669 resultados para Cartel spillover


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Research and development (R&D) has a well-documented positive impact on growth and productivity; private and spillover R&D benefits to the UK economy are estimated at £9.8 billion annually. Governments increasingly recognise the benefits of supporting private R&D investment, but with constrained public spending the available funds have to be targeted effectively.

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At least since the seminal works of Jacob Mincer, labor economists have sought to understand how students make higher education investment decisions. Mincer’s original work seeks to understand how students decide how much education to accrue; subsequent work by various authors seeks to understand how students choose where to attend college, what field to major in, and whether to drop out of college.

Broadly speaking, this rich sub-field of literature contributes to society in two ways: First, it provides a better understanding of important social behaviors. Second, it helps policymakers anticipate the responses of students when evaluating various policy reforms.

While research on the higher education investment decisions of students has had an enormous impact on our understanding of society and has shaped countless education policies, students are only one interested party in the higher education landscape. In the jargon of economists, students represent only the `demand side’ of higher education---customers who are choosing options from a set of available alternatives. Opposite students are instructors and administrators who represent the `supply side’ of higher education---those who decide which options are available to students.

For similar reasons, it is also important to understand how individuals on the supply side of education make decisions: First, this provides a deeper understanding of the behaviors of important social institutions. Second, it helps policymakers anticipate the responses of instructors and administrators when evaluating various reforms. However, while there is substantial literature understanding decisions made on the demand side of education, there is far less attention paid to decisions on the supply side of education.

This dissertation uses empirical evidence to better understand how instructors and administrators make decisions and the implications of these decisions for students.

In the first chapter, I use data from Duke University and a Bayesian model of correlated learning to measure the signal quality of grades across academic fields. The correlated feature of the model allows grades in one academic field to signal ability in all other fields allowing me to measure both ‘own category' signal quality and ‘spillover' signal quality. Estimates reveal a clear division between information rich Science, Engineering, and Economics grades and less informative Humanities and Social Science grades. In many specifications, information spillovers are so powerful that precise Science, Engineering, and Economics grades are more informative about Humanities and Social Science abilities than Humanities and Social Science grades. This suggests students who take engineering courses during their Freshman year make more informed specialization decisions later in college.

In the second chapter, I use data from the University of Central Arkansas to understand how universities decide which courses to offer and how much to spend on instructors for these courses. Course offerings and instructor characteristics directly affect the courses students choose and the value they receive from these choices. This chapter reveals the university preferences over these student outcomes which best explain observed course offerings and instructors. This allows me to assess whether university incentives are aligned with students, to determine what alternative university choices would be preferred by students, and to illustrate how a revenue neutral tax/subsidy policy can induce a university to make these student-best decisions.

In the third chapter, co-authored with Thomas Ahn, Peter Arcidiacono, and Amy Hopson, we use data from the University of Kentucky to understand how instructors choose grading policies. In this chapter, we estimate an equilibrium model in which instructors choose grading policies and students choose courses and study effort given grading policies. In this model, instructors set both a grading intercept and a return on ability and effort. This builds a rich link between the grading policy decisions of instructors and the course choices of students. We use estimates of this model to infer what preference parameters best explain why instructors chose estimated grading policies. To illustrate the importance of these supply side decisions, we show changing grading policies can substantially reduce the gender gap in STEM enrollment.

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BACKGROUND: In light of evidence showing reduced criminal recidivism and cost savings, adult drug treatment courts have grown in popularity. However, the potential spillover benefits to family members are understudied. OBJECTIVES: To examine: (1) the overlap between parents who were convicted of a substance-related offense and their children's involvement with child protective services (CPS); and (2) whether parental participation in an adult drug treatment court program reduces children's risk for CPS involvement. METHODS: Administrative data from North Carolina courts, birth records, and social services were linked at the child level. First, children of parents convicted of a substance-related offense were matched to (a) children of parents convicted of a nonsubstance-related offense and (b) those not convicted of any offense. Second, we compared children of parents who completed a DTC program with children of parents who were referred but did not enroll, who enrolled for <90 days but did not complete, and who enrolled for 90+ days but did not complete. Multivariate logistic regression was used to model group differences in the odds of being reported to CPS in the 1 to 3 years following parental criminal conviction or, alternatively, being referred to a DTC program. RESULTS: Children of parents convicted of a substance-related offense were at greater risk of CPS involvement than children whose parents were not convicted of any charge, but DTC participation did not mitigate this risk. Conclusion/Importance: The role of specialty courts as a strategy for reducing children's risk of maltreatment should be further explored.

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This dissertation contributes to the rapidly growing empirical research area in the field of operations management. It contains two essays, tackling two different sets of operations management questions which are motivated by and built on field data sets from two very different industries --- air cargo logistics and retailing.

The first essay, based on the data set obtained from a world leading third-party logistics company, develops a novel and general Bayesian hierarchical learning framework for estimating customers' spillover learning, that is, customers' learning about the quality of a service (or product) from their previous experiences with similar yet not identical services. We then apply our model to the data set to study how customers' experiences from shipping on a particular route affect their future decisions about shipping not only on that route, but also on other routes serviced by the same logistics company. We find that customers indeed borrow experiences from similar but different services to update their quality beliefs that determine future purchase decisions. Also, service quality beliefs have a significant impact on their future purchasing decisions. Moreover, customers are risk averse; they are averse to not only experience variability but also belief uncertainty (i.e., customer's uncertainty about their beliefs). Finally, belief uncertainty affects customers' utilities more compared to experience variability.

The second essay is based on a data set obtained from a large Chinese supermarket chain, which contains sales as well as both wholesale and retail prices of un-packaged perishable vegetables. Recognizing the special characteristics of this particularly product category, we develop a structural estimation model in a discrete-continuous choice model framework. Building on this framework, we then study an optimization model for joint pricing and inventory management strategies of multiple products, which aims at improving the company's profit from direct sales and at the same time reducing food waste and thus improving social welfare.

Collectively, the studies in this dissertation provide useful modeling ideas, decision tools, insights, and guidance for firms to utilize vast sales and operations data to devise more effective business strategies.

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In the first third of the 20th century, Spain entered into modernity thanks to the positive state of its economic, cultural and social domains after the First World War. The objective of this article is to understand the role of artistic advertisements in the transformation of Spanish society that occurred during the decade of the ‘20s. My study of the illustrated magazine La Esfera has revealed that illustrated advertisements spread fashion, fostered sports and outdoors life, created the habit of smoking among women and had an educational influence that was powerful enough to change hygienic practices among children.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-08

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Urban areas such as megacities (those with populations greater than 10 million) are hotspots of global water use and thus face intense water management challenges. Urban areas are influenced by local interactions between human and natural systems and interact with distant systems through flows of water, food, energy, people, information, and capital. However, analyses of water sustainability and the management of water flows in urban areas are often fragmented. There is a strong need to apply integrated frameworks to systematically analyze urban water dynamics and factors that influence these dynamics. We apply the framework of telecoupling (socioeconomic and environmental interactions over distances) to analyze urban water issues, using Beijing as a demonstration megacity. Beijing exemplifies the global water sustainability challenge for urban settings. Like many other cities, Beijing has experienced drastic reductions in quantity and quality of both surface water and groundwater over the past several decades; it relies on the import of real and virtual water from sending systems to meet its demand for clean water, and releases polluted water to other systems (spillover systems). The integrative framework we present demonstrates the importance of considering socioeconomic and environmental interactions across telecoupled human and natural systems, which include not only Beijing (the water-receiving system) but also water-sending systems and spillover systems. This framework helps integrate important components of local and distant human–nature interactions and incorporates a wide range of local couplings and telecouplings that affect water dynamics, which in turn generate significant socioeconomic and environmental consequences, including feedback effects. The application of the framework to Beijing reveals many research gaps and management needs. We also provide a foundation to apply the telecoupling framework to better understand and manage water sustainability in other cities around the world.

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The governance of climate adaptation involves the collective efforts of multiple societal actors to address problems, or to reap the benefits, associated with impacts of climate change. Governing involves the creation of institutions, rules and organizations, and the selection of normative principles to guide problem solution and institution building. We argue that actors involved in governing climate change adaptation, as climate change governance regimes evolve, inevitably must engage in making choices, for instance on problem definitions, jurisdictional levels, on modes of governance and policy instruments, and on the timing of interventions. Yet little is known about how and why these choices are made in practice, and how such choices affect the outcomes of our efforts to govern adaptation. In this introduction we review the current state of evidence and the specific contribution of the articles published in this Special Feature, which are aimed at bringing greater clarity in these matters, and thereby informing both governance theory and practice. Collectively, the contributing papers suggest that the way issues are defined has important consequences for the support for governance interventions, and their effectiveness. The articles suggest that currently the emphasis in adaptation governance is on the local and regional levels, while underscoring the benefits of interventions and governance at higher jurisdictional levels in terms of visioning and scaling-up effective approaches. The articles suggest that there is a central role of government agencies in leading governance interventions to address spillover effects, to provide public goods, and to promote the long-term perspectives for planning. They highlight the issue of justice in the governance of adaptation showing how governance measures have wide distributional consequences, including the potential to amplify existing inequalities, access to resources, or generating new injustices through distribution of risks. For several of these findings, future research directions are suggested.

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Esta tesis estudia los efectos de la heterogeneidad del paisaje (contexto) sobre la diversidad de las especies de artrópodos y su estructura trófica en agro-ecosistemas. Específicamente, se evaluó la función de los habitats no-cultivados adyacentes a los cultivos, como los alambrados, en el mantenimiento de la diversidad artrópodos mediante la modificación de los efectos de derrame (spillover) en las interfaces entre los cultivos y los habitats no-cultivados. A escala de paisaje, se presentan evidencias de la influencia de la heterogeneidad del paisaje sobre los componentes aditivos de la diversidad total (diversidad fÁ) : la riqueza local (diversidad f¿) y el reemplazo de especies (diversidad fÀ). Así, la diversidad fÀ explicó una parte importante de la variación en la diversidad total del paisaje, reflejando los cambios en el área y la densidad de los habitats no-cultivados. A escala de lote, la riqueza local y la estructura trófica de las comunidades de artrópodos variaron en función de la posición en el lote (centro, borde y alambrado) y el tipo del cultivo. Estos resultados indican que los alambrados son elementos clave en los paisajes agrícolas para mantener la riqueza regional de artrópodos. Por otra parte, se demostró que los efectos de spillover modifican los patrones de diversidad incrementando la riqueza de especies en los márgenes de los cultivos, actuando los alambrados como fuente de especies que mitigan el impacto negativo del manejo agrícola. Por último, la riqueza de especies de los ensambles de artrópodos parasíticos aumentó con la heterogeneidad del paisaje. El aumento de la frecuencia de asociaciones minador-parasitoide contribuyó a la regulación biológica de un herbívoro novel. Los resultados presentados aqui son relevantes no solo para los paisajes rurales pampeanos (grano grueso, lotes extensos, uso de la tierra heterogéneo y alta intensificación agricola), sino también para entender los factores que definen la diversidad de los ensambles de artrópodos y su relación con la provisión de servicios ecosistemicos

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The financial crisis of 2007-2008 led to extraordinary government intervention in firms and markets. The scope and depth of government action rivaled that of the Great Depression. Many traded markets experienced dramatic declines in liquidity leading to the existence of conditions normally assumed to be promptly removed via the actions of profit seeking arbitrageurs. These extreme events motivate the three essays in this work. The first essay seeks and fails to find evidence of investor behavior consistent with the broad 'Too Big To Fail' policies enacted during the crisis by government agents. Only in limited circumstances, where government guarantees such as deposit insurance or U.S. Treasury lending lines already existed, did investors impart a premium to the debt security prices of firms under stress. The second essay introduces the Inflation Indexed Swap Basis (IIS Basis) in examining the large differences between cash and derivative markets based upon future U.S. inflation as measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI). It reports the consistent positive value of this measure as well as the very large positive values it reached in the fourth quarter of 2008 after Lehman Brothers went bankrupt. It concludes that the IIS Basis continues to exist due to limitations in market liquidity and hedging alternatives. The third essay explores the methodology of performing debt based event studies utilizing credit default swaps (CDS). It provides practical implementation advice to researchers to address limited source data and/or small target firm sample size.

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Mestrado em Contabilidade e Análise Financeira

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Reflexiones curriculares sobre la versión 2 de los Derechos básicos de aprendizaje y la versión preliminar de las mallas de aprendizajes. Estas reflexiones giran alrededor de la coherencia interna y externa de estos documentos y el contexto curricular en el que se enmarcan.

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Esta tesis estudia los efectos de la heterogeneidad del paisaje (contexto) sobre la diversidad de las especies de artrópodos y su estructura trófica en agro-ecosistemas. Específicamente, se evaluó la función de los habitats no-cultivados adyacentes a los cultivos, como los alambrados, en el mantenimiento de la diversidad artrópodos mediante la modificación de los efectos de derrame (spillover) en las interfaces entre los cultivos y los habitats no-cultivados. A escala de paisaje, se presentan evidencias de la influencia de la heterogeneidad del paisaje sobre los componentes aditivos de la diversidad total (diversidad fÁ) : la riqueza local (diversidad f¿) y el reemplazo de especies (diversidad fÀ). Así, la diversidad fÀ explicó una parte importante de la variación en la diversidad total del paisaje, reflejando los cambios en el área y la densidad de los habitats no-cultivados. A escala de lote, la riqueza local y la estructura trófica de las comunidades de artrópodos variaron en función de la posición en el lote (centro, borde y alambrado) y el tipo del cultivo. Estos resultados indican que los alambrados son elementos clave en los paisajes agrícolas para mantener la riqueza regional de artrópodos. Por otra parte, se demostró que los efectos de spillover modifican los patrones de diversidad incrementando la riqueza de especies en los márgenes de los cultivos, actuando los alambrados como fuente de especies que mitigan el impacto negativo del manejo agrícola. Por último, la riqueza de especies de los ensambles de artrópodos parasíticos aumentó con la heterogeneidad del paisaje. El aumento de la frecuencia de asociaciones minador-parasitoide contribuyó a la regulación biológica de un herbívoro novel. Los resultados presentados aqui son relevantes no solo para los paisajes rurales pampeanos (grano grueso, lotes extensos, uso de la tierra heterogéneo y alta intensificación agricola), sino también para entender los factores que definen la diversidad de los ensambles de artrópodos y su relación con la provisión de servicios ecosistemicos

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El fenómeno de la criminalidad en Medellín, como en otras ciudades, ofrece unas facetas nuevas; cambia, se transforma. Aunque no es una tarea sencilla, tenemos que buscar el análisis estructural de una economía criminal, pasando de la cuantificación de los homicidios a las articulaciones del crimen organizado. Nosotros desde la administración, los académicos, los expertos, los movimientos políticos, el sector privado y las organizaciones sociales estamos en la obligación de conocer a fondo este tema que ocupa un lugar prioritario en las agendas institucionales, para afrontarlo, para tratarlo en forma eficaz y oportuna. Esta investigación que contratamos con EAFIT buscará ofrecernos argumentos que pongan en evidencia la magnitud de este fenómeno, de manera que podamos intervenirlo con eficacia. Un aspecto de esta investigación llama muchísimo la atención: Desde la desarticulación del llamado cartel de Medellín a mediados de la década de 1990, no ha habido un seguimiento ni un análisis rigurosos de los cambios ocurridos, menos aún de los procesos de interconexiones que han hecho posible el narcotráfico como eje articulador de la violencia de la ciudad y otras formas delincuenciales, que han configurado nuevas modalidades de criminalidad organizada en Medellín. Esto nosdice la investigadora Ana María Jaramillo. Nos preocupa que el sector público y la academia hayan perdido de vista el papel que tuvo el narcotráfico en el fortalecimiento de los grupos paramilitares y guerrilleros, y la dinámica que el desorden creado por la guerra les imprimía a las economías y a nuevos agentes de crimen organizado. Para las autoridades públicas es indispensable y determinante desarrollar políticas públicas, gestión que depende del preciso y riguroso entendimiento del modus operandi de este fenómeno, y comprender y desarrollar estrategias encaminadas a intervenir las dificultades que surgen del fenómeno del narcotráfico, que nos sigue permeando, y de las dinámicas que se originan y se multiplican por fuera del marco normal. ¿Cuál es el objetivo final de este estudio? Acercarnos de forma analítica en el contexto de un mercado ilegal o criminal que degenera la actividad económica. Son tres las modalidades de transacción y captación de rentas ilegales en la ciudad: La ocupación ilegal de predios con fines de lucro, la monopolización criminal de mercados barriales y la trata de personas, a quienes se les explota con mendicidad. Pretendemos ir mucho más allá de las interconexiones entre la producción y comercialización de la cocaína y sus conexiones con el crimen organizado, lo cual nos llevará a reflexionar sobre el orden de las prioridades a la hora de explicar el fenómeno de la seguridad en la ciudad. Aceptamos que muchas veces pasan desapercibidas para las autoridades la forma de operar y de explotar el mercado, y otras formas delincuenciales que los conducen a diversificar e intentar controlar más aún el poder en la ciudad. Es evidente que los grupos criminales saben cómo diversificar sus formas de financiarse y entrecruzan economías formales e informales no ilegales para generar fronteras grises e indefinibles que no las permiten identificar. Es cierto que mediante esta clase de investigaciones alcanzamos a conocer las estructuras criminales. Pero lo más importante es que luego de conocer el análisis de las transacciones económicas, podamos llegar a toda la red: proveedores, comercializadores, reguladores, consumidores, y protectores. Tenemos que llegar, como dicen investigadores, a la forma como estos grupos criminales se camuflan en todos los negocios y en el mercado informal y hasta en el mercado formal: una diversificación que explica su crecimiento y fortalecimiento. Aquí veremos el contexto de seguridad de la ciudad, la delimitación de las modalidades y la metodología del mapa de los actores, como una herramienta que nos permitirá un análisis claro de los distintos escenarios de la economía criminal. Al final formularemos conclusiones y recomendaciones de política pública relacionadas con la seguridad, que nos llevarán a análisis y a plantear decisiones que serán motivo de debate en escenarios académicos nacionales e internacionales.

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Este libro surge del encuentro imprevisto de varias trayectorias investigativas, un encuentro que demuestra la importancia estructural y estratégica que tienen las economías criminales en Antioquia. Después de más de una década de trabajo sobre la violencia urbana y los problemas humanitarios en el departamento, la socióloga e historiadora Ana María Jaramillo encontró la ocasión para preguntarse por el estado de los estudios regionales sobre narcotráfico. La respuesta señala el desplazamiento que ocurrió en las preocupaciones de los investigadores antioqueños –académicos o no– hacia el conflicto armado y sus secuelas en materias humanitaria y de seguridad. Gustavo Duncan transformó su conocimiento y dedicación al estudio de los fenómenos de autodefensas y paramilitares en un intento por comprender las relaciones entre tráfico de drogas, crimen y poder tanto social como político. En mi caso, la pérdida de centralidad del conflicto armado de carácter político y la inquietud por las fuerzas que alimentan la inseguridad en la región ha orientado las pesquisas hacia la economía criminal. Y en este punto confluye el conocimiento de varios colegas de la Universidad EAFIT, en especial del profesor Alberto Naranjo. Superados o en vías de superación los fenómenos épicos del Cartel de Medellín, las milicias populares, las Auc y las aventuras urbanas de las Farc y el Eln –que han dado para películas, novelas, documentales, afectos y odios, aquí y afuera– queda la más opaca y no menos cruda presencia del narcotráfico como eje articulador de otras economías criminales e informales, y como expresión de una cultura permisiva, incómoda con la legalidad y atraída por el enriquecimiento y el ascenso social rápidos. Este es el punto de encuentro de la búsqueda de los investigadores reunidos en este volumen. La Fundación Proantioquia cumplió con la necesaria función de facilitar este encuentro. Varias conversaciones con su Presidente Juan Sebastián Betancur alrededor de la pregunta por las condicionales regionales que propician la criminalidad en Antioquia fueron conduciendo al interés por las condiciones en que funciona la justicia, la debilidad de las instituciones locales y el poder económico ilegal, entre otros factores. El resultado práctico fue el apoyo financiero de Proantioquia a un proyecto de investigación que involucró a investigadores de varios departamentos de la Universidad EAFIT, coordinados desde el Centro de Análisis Político de la misma. Fruto de este apoyo son los artículos de Duncan y Giraldo y Naranjo. El trabajo de Ana María Jaramillo proviene de otro proyecto diferente, como se indica en el respectivo lugar. Finalmente, la impresión como libro de los resultados de estos trabajos de investigación se debe también al interés y apoyo de la administración municipal. El Alcalde Alonso Salazar Jaramillo y el Director de la Empresa de Seguridad Urbana de Medellín Jesús María Ramírez respaldaron esta iniciativa.