programa de Recursos Genéticos Nicaragüen ses (REGEN) de la Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional Agraria, Managua, Nicaragua, con el objetivo de adoptar la técnica de propagación in vitro del cultivo de mora e introducir la variedad Rizaralda. El material vegetal fue traído de la Universidad Nacional de Pereira, Colombia. Los explantes fueron desinfectados y estableci dos en un medio MS semisólido suplementado con 1 mg/l de BAP y 0.3 mg/l de GA 3 . El ensayo se desarrolló en dos fases. En la primera fase (fase de multiplicación) se evaluaron diferentes concentraciones de las fitohormonas BAP y GA 3 ; la vitamina acido ascórbico y el aminoácido (L–cisteina). La combinación hormonal BAP 2.5 mg/l y GA 3 0.03 mg/l fue el mejor tratamiento, lográndose una producción de hijos de 3.13 en promedio. En la segunda fase (enraizamiento) se evaluaron las fitohormonas AIA, IBA y ANA, asi como la consis tencia del medio; obteniéndose un 100 % de plantas enraizadas con un promedio de 6.98 raíces por planta con 1.4 mg/l de IBA en medio semisolido.

Un testigo directo de las tensiones religiosas en la Alejandría de los siglos IV y V D.C. : Páladas de Alejandría en la Antología Palatina

Abstract: Although he is the most prolific writer of the Greek Anthology, Palladas’ life is almost unknown. But, in spite of the limited biographical data, his work has fortunately been preserved in the GA. Because of his literary creation, the old times rewarded him with the nickname Μετέωρος, high, since the literary merits of a hundred poems of his authorship was recognized (others are discussed by critics). A dozen of them contains invaluable information about the political, religious and social situation in Alexandria immediately after the victory of the bishop Theophilus, Cyril’s predecessor and uncle, during the conflict between Christians and Gentiles, each sector backed up by an Alexandrian population segment (cfr. 9.528, 10.82, 10.85) . Resigned at times, constantly demanding, Palladas complains about the decline of the belief professed by him due to the increasing penetration of the new faith. Therefore, four epigrams record the conversion of the temple of Tyche into a tavern (9.180-183) and 10.90 seems to attack the doctrine of the Resurrection. When religion and politics go hand-in-hand, when religious conspiracies link up with palace intrigues, consequences are predictable: a man called Doroteo denounced him for his negative response to the new dogma, which caused him the loss of his teacher paid work. His annoyance was even greater with further sufferings, chiefly economic, and he had to sell his books (9.171 and 9.175) among other desperate decisions Forewarned about his radical bitterness against Church, it is just to make clear that he is not fully acquiescent with ancient gods and heroes. Thus, in 5.257 he questions Zeus’ ars amandi, in 9.377 refutes Tantalus’ possibility of thirst and hunger in Hades and 9.773 mischievously points out that Eros has been changed into a pan. The work begins with the selection, personal translation and comprehensive analysis of twenty two epigrams. Through such philological aid, we attempt to verify the frictions and the main perceptible factors in his poetic creation to justify his worldview, according to the pagan sentiment widespread in that time before the twilight already overwhelming of its ailing traditions