La movilidad social generacional subjetiva y las expectativas sobre el futuro (Brasil, Rusia, India comparadas con España, Italia y Gran Bretaña)

La percepción subjetiva de la movilidad social intergeneracional (ascendente, inmóvil o descendente) es un elemento importante para comprender la percepción que los individuos tienen de la sociedad en la que viven. De hecho, es al considerar las expectativas sobre el futuro cuando mejor pueden comprenderse las reacciones sociales en el presente.

Il valore del voto: Italia e Spagna nel dibattito sulla rappresentanza politica liberale (1860-1870)

During the 1860's and 1870's, Spain and Italy experienced a convergence of debates on the significance of political representation in the framework of Liberal State. Spain suffered a political and social crisis, ending with the Revolution of 1868 and the adoption of male universal suffrage in 1878. Its coeval Italy began to build its new Kingdom, anxious about state building, as well as the relevance of electoral processes in the Constitutional scheme. Although members of parliament and essayists of both countries well knew their neighbour's political reality, a dialogue on representation didn't occur. Nonetheless, we believe it is useful to analyse the survey drawn by the Italian publicist in the light of current knowledge of the opinions that prevailed in Spain. What sense did they give to the general election? How did they understand the value of the vote? Who were considered eligible voters? These questions comprise the main subjects of the essay.

Antiausteridad y protesta en el contexto de la crisis económica y política en España e Italia

The crisis affecting European Union, and especially Mediterranean countries, is both an economic and a political crisis. In a broad sense, we can look at the crisis as the result of an internal crisis of the neoliberal model, exacerbating the perceived subordination of politics to the economy, and therefore the deficit of legitimacy and involvement that characterizes both European and national institutions. The decline in support for traditional political organizations and reduction of conventional political participation is accompanied by a process of reinvention of politics, which takes form in grass-root, non conventional participation. New political actors challenge economic and political institution and claim for a renewal of democracy and for a new relation between economy and politics. The article, after comparing steps and dimension of crisis, explores the characteristics of anti- austerity movements in Spain and in Italy, analyzing differences and similarities. Finally, we locate the movilization occurred in these two countries within the context of the global cycles of protest.

La empresa social en España y en Italia durante la crisis ¿un laboratorio de innovación económica y social?

En este artículo analizamos el desarrollo de empresa social en España e Italia en el marco de la crisis económica y social, en términos de difusión y marco jurídico. De esta manera, definimos los confines del “ecosistema” de la empresa social en los dos países e identificamos elementos comunes y especifidades. La hipótesis es que la empresa social representa una herramienta de generación de respuestas proactivas a la crisis, impulsando trayectorias de innovación económica y social, y contribuyendo a un modelo de desarrollo económica y socialmente sostenible. La innovación surge de la capacidad de las empresas sociales de generar respuestas innovativas a demandas emergentes, de su capacidad de crear al mismo tiempo valor social y económico, de satisfacer necesidades individuales y colectivas, de activar dinámicas de cambio de medio y largo plazo, de estimular dinámicas de emprendimiento, de empoderamiento y de valorización en el territorio. Sin embargo, el carácter innovador de la empresa social no surge simplemente de una empresarializacción del Tercer Sector tradicional, y mucho menos como consecuencia de la transferencia de servicios fundamentales del estado a asociaciones, cooperativas y empresas sociales, si con eso se persigue el simple objetivo de reducción de los gastos públicos. Al contrario, detrás de la retórica de la innovación social se puedan esconder proyectos de reducción de los gastos de servicios a través de la reducción de los salarios y de la cualidad de los servicios. El artículo, a partir de la comparación de la difusión del fenómeno y de las perspectivas de desarrollo en España y en Italia, termina con una reflexión crítica sobre las luces y sombras, los riesgos y las oportunidades, relacionados con la difusión de la empresa social, o sea, de la integración de la acción solidaria y la acción económica en prácticas que son al mismo tiempo empresariales y con finalidades sociales.

Penmanship specimens, 1786-1787

This folder contains two penmanship specimens dated 1786 and 1787.

Financial bills and receipts, 1785-1786

This folder contains eight bills and receipts including five receipts for payment by William Croswell for the costs of boarding Croswell's brother Nathaniel.

Payment order for Ephraim Eliot on behalf of Thomas Adams, 1786 June 28

Handwritten order to John Sale to pay the bearer the specified amount signed by Charles Chauncey, John Clarke, Jonathan Williams, and James Thwing. The verso is signed by Ephraim Eliot on behalf of student Thomas Adams (Harvard AB 1788).

Quarter bills for Stephen Moody signed by Steward Caleb Gannett, 1786-1789

Four printed quarter bills for Stephen Moody (Harvard AB 1790) with sizing and punishment totals, each signed by Steward Caleb Gannett.

Quarter bills for Daniel Marrett signed by Steward Caleb Gannett, 1786-1790

Fourteen printed quarter bills for Daniel Marrett (Harvard AB 1790) with sizing and punishment totals, signed by Steward Caleb Gannett.

[Admittatur of Thomas Gray (Harvard AB 1790)], 1786 July 15

Published copy of the 1790 College Laws, bound in modern board binding, with the admittatur of undergraduate Thomas Gray signed by President Joseph Willard on July 15, 1786.

Annotated almanac, 1786

Almanac has sporadic annotations and is accompanied by a gathering of unruled paper. The gathering contains entries of baptisms and burials, accounting records and notes of household activities, including entries related to boarders. There is a receipt signed by Sally Robinson for payment of wages by Hannah Winthrop among the entries.

[Yearly salaries for 1786 to 1796 of the Tutors and Treasurer, 1802]

One leaf containing a handwritten list of the salaries of Harvard tutors and treasurers for the years 1786 to 1796. The paper includes the inscription "Tracy."