The Effect of Seat Location in Lecture Theatres on Academic Performance

The purpose of this research study was to investigate and identify possible patterns relating to academic performance on the effects of university students self-selecting where to sit in a lecture theatre.
The key research questions are:
1. Does seating position affect student performance?
2. Do the most academically able and engaged students regularly sit at the front of lecture theatres?
Academic achievement
Preliminary results suggest significant assessment score differences between those that sit at the front and those that sit further the back. Of those that received a grade of 75%+ (Grade A) 6.67% regularly sat at the back. With the same group 46.67% regularly sat at the front. Of the group that scored less than 50% (Grade D) 0% of students regularly sat at the front. 12.50% regularly sat in the middle zones with 37.50% sitting at the back. It was also observed that the remaining numbers did not consistently sit in the same zone.

Temporal movement
There is little evidence of movement between seating zones of the Grade A group throughout the 24 week period. However there was considerable movement with the Grade D group. Although still under analysis there appears be a pattern of students in this group graduating towards the back seating positions over the course of the programme.

Engagement
The frequency of completed entries on PinPoint was also used as an indicator of engagement. With the Grade A group 75% of them regularly completed an entry whereas in the Grade D group this drops to less than 50%.
Further analysis on the attitudinal factors in relational to seating position and performance are ongoing, but preliminary results suggest that those students that scored highly in attitude tended to sit at the front and middle sections.
It would indeed appear that the more highly engaged and academically capable students voluntarily sit at the front for most lectures. Interestingly as the course progresses those who had lesser engagement and below average midterm results tend to began to sit progressively toward the back. If this is a repeatable pattern then a linear regression analysis of the seating positions and midterm results could help predict students in danger of failing.

Bouyid v Belgium: The “minimum level of severity” and Human Dignity's Role in Article 3 ECHR

The Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights recently delivered an important judgment on Article 3 ECHR in the case of Bouyid v Belgium. In Bouyid, the Grand Chamber was called upon to consider whether slaps inflicted on a minor and an adult in police custody were in breach of Article 3 ECHR, which provides that ‘No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment’. Overruling the Chamber judgment in the case, the Grand Chamber ruled by 14 votes to 3 that there had been a substantive violation of Article 3 in that the applicants had been subjected to degrading treatment by members of the Belgian police; it found that there had been a breach of the investigative duty under Article 3 also. In this comment, I focus on the fundamental basis of disagreement between the majority of the Grand Chamber and those who found themselves in dissent, on the question of whether there had been a substantive breach of Article 3. The crux of the disagreement lay in the understanding and application of the test of ‘minimum level of severity’, which the ECtHR has established as decisive of whether a particular form of ill-treatment crosses the Article 3 threshold, seen also in light of Article 3’s absolute character, which makes it non-displaceable – that is, immune to trade-offs of the type applicable in relation to qualified rights such as privacy and freedom of expression. I consider the way the majority of the Grand Chamber unpacked and applied the concept of dignity – or ‘human dignity’ – towards finding a substantive breach of Article 3, and briefly distil some of the principles underpinning the understanding of human dignity emerging in the Court’s analysis.

First use of multiple substances: Identification of meaningful patterns

Context: Understanding the process through which adolescents and young adults are trying legal and illegal substances is a crucial point for the development of tailored prevention and treatment programs. However, patterns of substance first use can be very complex when multiple substances are considered, requiring reduction into a few meaningful number of categories. Data: We used data from a survey on adolescent and young adult health conducted in 2002 in Switzerland. Answers from 2212 subjects aged 19 and 20 were included. The first consumption ever of 10 substances (tobacco, cannabis, medicine to get high, sniff (volatile substances, and inhalants), ecstasy, GHB, LSD, cocaine, methadone, and heroin) was considered for a grand total of 516 different patterns. Methods: In a first step, automatic clustering was used to decrease the number of patterns to 50. Then, two groups of substance use experts, three social field workers, and three toxicologists and health professionals, were asked to reduce them into a maximum of 10 meaningful categories. Results: Classifications obtained through our methodology are of practical interest by revealing associations invisible to purely automatic algorithms. The article includes a detailed analysis of both final classifications, and a discussion on the advantages and limitations of our approach.

Toronto Lodge of Perfection

On April 25, 1878 at an informal meeting of members of the Toronto Chapter of Rose Croix a petition was presented for a warrant for a Lodge of Perfection. The Toronto Lodge of Perfection of the Scottish Rite Masonry in the Valley of Toronto held its inaugural meeting in Toronto, Ont. on May 22 1878 with support and approval of the Supreme Council for Canada. From time to time, the name of the chapter was also known as the Toronto Grand Lodge of Perfection, but was dropped permanently in 1884. The group continues to meet today in Toronto, Ontario.

Masonic Notes: a publication to encourage and facilitate intercommunicatioon between Masonic students in all parts of the world. (1918)

Acquired with funds provided by Heritage Lodge No. 730 and Grand Lodge of Canada A.F. and A.M. in the Province of Ontario, 2009.

Masonic Notes: a publication to encourage and facilitate intercommunicatioon between Masonic students in all parts of the world. (1918)

Acquired with funds provided by Heritage Lodge No. 730 and Grand Lodge of Canada A.F. and A.M. in the Province of Ontario, 2009.

Montebello Gardens - First Grand Fete and Gala! Poster

Poster with details for the first grand fete and gala taking place Monday May 25, 1874. Festivities include: fireworks, "grand flight of a fiery pigeon", dancing, music, balloon and more.

Certificate of Acceptance and Initiation to Canadian Order Chosen Friends - Thomas Cowan

A certificate of initiation and acceptance to the Canadian Order Chosen Friends, Thomas Cowan. The certificate reads "This certifies that evidence has been received that Thomas Cowan has been accepted and initiated by the Council name below, and has thus become a member of the Canadian Order of Chosen Friends, and entitled to all the rights and privileges of membership and a benefit of not exceeding one thousand dollars from the relief fund of said order, which shall in case of death be paid to Annie Cowan his wife in the manner and subject to the conditions set forth in the laws governing said relief fund and in the application for membership. This certificate to be in force and binding when accepted in writing by the said member, with the acceptance attested by the Councilor and Recorder and the seal of the Subordinate Council affixed, so long as said member shall comply with the requirements of the Constitution, Laws and Regulations now in force or hereafter adopted for the government of the Order: otherwise, and also in the case of granting of a new certificate, to be null and void. In witness whereof, we have hereunto attached our signatures, and affixed the seal of the Grand Council of the Canadian Order of Chosen Friends. Dated the Twenty Seventh day of July, A.D. 1891." The front and back of the certificate are available for viewing.

Histoire De La Fondation Du Grand Orient De France

A book entitled Histoire de la foundation du Grand Orient de France by Claude-Antoine Thory, 1812. This is likely an editor’s copy for a new edition. It has 471 pages and is annotated throughout. There are 4 plates at the end of the book that contain various illustrations resembling lockets. The title page states that the book contains the “…revolutions that have preceded, accompanied and followed until one thousand seven hundred ninety nine, era of the meeting in this body, the Grand Lodge of France, known as the Grand Orient de Clermont, or the Arcade de la Pelleterie, with an appendix containing the supporting documents, several curious and unpublished reports with the history of the Franche- Masonry, the details of many rites and a fragment of the secret meetings of women.” (Section 1 pp1-96, Section 2 pp. 97-183, Section 3 pp.184-281, Section 4 pp. 282-346, Section 5 pp. 347-471)

A Summary of the American Bar Association’s (ABA) Jurisdiction in Cyberspace Project: “Achieving Legal and Business Order in Cyberspace: A Report on Global Jurisdiction Issues Created by the Internet”

"Suite à plus de deux années de recherches, le projet de l’American Bar Association (ABA) concernant la juridiction du cyberespace, « Achieving Legal and Business Order in Cyberspace: A Report on Global Jurisdiction Issues Created by the Internet », a été publié dans l’édition du mois d’août 2000 de la revue juridique The Business Lawyer. Ce rapport poursuivait deux objectifs distincts : Tout d’abord, effectuer une analyse globale des complexités potentielles entourant les conflits juridictionnels découlant du commerce en ligne. Ensuite, élaborer une liste exhaustive des solutions pouvant être utilisées pour résoudre de tels conflits. Le présent article se veut un résumé concis et accessible des trois grandes sections du « Cyberspace Jurisdiction Report » : (1) les solutions proposées aux problèmes juridictionnels découlant des conflits résultant du commerce électronique ; (2) afin d’appuyer les solutions proposées : l’utilisation d’exemples d’occasions où la technologie a déjà, par le passé, causé la métamorphose de certains paradigmes juridictionnels; et (3) afin d’appuyer les solutions proposées : l’utilisation d’un contexte doctrinal."

Morbidity characteristics related to cardiovascular outcomes in French Canadian Families of the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region of Quebec

PROBLÉMATIQUE: L’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) considère les maladies cardiovasculaires (MCVs) comme l'hypertension, la maladie coronarienne (par exemple, infarctus du myocarde), l'insuffisance cardiaque ainsi que les accidents cérébrovasculaires, parmi les principales causes de mortalité dans le monde. Les MCVs sont des maladies multifactorielles caractérisées par des interactions complexes entre le génome et l'environnement et dont la prévalence augmente rapidement dans toutes les populations du globe, ce qui vient compliquer d'autant l'étude de leurs bases héréditaires. Nos études précédentes sur la population fondatrice des familles Canadiennes-françaises de la région du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean (SLSJ) au Québec ont permis d’obtenir une carte des loci significativement liés à des déterminants qualitatifs et quantitatifs de l’hypertension et ses déterminants métaboliques [1, 2]. HYPOTHÈSE ET OBJECTIF: Puisque nos données préliminaires nous suggèrent que la mort prématurée consécutive aux MCVs possède des composantes génétique et environnementale, notre hypothèse de départ est que les maladies avec occurrences fatales et non fatales (OF et ONF, respectivement) ont des caractéristiques distinctes, surtout lorsqu’en lien avec le système CV. Pour réaliser ce projet, nos objectifs sont d’analyser les causes de morbidité/mortalité d’hypertendus avec ou sans obésité chez des familles de la région du SLSJ. Nous accomplirons ceci en interrogeant les registres des hôpitaux et de l'état civil de même que les données généalogiques de 1950 jusqu'à maintenant. Nous voulons décrire et étudier les OF pour les comparer aux NFO. RÉSULTATS: Nous avons identifié un total de 3,654 diagnostiques appartenant aux OF et ONF chez les 343 sujets étudiés. Pour les OF, nous avons trouvé que: (1) un grand total de 1,103 diagnostiques du système circulatoire ont affecté 299 sujets avec 555 occurrences et 247 premières occurrences; (2) 333 des sujets participants ont reçu 1,536 diagnostiques non-CV avec 195 occurrences et 107 premières occurrences; (3) 62 diagnostiques de toutes autres causes chez 62 des sujets participants avec 81 occurrences et 11 premières occurrences. Pour les ONF: (1) 156 diagnostiques du système circulatoire ont affecté 105 sujets; (2) 60 diagnostiques de causes non-CV chez 53 des sujets; (3) et 718 diagnostiques de toutes autres causes chez 252 des sujets. Pour les OF, 109 des 333 sujets affectés par les maladies non-CV et 58 des 62 par toutes autres maladies étaient atteints simultanément par des MCV. Nous avons décrit les caractéristiques des maladies avec occurrences fatales et non fatales. Les MCVs prédominaient dans les résultats des premières occurrences et occurrences totales tandis que les maladies non-CV étaient les plus élevées pour les diagnostiques. De plus, les OF CV ont affecté 67.1% de notre échantillon de population, incluant les sujets co-affectés par les maladies non-CV ou de toutes autres causes. En fait, nos sujets ont un risque trois fois plus élevé de développer des MCVs (p<0.0001; χ2=1,575.348), tandis qu’il diminue de moitié pour les maladies non-CV comparativement au reste de la population du SLSJ (p=0.0006; χ2=11.834). Enfin, le risque de développer des tumeurs malignes est diminué de moitié dans notre échantillon comparativement à l’incidence régionale. CONCLUSION: Cette étude a apporté une nouvelle perspective sur les OF et ONF chez nos sujets de la région SLSJ du Québec après 11 ans. Quand on observe ces résultats en conjonction avec les MCVs, ce risque double.

Role of sea-surface wind and transport on enhanced aerosol optical depth observed over the Arabian Sea

The objective of this study is to understand the reasons for the enhancement in aerosol optical depth (AOD) over the Arabian Sea observed during June, July and August. During these months, high values of AOD are found over the sea beyond 10◦ N and adjacent regions. The Arabian Sea is bounded by the lands of Asia and Africa on its three sides. So the region is influenced by transported aerosols from the surroundings as well as aerosols of local origin (marine aerosols). During the summer monsoon season in India, strong surface winds with velocities around 15 m s−1 are experienced over most parts of the Arabian Sea. These winds are capable of increasing sea spray activity, thereby enhancing the production of marine aerosols. The strong winds increase the contribution of marine aerosols over the region to about 60% of the total aerosol content. The main components of marine aerosols include sea salt and sulphate particles. The remaining part of the aerosol particles comes from the western and northern land masses around the sea, of which the main component is transported dust particles. This transport is observed at higher altitudes starting from 600 m. At low levels, the transport occurs mainly from the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea itself, indicating the predominance of marine aerosols at these levels. The major portion of the total aerosol loading was contributed by coarse-mode particles during the period of study. But in the winter season, the concentration of coarse-mode aerosols is found to be less. From the analysis, it is concluded that the increase in marine aerosols and dust particles transported from nearby deserts results in an increase in aerosol content over the Arabian Sea during June, July and August.

Cross-hemispheric transport of Central African biomass burning pollutants: Implications for downwind ozone production

Pollutant plumes with enhanced concentrations of trace gases and aerosols were observed over the southern coast of West Africa during August 2006 as part of the AMMA wet season field campaign. Plumes were observed both in the mid and upper troposphere. In this study we examined the origin of these pollutant plumes, and their potential to photochemically produce ozone (O3) downwind over the Atlantic Ocean. Their possible contribution to the Atlantic O3 maximum is also discussed. Runs using the BOLAM mesoscale model including biomass burning carbon monoxide (CO) tracers were used to confirm an origin from central African biomass burning fires. The plumes measured in the mid troposphere (MT) had significantly higher pollutant concentrations over West Africa compared to the upper tropospheric (UT) plume. The mesoscale model reproduces these differences and the two different pathways for the plumes at different altitudes: transport to the north-east of the fire region, moist convective uplift and transport to West Africa for the upper tropospheric plume versus north-west transport over the Gulf of Guinea for the mid-tropospheric plume. Lower concentrations in the upper troposphere are mainly due to enhanced mixing during upward transport. Model simulations suggest that MT and UT plumes are 16 and 14 days old respectively when measured over West Africa. The ratio of tracer concentrations at 600 hPa and 250 hPa was estimated for 14–15 August in the region of the observed plumes and compares well with the same ratio derived from observed carbon dioxide (CO2) enhancements in both plumes. It is estimated that, for the period 1–15 August, the ratio of Biomass Burning (BB) tracer concentration transported in the UT to the ones transported in the MT is 0.6 over West Africa and the equatorial South Atlantic. Runs using a photochemical trajectory model, CiTTyCAT, initialized with the observations, were used to estimate in-situ net photochemical O3 production rates in these plumes during transport downwind of West Africa. The mid-troposphere plume spreads over altitude between 1.5 and 6 km over the Atlantic Ocean. Even though the plume was old, it was still very photochemically active (mean net O3 production rates over 10 days of 2.6 ppbv/day and up to 7 ppbv/day during the first days) above 3 km especially during the first few days of transport westward. It is also shown that the impact of high aerosol loads in the MT plume on photolysis rates serves to delay the peak in modelled O3 concentrations. These results suggest that a significant fraction of enhanced O3 in mid-troposphere over the Atlantic comes from BB sources during the summer monsoon period. According to simulated occurrence of such transport, BB may be the main source for O3 enhancement in the equatorial south Atlantic MT, at least in August 2006. The upper tropospheric plume was also still photochemically active, although mean net O3 production rates were slower (1.3 ppbv/day). The results suggest that, whilst the transport of BB pollutants to the UT is variable (as shown by the mesoscale model simulations), pollution from biomass burning can make an important contribution to additional photochemical production of O3 in addition to other important sources such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) from lightning.

The impact of North Atlantic sea surface temperature errors on the simulation of North Atlantic European region climate

Current state-of-the-art climate models fail to capture accurately the path of the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Current. This leads to a warm bias near the North American coast, where the modelled Gulf Stream separates from the coast further north, and a cold anomaly to the east of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, where the North Atlantic Current remains too zonal in this region. Using an atmosphere-only model forced with the sea surface temperature (SST) biases in the North Atlantic, we consider the impact they have on the mean state and the variability in the North Atlantic European region in winter. Our results show that the SST errors produce a mean sea-level pressure response that is similar in magnitude and pattern to the atmospheric circulation errors in the coupled climate model. The work also suggests that errors in the coupled model storm tracks and North Atlantic Oscillation, compared to reanalysis data, can also be explained partly by these SST errors. Our results suggest that both the error in the Gulf Stream separation location and the path of the North Atlantic Current around the Grand Banks play important roles in affecting the atmospheric circulation. Reducing these coupled model errors could improve significantly the representation of the large-scale atmospheric circulation of the North Atlantic and European region.