Avaliação sensorial de uvas de mesa produzidas no Vale do São Francisco e comercializadas em João Pessoa - PB

Tomando-se como base o nível crescente de exigência do consumidor por frutas de mesa, as características de qualidade das uvas 'Itália', 'Festival' ('Superior Seedless'), 'Benitaka' e 'Isabel', expostas à venda em três redes de supermercados, na cidade de João Pessoa - Paraíba - Brasil, foram avaliadas em dezembro de 2007. Inicialmente, foram selecionados e treinados julgadores que estabeleceram e definiram os seguintes atributos sensoriais de importância: tonalidade e uniformidade de cor, aroma, firmeza, presença de sementes, suculência, doçura, acidez, sabor e qualidade global. Os diâmetros, comprimentos e pesos das bagas estavam condizentes com os parâmetros comerciais ou varietais. Os conteúdos de sólidos solúveis (SS), com exceção da uva 'Benitaka', apresentaram-se em conformidade com os padrões comerciais. Apenas a cultivar Festival, com a menor acidez titulável (AT), apresentou relação SS/AT aceitável. Foram realizadas três sessões de análises descritivas quantitativas (ADQ), nas quais a uva 'Itália' foi a de melhor sabor e, em conjunto com a apirênica 'Festival', apresentou maiores doçuras e qualidade global. A cultivar Isabel apresentou a cor mais forte , enquanto a Festival foi a melhor no atributo semente. Aplicou-se o Teste de Preferência por Ordenação, no qual as uvas 'Itália' e 'Festival' foram as preferidas.

Characterization of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) fruits from outstanding mexican selections

Fruits of five regional selections of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) were characterized to identify those with international marketing quality to promote their propagation in Mexico, improvement and conservation in germoplasm bank. The fruits were harvested in June, July, and August 2008 and, after each harvest, were assessed for shape (length/diameter), firmness, fruit weight, number of fruits per kilogram, weight and percentage of pericarp, seed and aril, total soluble solids, total sugars, vitamin C content, pH, and titratable acidity. In addition, a sensorial evaluation was carried out with 31 panelists who graded each selection for color, sweetness, and acidity. Fruits of five selections were ovoid, and with the following characteristics: firmness values from 43.7 to 51.0 N, fruit weight ranged from 22.4 to 34.7 g, registering from 28.9 to 45.0 fruits per kg; pericarp weight from 10.5 to 17.3 g (45.9 to 49.9% of the total fruit weight); total seed weight from 2.2 to 2.5 g (7.0 to 10.0%); average arils weight from 8.9 to 13.1 g (37.5 to 41.4%). The fruits had high contents of total soluble solids (17.8 to 20.4 ºBrix), total sugars (211.95 to 242.70 mg/100g in the edible portion), vitamin C (37.9 to 69.1 mg/100 g), pH 5.0, and titratable acidity of 0.20 to 0.28%. The fruits from the RT-01 and RT-05 selections had better attributes in fruit weight, total soluble solids and titratable acidity and were better accepted by the panelists. Harvest date significantly affects rambutan fruit quality; at the middle and end of the season harvested fruits had better qualitative characteristics for the marketing.

Effects of gluten and transglutaminase on microstructure, sensory characteristics and instrumental texture of oat bread

Selostus: Taikinaan lisättyjen gluteenin ja transglutaminaasin vaikutus kauraleivän rakenteeseen

The coal bearing Cenozoic As Pontes Basin (NW Spain): Geological influence on its coal's characteristics

Lignite deposits in the Cenozoic As Pontes strike-slip basin (northwestern Spain)were formed as a function of specific paleoclimatic conditions and tectonic evolution of the basin.

Yield formation and quality characteristics of early potatoes during a short growing period

Selostus: Typpilannoituksen ja nostoajankohdan vaikutus varhaisperunan satoon

Characteristics of Flowing Film

Työssä tutkittiin uutta teknologiaa pigmenttipäällystykseen. Tämä tekniikka on yleisesti tunnettua eräillä muilla teollisuudenaloilla. Kirjallisuustutkimuksessa on esitelty prosessia ja sen eri osatekijöitä sekä muilla aloilla tunnettuja prosessimuuttujia. Päällystyspastojen ja päällystettävien pintojen teoriaa on selvitetty uuden tekniikan ja pigmenttipäällystyksen valossa. Uuden tekniikan perusmekanismeja tutkittiin kokeellisessa osassa. Valuvan nestefilmin stabiilisuutta tutkittiin minimivirtauksen avulla. Stabiilisuustutkimuksen suorittamiseen käytettiin apuna Taguchi-matriisia DOE-ohjelmalla (Design of Experiments). Kokeiden perusteella minimivirtauksen kannalta päällystyspastalle edullisempi koostumus on kalsiumkarbonaatti- kuin kaoliinipasta. Sideaineella on pienempi osuus lateksia ja polyvinyylialkoholia parempi. Suurempi osuus pinta-aktiivista ainetta ja matala pastan kuiva-ainepitoisuus ovat suositeltuja. Tehokas ilmanpoisto päällystyspastasta on myös tärkeää lopullisen tuloksen kannalta. Koekoneella ajetuissa päällystyskokeissa havaittiin valuvan filmin ominaisuuksien tärkeys. Pienetkin kaasumäärät päällystyspastassa häiritsivät lopullisen päällysteen laatua. Päällystyspastan ilmanpoisto on avainasemassa erityisesti kun päällystetään suurella nopeudella pieniä päällystemääriä. Koeajoissa havaittiin kaikki kirjallisuudessa esitellyt rajoittavat tekijät. Kokeissa päällystettiin 400-1600 m/min nopeudella 5-20 g/m² päällystemääriä. Olosuhteet stabiilille nestefilmille vaativat edelleen kehitystä suurella nopeudella päällystettäessä. Päällysteen eroavaisuuksia verrattiin teräpäällystysmenetelmiin. Terä-päällystyksellä saadaan sileä mutta epätasaisesti peittävä pinta kun taas uuden tekniikan päällyste mukailee päällystettävän alustan topografiaa. Tasapaksun päällysteen etuna on hyvä peittävyys jo pienellä päällystemäärällä.

World temperate fruit production: characteristics and challenges

In the last 30 years world population has increased 70% but per capita global fruit consumption is only 20% higher. Even though tropical and temperate fruit have similar contributions to the 50 kg/person/year of US consumption of fresh fruit, in the last 30 years this has been slightly greater for temperate fruit. Within fruit consumption, the largest expansion has been for organic fruit which increased more than 50% in the 2002-2006 period. The largest expansion of area planted in the 1996-2006 has been for kiwi (29%) and blueberries (20%), while apples (-24%) and sour cherries (-13%) have had the largest reductions. Nearly 50% of the total global volume of fruit is produced by 5 countries: China, USA, Brazil, Italy and Spain. The main producer (China) accounts for 23% of the total. While the main exporters are Spain, USA and Italy, the main importers are Germany, Russia and UK. Demands for the industry have evolved towards quality, food safety and traceability. The industry faces higher productions costs (labor, energy, agrichemicals). The retailers are moving towards consolidation while the customers are changing preferences (food for health). In this context there is greater pressure on growers, processors and retailers. Emerging issues are labor supply, climate change, water availability and sustainability. Recent developments in precision agriculture, molecular biology, phenomics, crop modelling and post harvest physiology should increase yields and quality, and reduce costs for temperate fruit production around the world.

Avaliação sensorial de suco de uva cv. Isabel em cortes com diferentes cultivares

As videiras americanas constituem a base varietal do suco de uva brasileiro, com destaque para a cultivar Isabel (Vitis labrusca). O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a aceitação de consumidores por meio de avaliação sensorial de sucos de uva de 'Isabel' combinados em cortes com sucos de outras cultivares. Foram preparadas em panela extratora seis amostras de suco de uva integral: Isabel (100%); Isabel (80%) + Concord (20%); Isabel (80%) + BRS Rúbea (20%); Isabel (80%) + BRS Cora (20%); Isabel (80%) + BRS Violeta (20%) e Isabel (80%) + BRS Carmem (20%). Foram avaliados o teor de sólidos solúveis totais, acidez total e pH das amostras. Para a avaliação sensorial, contou-se com cinquenta julgadores que avaliaram os atributos Cor, Aroma, Sabor, Corpo e Aceitação Global, usando uma escala hedônica de nove pontos. Tanto o suco puro de 'Isabel' como os cortes tiveram aceitação sensorial satisfatória. Com relação à cor, os cortes contendo 'BRS Rúbea', 'BRS Cora', 'BRS Violeta' e 'BRS Carmem' apresentaram as maiores médias, 7,98; 8,10; 7,96 e 8,22, respectivamente. Para os demais atributos, como aroma, sabor, corpo e aceitação global, os cortes de suco de 'Isabel' com outras cultivares não diferiram do suco puro dessa cultivar, 6,84; 6,56; 6,80 e 6,74, respectivamente. Na avaliação do consumidor, todas as cultivares avaliadas, com exceção da 'Concord', podem ser usadas em cortes com a 'Isabel', na proporção de 4:1, para melhorar a coloração do suco de uva, sem alterar as demais características.

Avaliação sensorial dos frutos de cultivares de abacaxi para consumo in natura¹

Os pomares de abacaxizeiro no Brasil sofrem constantemente com as perdas de plantas e frutos ocasionadas pela fusariose, pois as cultivares plantadas atualmente são suscetíveis a esta doença. Novas cultivares mais resistentes têm surgido, no entanto não há registros de que já tenham sido avaliadas sensorialmente por consumidores. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a aceitação sensorial de duas novas cultivares resistentes à fusariose, Vitória e EC-93, comparando-as com outras já estabelecidas no mercado consumidor de frutas in natura, Pérola e Gold. A aceitação dos frutos foi avaliada por 52 consumidores com relação a aroma, sabor, impressão global, textura, aparência da fatia, aparência do fruto inteiro, utilizando-se da escala hedônica estruturada de nove pontos, acidez e doçura ideais, com escala do ideal, e intenção de compra, com escala estruturada de 5 pontos. Sólidos solúveis totais, acidez titulável e ratio foram avaliados. A cultivar Gold obteve maiores médias de aceitação para a maior parte dos parâmetros avaliados, enquanto a cv EC-93, as menores. Exceto no atributo aparência da fatia, a cv Vitória não diferiu das cultivares mais aceitas nos parâmetros avaliados. Os frutos diferiram significativamente quanto a SST, entre 12,0 e 16,0°Brix, AT entre 0,52 e 0,81% de ácido cítrico e ratio entre 19,12 e 28,46. Dentre as cultivares resistentes à fusariose, os resultados sugerem baixo potencial de mercado para a cv EC-93 e bom para a cv Vitória.

Patients' characteristics associated with the decision of "do not attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation" order in a Swiss hospital.

BACKGROUND: According to Swiss legislation, do not attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation (DNACPR) order can be made at any time by patients only, unless the resuscitation is considered as futile, based on the doctors' evaluation. Little is known about how this decision is made, and which are the factors influencing this decision. METHODS: Observational, cross-sectional study was conducted between March and May 2013 on 194 patients hospitalized in the general internal medicine ward of a Swiss hospital. The associations between patients' DNACPR orders and gender, age, marital status, nationality, religion, number and type of comorbidities were assessed. RESULTS: 102 patients (53%) had a DNACPR order: 27% issued by the patient him/herself, 12% by his/her relatives and 61% by the medical team. Patients with a DNACPR order were significantly older: 80.7±10.8 vs. 67.5±15.1years in the "with" and "without" DNACPR order group, respectively, p<0.001. Oncologic disease was associated with a DNACPR order issued by the medical team (37.5% vs. 16.9% in the "with" and "without" DNACPR order group, respectively, p<0.05). Being protestant was associated with a DNACPR order issued by the patient (57.9% vs. 25.9% in the "with" and "without" DNACPR order group, respectively p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Over half of the patients admitted to a general internal medicine ward had a DNACPR order issued within the first 72h of hospitalization. Older age and oncologic disease were associated with a DNACPR decision by the medical team, while protestant religion was associated with a DNACPR decision by the patient.

Caracterização fisico-química e sensorial de geleia de mamão com araçá-boi

Foram elaboradas quatro formulações de geleia com as seguintes proporções de mamão (Carica papaya) (M) e araçá-boi (Eugenia stipitata) (AB): F1 (70% M: 30% AB), F2 (60% M: 40% AB), F3 (40%M : 60% AB) e F4 (30% M : 70% AB). Todas as formulações apresentaram proporção final de polpa e açúcar de 1:1, com 0,5% de pectina e teor de 65% de sólidos solúveis. As geleias foram analisadas quanto às características físico-químicas e sensoriais (teste de aceitação e preferência). O teste de aceitação foi realizado por 50 consumidores, por meio de escala hedônica de 7 pontos, avaliando-se os atributos: aparência, cor, aroma, sabor e textura. A acidez titulável variou entre 0,77 e 1,72 g de ácido cítrico100 g-1, estando dentro da faixa de acidez determinada para diferentes geleias de frutas. O teor de açúcares redutores foi mais elevado na formulação F4. As formulações apresentaram índice de aceitação acima de 90% para os atributos aparência, cor, aroma e textura. As formulações F1 e F2, com menores concentrações de araçá-boi, apresentaram maior aceitação para os atributos sensoriais cor e sabor. Entretanto, a formulação F1 apresentou elevada intenção de compra e foi considerada pelo mapa de preferência interno a mais aceita para todos os atributos avaliados, sendo, portanto, a mais adequada para a industrialização e consumo.

Qualidade sensorial e físico-química de uvas finas de mesa cultivadas no submédio São Francisco

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar uvas Vitis vinifera L. das variedades comerciais: Brasil, Benitaka, Itália e Red Globe, quanto às características físico-químicas e sensoriais. Os teores de sólidos solúveis, diâmetro e comprimento das bagas, cujos resultados apresentaram conformidade com os padrões comerciais, foram determinados. A avaliação sensorial foi realizada por meio da Análise Descritiva Quantitativa - ADQ. Foram selecionados e treinados os julgadores que, sob orientação de um líder, estabeleceram os atributos sensoriais capazes de descrever com fidedignidade as características das uvas, conforme se segue: tonalidade de cor, uniformidade de cor, aroma característico, firmeza, gosto doce, gosto amargo, gosto ácido, adstringência, sabor e qualidade global. Constatou-se que as médias obtidas nos atributos tonalidade de cor, uniformidade de cor, firmeza, sabor e qualidade global diferiram estatisticamente dentre as uvas avaliadas e, ainda, que os atributos do sabor, seguido do gosto doce e da tonalidade da cor, apresentaram as correlações mais fortes com a qualidade global, determinantes, portanto, das características sensoriais das uvas.

Do mediterranean genera not included in Tachet et al. (2002) have mediterranean trait characteristics?

Do mediterranean genera not included in Tachet et al. 2002 have mediterranean trait characteristics? Multiple-trait databases are increasingly used in community ecology in different regions of the world. In Europe, Tachet et al.(2002) compiled an aquatic macroinvertebrate database for 473 taxa using information on 11 biological traits described by 63 categories. However, less studied regions, at the time of the compilation of the database, such as the mediterranean Basin, can harbour exclusive genera, which were not included in Tachet"s database. In a large-scale study across the mediterranean Basin, we found 44 genera that were not included in Tachet"s database (NEW genera). Our main aim was to compile trait information for these NEW genera and assess whether these genera had specific traits that could explain their exclusivity to the Mediterranean region. We compared the trait characteristics of NEW genera to those of genera only found in Mediterranean or temperate regions that were included in the Tachet"s database (MED and TEM genera, respectively). We found that NEW genera had more mediterranean characteristics than TEM genera and that some trait categories of NEW genera were even more mediterranean-like than the traits of MED genera (e.g., diapause). Therefore, our results suggest that the specific biological traits of these NEW genera allow them to cope successfully and exclusively with the harsh environmental conditions of the mediterranean climate rivers, which could partially explain their absence in Tachet"s database. Other explanations, such as the limited dispersal ability of these NEW genera to reach and colonize temperate Europe or the rarity of these NEW genera, should also be considered. We provide biological traits of the NEW genera to be used in future studies on the mediterranean river ecology.

Characteristics of 2D convective structures in Catalonia (NE Spain): an analysis using radar data and GIS

Flood simulation studies use spatial-temporal rainfall data input into distributed hydrological models. A correct description of rainfall in space and in time contributes to improvements on hydrological modelling and design. This work is focused on the analysis of 2-D convective structures (rain cells), whose contribution is especially significant in most flood events. The objective of this paper is to provide statistical descriptors and distribution functions for convective structure characteristics of precipitation systems producing floods in Catalonia (NE Spain). To achieve this purpose heavy rainfall events recorded between 1996 and 2000 have been analysed. By means of weather radar, and applying 2-D radar algorithms a distinction between convective and stratiform precipitation is made. These data are introduced and analyzed with a GIS. In a first step different groups of connected pixels with convective precipitation are identified. Only convective structures with an area greater than 32 km2 are selected. Then, geometric characteristics (area, perimeter, orientation and dimensions of the ellipse), and rainfall statistics (maximum, mean, minimum, range, standard deviation, and sum) of these structures are obtained and stored in a database. Finally, descriptive statistics for selected characteristics are calculated and statistical distributions are fitted to the observed frequency distributions. Statistical analyses reveal that the Generalized Pareto distribution for the area and the Generalized Extreme Value distribution for the perimeter, dimensions, orientation and mean areal precipitation are the statistical distributions that best fit the observed ones of these parameters. The statistical descriptors and the probability distribution functions obtained are of direct use as an input in spatial rainfall generators.