Antibioticoterapia empírica utilizada en pacientes con neumonía nosocomial ingresados en los servicios de Medicina Interna del Hospital Nacional Rosales de Enero a Diciembre 2013

La neumonía nosocomial es una infección frecuente en pacientes hospitalizados, representa el 40% de las infecciones nosocomiales. El incremento en su incidencia por microorganismos multirresistentes causa un incremento en el tratamiento antibiótico empírico inapropiado asociándose a un incremento en el riesgo de mortalidad. Es importante conocer los microorganismos frecuentemente responsables de estas infecciones en cada hospital y los patrones de sensibilidad antimicrobiana para reducir la incidencia de tratamiento antibiótico inapropiado. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo, longitudinal de eventos retrospectivos; fuentes documentales (expedientes clínicos) con egreso por neumonía nosocomial de los servicios del Departamento de Medicina Interna del Hospital Nacional Rosales(HNR), de enero a diciembre del año 2013. Se excluyeron pacientes trasladados de otro centro hospitalario, los que iniciaron tratamiento antibiótico empírico en unidad de cuidados intensivos y pacientes con asociación a una segunda infección nosocomial. Resultados: se incluyeron 124 pacientes, edad media de 57.91 años (desviación estándar + 20.46) 62.1% hombres y 37.9% mujeres, relación masculino/femenino 1.63:1. El antibiótico empírico de inicio más frecuente fue la monoterapia con Ceftazidima. Se reportó microorganismos de cultivo bacteriológico de esputo o secreción bronquial con sensibilidad únicamente en 30 casos (24.2%) y la toma de cultivo antes del inicio de antibióticos solamente a 11 (8.9%). Los agentes más frecuentes fueron Pseudomonas aeruginosa (con sensibilidad a Ciprofloxacina, Imipenen, Gentamicina y Linzolid) y Acinetobacter baumanni (en su mayoría multiresistente). La mortalidad reportada fue del 64.52% Conclusión: en el HNR se encontró divergencia en cuanto al cumplimiento de los lineamientos internacionales en el antibiótico empírico de inicio, se encontró una baja proporción de reporte de cultivos.

Produção e caracterização de quitooligossacarídeos produzidos pelo fungo Metarhizium anisopliae e avaliação da citotoxicidade em células tumorais

Chitosan is a natural polymer, biodegradable, nontoxic, high molecular weight derived from marine animals, insects and microorganisms. Oligomers of glucosamine (GlcN) and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) have interesting biological activities, including antitumor effects, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant and others. The alternative proposed by this work was to study the viability of producing chitooligosaccharides using a crude enzymes extract produced by the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Hydrolysis of chitosan was carried out at different times, from 10 to 60 minutes to produce chitooligosaccharides with detection and quantification performed by High Performace Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The evaluation of cytotoxicity of chitosan oligomers was carried out in tumor cells (HepG2 and HeLa) and non-tumor (3T3). The cells were treated for 72 hours with the oligomers and cell viability investigated using the method of MTT. The production of chitosan oligomers was higher for 10 minutes of hydrolysis, with pentamers concentration of 0.15 mg/mL, but the hexamers, the molecules showing greater interest in biological properties, were observed only with 30 minutes of hydrolysis with a concentration of 0.004 mg/mL. A study to evaluate the biological activities of COS including cytotoxicity in tumor and normal cells and various tests in vitro antioxidant activity of pure chitosan oligomers and the mixture of oligomers produced by the crude enzyme was performed. Moreover, the compound with the highest cytotoxicity among the oligomers was pure glucosamine, with IC50 values of 0.30; 0.49; 0.44 mg/mL for HepG2 cells, HeLa and 3T3, respectively. Superoxide anion scavenging was the mainly antioxidant activity showed by the COS and oligomers. This activity was also depending on the oligomer composition in the chitosan hydrolysates. The oligomers produced by hydrolysis for 20 minutes was analyzed for the ability to inhibit tumor cells showing inhibition of proliferation only in HeLa cells, did not show any effect in HepG2 cells and fibroblast cells (3T3)

Evaluación fitoquímica y microbiológica de extractos naturales y su incorporación en nanopartículas poliméricas para su aplicación odontológica

La caries dental es la principal enfermedad oral que padece la población a nivel mundial. Su prevención se basa en educación sobre higiene oral, además del uso complementario de agentes antimicrobianos. Entre las alternativas de prevención una área prometedora incluye el empleo de extractos de plantas como agentes antimicrobianos incorporados en nanopartículas poliméricas (NP), las cuales, puedan funcionar como vehículos de liberación de extractos, mejorando el desempeño de estos agentes activos naturales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue obtener extractos de plantas de Ocimum basilicum (Albahaca) Calendula officinalis (Cálendula) y aceites esenciales de Syzigium aromaticum (Clavo) y Thymus vulgaris (Tomillo). Se realizó su caracterización fitoquímica y se evaluó su actividad antimicrobiana mediante dilución en tubo contra células plantónicas de Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus mutans y Candida albicans (ATCC), determinando la concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI). El extracto con mayor actividad fue incorporado en NP mediante el método de nanoprecipitación (NP) y las nanopartículas se caracterizaron en base a su tamaño e índice de polidispersidad por espectroscopia de relación fotónica; el porcentaje y la eficiencia de encapsulación y mecanismo de liberación del eugenol contenido en el aceite encapsulado, se realizó mediante cromatografía de gases acoplado a espectrometría de masas (GSMC). En la presente investigación, se determinó que el aceite esencial de clavo mostró la mayor actividad antimicrobiana con respecto a los demás extractos evaluados. Por medio de GSMC se identificó al eugenol como el componente principal del aceite esencial obtenido por hidrodestilación. Se obtuvieron NP esféricas con tamaño alrededor de 157 nm, el porcentaje y la eficiencia de encapsulación de eugenol presente en el aceite encapsulado fue de 73.16 % y 47 % respectivamente; además de mostrar una liberación in vitro de eugenol del 50 % a las 24 horas. Finalmente, la CMI del aceite de clavo sin encapsular e incorporado en NP, correspondió a 125 y 75 μg/mL respectivamente. En base a los resultados obtenidos, es factible incorporar extractos vegetales en NP para su liberación sostenida, siendo una terapia antimicrobiana prometedora dentro del área odontológica.

Actividad bactericida, antifúngica y antiviral de nanopartículas de bismuto contra patógenos orales

De acuerdo con un anuncio publicado por el NIH (National Institute of Health, EUA), los biofilms o biocapas son un problema de salud pública muy importante en el área médica, ya que representan más del 80% de las infecciones microbianas en el cuerpo humano. Los tratamientos antimicrobianos estándar, típicamente fallan para erradicarlos. Por tanto, existe una creciente necesidad de desarrollo de nuevos fármacos con nuevas y mejores capacidades que puedan controlar a los biofilms. Hoy en día, la nanoterapeútica ofrece opciones innovadoras para controlar enfermedades infecciosas incluyendo la cavidad oral, contrarrestando el crecimiento de microorganismos patógenos tales como, Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans y herpesvirus. En el área médica, algunos derivados del bismuto, como el subsalicilato, han sido empleados en el área médica para contrarrestar el vómito, náuseas, diarrea y dolor de estómago. En esta investigación determinamos la actividad antimicrobiana de nanopartículas de bismuto (BiNPs) contra patógenos orales. La actividad antibacteriana y antifúngica lo evaluamos por el ensayo de MTT y microscopía de fluorescencia. Demostramos que las BiNPs inhibieron el crecimiento de Streptococcus mutans con un 69% de efectividad así mismo obtuvimos un 85% de inhibición con Candida albicans, además fueron capaces de inhibir la formación del biofilm de ambas cepas. Por otra parte, determinamos la actividad antiviral en un modelo de rotavirus mediante el ensayo de inmunoperoxidasa presentando 90% de control de infección con el tratamiento de BiNPs. Finalmente, se evaluó la posible citotoxicidad de BiNPs en células epiteliales de riñón de mono mediante microscopía de fluorescencia y no mostró evidencias de citotoxicidad a 24 horas de exposición.

Pesquisa de fungos endofíticos presentes em videira (Vitis vinifera L.) com capacidade para inibir o crescimento do agente causal da podridão negra (Guignardia bidwellii)

Neste trabalho testou-se o potencial antagonista de 16 fungos endofíticos isolados de videiras (Vitis vinifera L.), de castas representativas do Alentejo produzidas em modo de proteção integrada e em modo biológico, contra Guignardia bidwellii. Os isolados identificados após ITS-PCR e sequenciação pertencem aos géneros Epicoccum, Alternaria, Botrytis, Athelia, Phoma e Gibberella. Os isolados testados mostraram atividade antagonista contra G. bidwellii quer por inibição direta, quer através da produção de compostos voláteis, à exceção dos dois isolados de B. cinerea. No entanto, todos os isolados produziram alguns compostos voláteis com reconhecida atividade antimicrobiana, tais como benzaldeído, 3-metil-1-butanol e derivados de ácido propanoico. Foi ainda observado que seis dos isolados produziram também metabolitos não voláteis com capacidade de inibir o crescimento de G. bidwellii. Os resultados obtidos vêm mostrar o potencial dos fungos endofíticos como agentes de luta biológica no controlo de G. bidwellii, podendo constituir novas alternativas no âmbito de Proteção de Plantas; ABSTRACT: Endophytic fungi present in grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) with the ability to inhibit the growth of the causal agent of black rot (Guignardia bidwellii) In this work the antagonistic potential of 16 endophytic grapevine fungi isolates (Vitis vinifera L.), from representative cultivars of the Alentejo region produced either under integrated pest management or organic mode, was tested against Guignardia bidwellii. Isolates were identified through ITS-PCR and sequencing, as belonging to the genera Epicoccum, Alternaria, Botrytis, Athelia, Phoma and Gibberella. Isolates showed antagonist activity against G. bidwellii either by direct inhibition or through the production of volatile compounds, with the exception of two isolates of B. cinerea. Nevertheless, all isolates produced volatile compounds with known antimicrobial activity such as benzaldehyde, 3-methyl-1-butanol and propionic acid derivatives. Additionally, six isolates produced non-volatile metabolites with the ability to inhibit G. bidwellii growth. These results show the potential that endophytic fungi have as agents for biological control of G. bidwellii, opening new options in the field of Plant Protection.

Síntese química e avaliação das propriedades antibacterianas e antiparasitárias de análogos de peptídeos antimicrobianos de anuros

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Molecular, 2015.

Organismos marinhos em estudo na Península Ibérica, com fins de utilização em saúde sensu lato: estado da arte em 2015

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre no Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz

Epidemiología de la conjuntivitis neumocócica en Gipuzkoa: estudio de 777 episodios (1999-2013).

165 p.

Desenvolvimento e otimização de um filme biodegradável à base de proteína do tremoço (Lupinus angustifolius)

Dissertação de Mestrado, Biologia Molecular e Microbiana, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

Síntese hidrotérmica assistida por micro-ondas de tiO2, e aplicação em nanocompósito

In recent decades have seen a sharp growth in the study area of nanoscience and nanotechnology and is included in this area, the study of nanocomposites with self-cleaning properties. Since titanium dioxide (TiO2) has high photocatalytic activity and also antimicrobial, self-cleaning surfaces in your application has been explored. In this study a comparison was made between two synthesis routes to obtain TiO2 nanoparticles by hydrothermal method assisted by microwave. And after analysis of XRD and SEM was considered the best material for use in nanocomposites. It was deposited nanocomposite film of poly (dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) with 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2% by weight of nanoparticles of titanium dioxide (TiO2) by the spraying method. The nanocomposite was diluted with hexane and the suspension was deposited onto glass substrate, followed by curing in an oven with forced air circulation. The photocatalytic activity of the nanocomposite impregnated with methylene blue was evaluated by UV- vis spectroscopy from the intensity variation of absorption main peak at 660nm with time of exposure to the UV chamber. Changes in the contact angle and microhardness were analyzed before and after UV aging test. The effect of ultraviolet radiation on the chemical structure of the PDMS matrix was evaluated by spectrophotometry Fourier transform infrared (FTIR).The results indicated that the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles in the coating PDMS gave high photocatalytic activity in the decomposition of methylene blue, an important characteristic for the development of self-cleaning coatings

Atividade biológica do óleo essencial de Piper hispidum e Piper hispidinervum.

Piper hispidum e Piper hispidinervum são duas espécies arbustivas pertencentes à família Piperaceae. Essas são plantas aromáticas, e há, na literatura, relatos da atividade antimicrobiana dos seus óleos essenciais (OEs). Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a composição química dos OEs de ambas as espécies, bem como avaliar suas atividades biológicas.

Relationship between super antigenicity, antimicrobial resistance and origin of Staphylococcus aureus isolated

Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen that causes food poisoning as well as hospital and community acquired infections. Objective: Establish the profile of superantigen genes among hospital isolates in relation to clinical specimen type, susceptibility to antibiotics and hospital or community acquisition. Methods: Eighty one isolates obtained from patients at Colombian hospital, were classified by antimicrobial susceptibility, specimen type and hospital or community acquired . The PCR uniplex and multiplex was used for detection of 22 superantigen genes (18 enterotoxins, tsst-1 and three exfoliative toxins). Results: Ninety five point one percent of isolates harbored one or more of the genes with an average of 5.6 genes. Prevalence of individual genes was variable and the most prevalent was seg (51.9%). Thirty nine genotypes were obtained, and the genotype gimnou (complete egc cluster) was the most prevalent alone (16.0%) and in association with other genes (13.6%). The correlation between presence of superantigens and clinical specimen or antimicrobial susceptibility showed no significant difference. But there was significant difference between presence of superantigens and the origin of the isolates, hospital or community acquired (p= 0.049). Conclusions: The results show the variability of the superantigen genes profile in hospital isolates and shows no conclusive relationship with the clinical sample type and antimicrobial susceptibility, but there was correlation with community and hospital isolates. The analysis of the interplay between virulence, epidemic and antibiotic resistance of bacterial populations is needed to predict the future of infectious diseases.

Avaliação do potencial de formigas (Hymenoptera: formicidae) como vetores mecânicos de bactérias do gêneroSstaphylococcus no ambiente hospitalar.

In a hospital environment, these bacteria can be spread by insects such as ants, which are characterized by high adaptability to the urban environment. Staphylococcus is a leading cause of hospital infection. In Europe, Latin America, USA and Canada, the group of coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) is the second leading cause of these infections, according to SENTRY (antimicrobial surveillance program- EUA). In this study, we investigated the potential of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) as vehicle mechanics of Staphylococcus bacteria in a public hospital, in Natal-RN. The ants were collected, day and night, from June 2007 to may 2008, in the following sectors: hospitals, laundry, kitchen, blood bank. The ants were identified according to the identification key of Bolton, 1997. For the analysis of staphylococci, the ants were incubated in broth Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) for 24 hours at 35 º C and then incubated on Mannitol Salt Agar. The typical colonies of staphylococci incubated for 24 hours at 35 ° C in Tryptic Soy Agar for the characterization tests (Gram stain, catalase, susceptibility to bacitracin and free coagulase). The identification of CoNS was performed through biochemical tests: susceptibility to novobiocin, growth under anaerobic conditions, presence of urease, the ornithine decarboxylation and acid production from the sugars mannose, maltose, trehalose, mannitol and xylose. The antimicrobial susceptibility examined by disk-diffusion technique. The technique of Polymerase Chain Reaction was used to confirm the presence of mecA gene and the ability to produce biofilm was verified by testing in vitro using polystyrene inert surface, in samples of resistant staphylococci. Among 440 ants, 85 (19.1%) were carrying coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) of the species Staphylococcus saprophyticus (17), Staphylococcus epidermidis (15), Staphylococcus xylosus (13), Staphylococcus hominis hominis (10), Staphylococcus lugdunensis (10), Staphylococcus warneri (6), Staphylococcus cohnii urealyticum (5), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (3), Staphylococcus simulans (3), Staphylococcus cohnii cohnii (2), and Staphylococcus capitis (1). No Staphylococcus aureus was found. Among the isolates, 30.58% showed resistance to erythromycin. Two samples of CoNS (2.35%), obtained from the ant Tapinoma melanocephalum collected in the post-surgical female ward, S. Hominis hominis and S. lugdunensis harbored the mecA gene and were resistant to multiple antibiotics, and the specie S. hominis hominis even showed to be a biofilm producer. This study proves that ants act as carriers of multidrug-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci and biofilm producers and points to the risk of the spreading of pathogenic microorganisms by this insect in the hospital environment